Abstract
In the present chapter, the immune-neuroendocrine integration and its evolution will be analyzed. The attention will be especially focused on the evolution of immunological memory in vertebrates and how this have modified the relationships between neuroendocrine and immune systems. We will analyze whether indications provided by eco-immunologists can be of help in describing the evolution of the immune-neuroendocrine system, and verify whether such indications can be applied to all metazoans despite the diversity between vertebrate and invertebrate immune functions and mediators.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
Ader R, Felten D, Cohen N (1990) Interactions between the brain and the immune system. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 30:561–602
Bay-Richter C, Janelidze S, Hallberg L, Brundin L (2011) Changes in behaviour and cytokine expression upon a peripheral immune challenge. Behav Brain Res 222:193–199
Berczi I, Quintanar-Stephano A, Kovacs K (2009) Neuroimmune regulation in immunocompetence, acute illness, and healing. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1153:220–239
Berkenbosch F, van Oers J, del Rey A, Tilders F, Besedovsky H (1987) Corticotropin-releasing factor-producing neurons in the rat activated by interleukin-1. Science 238:524–526
Beutler B (2004) Innate immunity: an overview. Mol Immunol 40:845–859
Blalock JE (1984) The immune system as a sensory organ. J Immunol 132:1067–1070
Blalock JE (1989) A molecular basis for bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. Physiol Rev 69:1–32
Blalock JE, Smith EM (1980) Human leukocyte interferon: structural and biological relatedness to adrenocorticotropic hormone and endorphins. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 77:5972–5974
Conti B, Tabarean I, Andrei C, Bartfai T (2004) Cytokines and fever. Front Biosci 9:1433–1449
Cooper MD, Alder MN (2006) The evolution of adaptive immune systems. Cell 124:815–822
Cooper MD, Herrin BR (2010) How did our complex immune system evolve? Nat Rev Immunol 10:2–3
Copf T, Goguel V, Lampin-Saint-Amaux A, Scaplehorn N, Preat T (2011) Cytokine signaling through the JAK/STAT pathway is required for long-term memory in Drosophila. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 108:8059–8064
Coscia MR, Giacomelli S, Oreste U (2011) Toll-like receptors: an overview from invertebrates to vertebrates. Inv Surv J 8:210–226
Dantzer R, O’Connor JC, Freund GG, Johnson RW, Kelley KW (2008) From inflammation to sickness and depression: when the immune system subjugates the brain. Nat Rev Neurosci 9:46–56
Demas GE, Zysling DA, Beechler BR, Muehlenbein MP, French SS (2011) Beyond phytohaemagglutinin: assessing vertebrate immune function across ecological contexts. J Anim Ecol 80:710–730
Dheilly NM, Birch D, Nair SV, Raftos DA (2011) Ultrastructural localization of highly variable 185/333 immune response proteins in the coelomocytes of the sea urchin, Heliocidaris erythrogramma. Immunol Cell Biol 89:861–869
Frenois F, Moreau M, O’Connor J, Lawson M, Micon C, Lestage J, Kelley KW, Dantzer R, Castanon N (2007) Lipopolysaccharide induces delayed FosB/DeltaFosB immunostaining within the mouse extended amygdala, hippocampus and hypothalamus, that parallel the expression of depressive-like behavior. Psychoneuroendocrinology 32:516–531
Hauton C, Smith VJ (2007) Adaptive immunity in invertebrates: a straw house without a mechanistic foundation. Bioessays 29:1138–1146
Jacob F (1977) Evolution and tinkering. Science 196:1161–1166
John LB, Yoong S, Ward AC (2009) Evolution of the Ikaros gene family: implications for the origins of adaptive immunity. J Immunol 182:4792–4799
Karanth S, McCann SM (1991) Anterior pituitary hormone control by interleukin 2. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 88:2961–2965
Kluger MJ, Ringler DH, Anver MR (1975) Fever and survival. Science 188:166–168
Kraaijeveld AR, Godfray HC (1997) Trade-off between parasitoid resistance and larval competitive ability in Drosophila melanogaster. Nature 389:278–280
Lochmiller RL, Deerenberg C (2000) Trade-offs in evolutionary immunology: just what is the cost of immunity? Oikos 88:87–98
Majeske AJ, Oleksyk TK, Smith LC (2013).The Sp185/333 immune response genes and proteins are expressed in cells dispersed within all major organs of the adult purple sea urchin. Innate Immun.19: 569-587
Malagoli D, Mandrioli M, Ottaviani E (2004) ProCRH in the teleost Ameiurus nebulosus: gene cloning and role in LPS-induced stress response. Brain Behav Immun 18:451–457
Martin LB, Weil ZM, Nelson RJ (2008) Seasonal changes in vertebrate immune activity: mediation by physiological trade-offs. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 363:321–339
Merchant M, Williams S, Trosclair P III, Elsey RM, Mills K (2007) Febrile response to infection in the American alligator (Alligator mississippiensis). Comp Biochem Physiol A 148:921–925
Mulero I, Sepulcre MP, Meseguer J, GarcÃa-Ayala A, Mulero V (2007) Histamine is stored in mast cells of most evolutionarily advanced fish and regulates the fish inflammatory response. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 104:19434–19439
Murao K, Sato M, Imachi H, Ohe H, Nagai M, Niimi M et al (1998) Expression of truncated pro-opiomelanocortin gene transcript in human leukemia cell lines. Endocr J 45:399–405
Naitoh Y, Fukata J, Tominaga T, Nakai Y, Tamai S, Mori K, Imura H (1988) Interleukin-6 stimulates the secretion of adrenocorticotropic hormone in conscious, freely-moving rats. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 155:1459–1463
Nelson RJ (2004) Seasonal immune function and sickness responses. Trends Immunol 25:187–192
Ottaviani E (2011) Immunocyte: the invertebrate counterpart of the vertebrate macrophage. Inv Surv J 8:1–4
Ottaviani E, Franceschi C (1996) The neuroimmunology of stress from invertebrates to man. Prog Neurobiol 48:421–440. (Erratum in: Prog Neurobiol 49:285)
Ottaviani E, Franchini A, Cossarizza A, Franceschi C (1992) ACTH-like molecules in lymphocytes. A study in different vertebrate classes. Neuropeptides 23:215–219
Ottaviani E, Caselgrandi E, Franchini A, Franceschi C (1993) CRF provokes the release of norepinephrine by hemocytes of Viviparus ater (Gastropoda, Prosobranchia): further evidence in favour of the evolutionary hypothesis of the mobile immune-brain. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 193:446–452
Ottaviani E, Franchini A, Caselgrandi E, Cossarizza A, Franceschi C (1994) Relationship between corticotropin-releasing factor and interleukin-2: evolutionary evidence. FEBS Lett 351:19–21
Ottaviani E, Capriglione T, Franceschi C (1995a) Invertebrate and vertebrate immune cells express pro-opiomelanocortin (POMC) mRNA. Brain Behav Immun 9:1–8
Ottaviani E, Caselgrandi E, Franceschi C (1995b) Cytokines and evolution: in vitro effects of IL-1α, IL-1β, TNF-α and TNF-β on an ancestral type of stress response. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 207:288–292
Ottaviani E, Caselgrandi E, Kletsas D (1997a) Effect of PDGF and TGF-beta on the release of biogenic amines from invertebrate immunocytes and their possible role in the stress response. FEBS Lett 403:236–238
Ottaviani E, Franchini A, Franceschi C (1997b) Pro-opiomelanocortin-derived peptides, cytokines, and nitric oxide in immune responses and stress: an evolutionary approach. Int Rev Cytol 170:79–141
Ottaviani E, Caselgrandi E, Kletsas D (1998a) The CRH-ACTH-biogenic amine axis in invertebrate immunocytes activated by PDGF and TGF-beta. FEBS Lett 427:255–258
Ottaviani E, Franchini A, Franceschi C (1998b) Presence of immunoreactive corticotropin-releasing hormone and cortisol molecules in invertebrate haemocytes and lower and higher vertebrate thymus. Histochem J 30:61–67
Ottaviani E, Franchini A, Genedani S (1999) ACTH and its role in immune-neuroendocrine functions. A comparative study. Curr Pharm Des 5:673–681
Ottaviani E, Malagoli D, Capri M, Franceschi C (2008) Ecoimmunology: is there any room for the neuroendocrine system? Bioessays 30:868–874
Pope EC, Powell A, Roberts EC, Shields RJ, Wardle R, Rowley AF (2011) Enhanced cellular immunity in shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) after ‘vaccination’. PLoS One 6:e20960
Putti R, Buono S, Ottaviani E (1999) PP/PYY cells from endocrine pancreas of the scincid lizard Eumeces inexpectatus synthesize ACTH- and alpha-MSH-like molecules. Gen Comp Endocrinol 116:153–163
Råberg L, Vestberg M, Hasselquist D, Holmdahl R, Svensson E (2002) Nilsson JA,. Basal metabolic rate and the evolution of the adaptive immune system. Proc Biol Sci 269:817–821
Robert J, Ohta Y (2009) Comparative and developmental study of the immune system in Xenopus. Dev Dyn 238:1249–1270
Roth O, Sadd BM, Schmid-Hempel P, Kurtz J (2009) Strain-specific priming of resistance in the red flour beetle, Tribolium castaneum. Proc R Soc B 276:145–151
Schmid-Hempel P (2005) Evolutionary ecology of insect immune defenses. Annu Rev Entomol 50:529–551
Schöbitz B, De Kloet ER, Holsboer F (1994) Gene expression and function of interleukin 1, interleukin 6 and tumor necrosis factor in the brain. Prog Neurobiol 44:397–432
Selye H (1950) Stress and the general adaptation syndrome. Br Med J 1:1383–1392
Sharp B, Matta S, Peterson P, Newton R, Chao C, McAllen K (1989) Tumor necrosis factor is a potent ACTH secretagogue: comparison to interleukin-1β. Endocrinology 124:3131–3133
Sheldon BC, Verhulst S (1996) Ecological immunology: costly parasite defences and trade-offs in evolutionary ecology. Trends Ecol Evol 11:317–321
Smith LC (2012) Innate immune complexity in the purple sea urchin: diversity of the sp185/333 system. Front Immunol 3:70
Star B, Nederbragt AJ, Jentoft S, Grimholt U, Malmstrøm M, Gregers TF, Rounge TB, Paulsen J, Solbakken MH, Sharma A, Wetten OF, Lanzén A, Winer R, Knight J, Vogel JH, Aken B, Andersen O, Lagesen K, Tooming-Klunderud A, Edvardsen RB, Tina KG, Espelund M, Nepal C, Previti C, Karlsen BO, Moum T, Skage M, Berg PR, Gjøen T, Kuhl H, Thorsen J, Malde K, Reinhardt R, Du L, Johansen SD, Searle S, Lien S, Nilsen F, Jonassen I, Omholt SW, Stenseth NC, Jakobsen KS (2011) The genome sequence of Atlantic cod reveals a unique immune system. Nature 477:207–210
Stefano GB, Cadet P, Zhu W, Rialas CM, Mantione K, Benz D et al (2002) The blueprint for stress can be found in invertebrates. Neuro Endocrinol Lett 23:85–93
Van Boven M, Weissing FJ (2004) The evolutionary economics of immunity. Am Nat 163:277–294
Varsamos S, Wendelaar Bonga SE, Flik G, Queré R, Commes T (2003) Cloning of a proopiomelanocortin cDNA from the pituitary gland of the sea bass (Dicentrarchus labrax) and assessment of mRNA expression in different tissues by means of real-time PCR. J Endocrinol 176:405–414
Watson FL, Püttmann-Holgado R, Thomas F, Lamar DL, Hughes M, Kondo M, Rebel VI, Schmucker D (2005) Extensive diversity of Ig-superfamily proteins in the immune system of insects. Science 309:1874–1878
Weigent DA, Blalock JE (1987) Interactions between the neuroendocrine and immune systems: common hormones and receptors. Immunol Rev 100:79–108
Weigent DA, Blalock JE (1994) Role of neuropeptides in the bidirectional communication between the immune and neuroendocrine systems. In: Scharrer B, Smith EM, Stefano GB (eds) Neuropeptides and immunoregulation. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 14–27
Work TM, Balazs GH, Rameyer RA, Chang S (2000) P. and Berestecky, J. Assessing humoral and cell-mediated immune response in Hawaiian green turtles, Chelonia mydas. Vet Immunol Immunopathol 74:179–194
Workenhe ST, Rise ML, Kibenge MJ, Kibenge FS (2010) The fight between the teleost fish immune response and aquatic viruses. Mol Immunol 47:2525–2536
Ye YH, Chenoweth SF, McGraw EA (2009) Effective but costly, evolved mechanisms of defense against a virulent opportunistic pathogen in Drosophila melanogaster. PLoS Pathog 5:e1000385
Zhang SM, Loker ES (2004) Representation of an immune responsive gene family encoding fibrinogen-related proteins in the freshwater mollusc Biomphalaria glabrata, an intermediate host for Schistosoma mansoni. Gene 341:255–266
Zimmerman LM, Paitz RT, Vogel LA, Bowden RM (2010a) Variation in the seasonal patterns of innate and adaptive immunity in the red-eared slider (Trachemys scripta). J Exp Biol 213:1477–1483
Zimmerman LM, Vogel LA, Bowden RM (2010b) Understanding the vertebrate immune system: insights from the reptilian perspective. J Exp Biol 213:661–671
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Malagoli, D., Ottaviani, E. (2014). Immune-Neuroendocrine Integration and Its Evolution. In: Malagoli, D., Ottaviani, E. (eds) Eco-immunology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8712-3_5
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8712-3_5
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-8711-6
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-8712-3
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)