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Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Quality Control

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The Structural Basis of Biological Energy Generation

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 39))

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Summary

Mitochondrial biogenesis is a complex process that facilitates an increase in mitochondrial content to meet cellular energy demands. The large majority of proteins needed for this task are encoded in the nucleus, while the mitochondrial genome encodes for just 13 gene products. Nevertheless, mitochondrial-encoded proteins are essential for organelle function. Therefore, a delicate coordination of cytoplasmic and mitochondrial protein synthesis is needed. Furthermore, protein products from the nucleus and mitochondria must be targeted to specific sub-compartments within the organelle, where they assemble into multi-subunit complexes essential for cellular respiration. Mitochondrial DNA replication and lipid synthesis are also coordinately regulated to generate a proportional increase in the mitochondrial mass. As mitochondrial content increases, mitochondrial fission is needed to distribute the increased bioenergetic capacity throughout the cell. Mitochondrial division also serves to isolate damaged regions of the organelle that can be targeted for mitophagy. Mitochondrial fusion promotes mixing of DNA, protein, and lipid content within the mitochondrial network and counteracts fragmentation, thereby preventing additional damage and associated cell death. Several physiological factors stimulate transcriptional elements that govern mitochondrial proliferation. Often, these signals enhance mitochondrial biogenesis, but quality control measures are needed to prevent the propagation of deleterious mitochondria.

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Abbreviations

AMP:

– Adenosine monophosphate;

ATP:

– Adenosine triphosphate;

CL:

– Cardiolipin;

GMP:

– Guanosine monophosphate;

H2O2 :

– Hydrogen peroxide;

PI:

– Phosphatidylinositol;

PS:

– Phosphatidylserine;

PG:

– Phosphatidylglycerol;

PA:

– Phosphatidic acid;

ROS:

– Reactive oxygen species

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Acknowledgements

JAM is supported by the American Heart Association (Grant ID: 12SDG9130039).

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  1. Department of Pharmacology and Center for Mitochondrial Disease, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH, 44106, USA

    Jason A. Mears

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  1. Department of Biotechnology, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Sør-Trøndelag Fylke, Norway

    Martin F. Hohmann-Marriott

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Mears, J.A. (2014). Mitochondrial Biogenesis and Quality Control. In: Hohmann-Marriott, M. (eds) The Structural Basis of Biological Energy Generation. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 39. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8742-0_24

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