Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Protected Crops

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Horticulture: Plants for People and Places, Volume 1

Abstract

The increasing demand by world markets for high quality products has lead more and more agricultural/horticultural crop production systems to protected environments. Covering the crop allows regulation of macro and micro-environments, which facilitates optimal plant performance, extension of the production duration, induction of earliness, and obtaining higher and better quality yields. A spectrum of covered structures is used by growers, depending on the crop, the climatic region and the anticipated benefit. These structures can be generally classified as either screen construction or greenhouse. This chapter comprehensively discusses the effects of the most common types of structures on the major environmental variables: radiation, temperature, humidity, air velocity, ventilation, and carbon dioxide concentration, as well as the effects of these climate modifications on the various crop attributes such as plant growth and development, water and fertilizer supply, and some cultural practices. Moreover, the chapter outlines the objective, measurable aspects that relate to external and internal product quality that are under the influence of intrinsic and extrinsic factors. Finally, some recommendations concerning optimization management in protected cultivations are highlighted, in order to achieve high yields and high quality horticultural products, on time delivery, and energy saving at minimal expense.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 139.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 179.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 249.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abdelmageed AHA, Gruda N (2009) Influence of high temperatures on gas exchange rate and growth of eight tomato cultivars under controlled heat stress conditions. Europ J Hortic Sci 74(4):152–159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Adams P (2002) Nutritional control in hydroponics. In: Savvas D, Passam HC (eds) Hydroponic production of vegetables and ornamentals, 463 pages. Embryo Publications, Athens, pp 211–261

    Google Scholar 

  • Adams P, Ho LC (1989) Effects of constant and fluctuating salinity on the yield, quality and calcium status of tomatoes. J Hortic Sci 64:725–732

    Google Scholar 

  • Allard F (1998) Natural ventilation in buildings. James & James, London, 361 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen LH (1975) Shade-cloth microclimate of soybeans. Agron J 67(2):175–181

    Google Scholar 

  • Allen RG, Pereira LS, Raes DM (1998) Crop evapotranspiration, guidelines for computing crop water requirements. FAO Irrigation and Drainage Paper 56, FAO, Rome, Italy

    Google Scholar 

  • Aloni B, Karni L, Zaidman Z, Schaffer AA (1996) Changes of carbohydrates in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) flowers in relation to their abscission under different shading regimes. Ann Bot 78:163–168

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Antignus Y, Lapidot M, Hadar D, Messika Y, Cohen SH (1998) UV absorbing screens serve as optical barriers to protect crops from virus and insect pests. J Econ Entomol 91(6):1401–1403

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbel A, Yekutieli O, Barak M (1999) Performance of a fog system for cooling greenhouses. J Agri Eng Res 72:129–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Arbel A, Barak M, Shklyar A (2003) Combination of forced ventilation and fogging systems for cooling greenhouses. Biosyst Eng 84(1):45–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Arp WJ (1991) Effects of source-sink relations on photosynthetic acclimation to elevated CO2. Plant Cell Environ 14:869–875

    Google Scholar 

  • Bailey DA, Nelson PV (2012) Designing a greenhouse crop fertilization program. North Carolina State University, Department of Horticultural Science. www.ces.ncsu.edu/depts/hort/floriculture/plugs/fertprog.pdf. Accessed 18 Oct 2012

  • Baille A (2001) Trends in greenhouse technology for improved climate control in mild winter climate. Acta Hortic 559:161–170

    Google Scholar 

  • Bakker JC (1984) Physiological disorders in cucumber under high humidity conditions and low ventilation rates in greenhouses. Acta Hortic 156:257–264

    Google Scholar 

  • Barzanas T, Tchamitchian M, Kittas C (2005) Influence of the Heating Method on Greenhouse Microclimate and Energy Consumption. Bios Eng 91(4):487–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Benoit F, Ceustermans N (2001) Impact of root cooling on blossom end rot in soilless paprika. Acta Hortic 548:319–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertin N, Guichard S, Leonardi C, Longuenesse JJ, Langlois D, Navez B (2000) Seasonal evolution of the quality of fresh glasshouse tomatoes under Mediterranean conditions, as affected by air vapour pressure deficit and plant fruit load. Ann Bot 85:741–750

    Google Scholar 

  • Besford RT, Ludwig LJ, Withers AC (1990) The greenhouse effect: acclimation of tomato plants growing in high CO2, photosynthesis and Ribulose-1, 5-Bisphosphate Carboxylase protein. J Exp Bot 41(229):925–931

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bhattarai SP, Pendergast L, Midmore DJ (2006) Root aeration improves yield and water use efficiency of tomato in heavy clay and saline soils. Sci Hortic 108:278–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Blanchard MG, Runkle ES, Fisher PR (2011) Modeling plant morphology and development of petunia in response to temperature and photosynthetic daily light integral. Sci Hortic 129:313–320

    Google Scholar 

  • Bletsos FA (2006) Grafting and calcium cyanamide as alternatives to methyl bromide for greenhouse eggplant production. Sci Hortic 107:325–331

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Blom-Zandra M, Lampe JEM (1985) The role of nitrate in the osmoregulation of lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) grown at different light intensities. J Exp Bot 36:1043–1052

    Google Scholar 

  • Bolla A, Koukourikou-Petridou M, Voyiatzis D, Chimonidou D (2009) Physiological responses associated to substrate water availability of rosa ‘Eurored’ plants grown in soilless greenhouse conditions. Sci Hortic 121:80–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulard T (2006) Greenhouse natural ventilation modeling: a survey of the different approaches. Acta Hortic 719:29–40

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulard T, Baille A (1995) Modeling of air exchange rate in a greenhouse equipped with continuous roof vents. J Agric Eng Res 61:37–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Boulard T, Wang S (2000) Greenhouse crop transpiration simulation from external climate conditions. Agric For Meteorol 100:25–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Brandt S, Pék Z, Barna É, Lugasi A, Helyes L (2006) Lycopene content and colour of ripening tomatoes as affected by environmental conditions. J Sci Food Agric 86:568–572

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Brückner B, Krumbein A, Schwarz D, Kläring P (2004) Temperature effects on tomato quality. IX International Symposium on Soilless Culture and Hydroponics, Almeria, Spain, 14–19 November, 2004. Book of summary, 173

    Google Scholar 

  • Buck JS, Kubota C, Jensen M (2008) Effect of mid-day reduction of high electrical conductivity treatment on the yield and quality of greenhouse cherry tomato. Hort Technol 18(3):460–466

    Google Scholar 

  • Calatayud A, Roca D, Gorbe E, Martínez PF (2007) Light acclimation in rose (Rosa hybrida cv. Grand Gala) leaves after pruning: effects on chlorophyll a fluorescence, nitrate reductase, ammonium and carbohydrates. Sci Hortic 111:152–159

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calatayud Á, Gorbe E, Roca D, Martínez PF (2008a) Effect of two nutrient solution temperatures on nitrate uptake, nitrate reductase activity, NH4 + concentration and chlorophyll a fluorescence in rose plants. Env Exp Bot 64:65–74

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Calatayud A, Roca D, Gorbe E, Martínez PF (2008b) Physiological effects of pruning in rose plants cv. Grand Gala. Sci Hortic 116:73–79

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Campos H, Trejo C, Penã-Valdivia CB, Ramírez-Ayala C, Sánchez-García P (2009) Effect of partial rootzone drying on growth, gas exchange, and yield of tomato (Solanum lycopersicum L.). Sci Hortic 120:493–499

    Google Scholar 

  • Cariglia A, Stanghellini C (2001) Un ambiento umido limita il danno di irrigazione salina nel pomodoro fuori suolo. Colture protette 11:77–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho SM, Heuvelink E, Cascais R, van Kooten O (2002) Effect of day and night temperature on internode and stem length in Chrysanthemum: Is everything explained by DIF? Ann Bot 90(1):111–118

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Carvalho SMP, Sanassy EW, Heuvelink E (2006) Combined effects of light and temperature on product quality of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana. Acta Hortic 711:121–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Castilla N (1999) Greenhouse drip irrigation management and water saving. In: Choukr-Allah R (ed) Protected cultivation in the Mediterranean region, CIHEAM 31, 189–202

    Google Scholar 

  • Castilla N, Hernandez J (2007) Greenhouse technological packages for high-quality crop production. Acta Hortic 761:285–297

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen JK, Sun YW, Sheen TF (1999) Use of cold water for irrigation reduces stem elongation of plug-grown tomato and cabbage seedlings. Hortic Sci 34(5):852–854

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockshull KE, Ho LC (1995) Regulation of tomato fruit size by plant density and truss thinning. J Hortic Sci 70:395–407

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockshull KE, Graves CJ, Cave CRJ (1992) The influence of shading on yield of glasshouse tomatoes. J Hortic Sci 67:11–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Colla G, Rouphale Y, Cardarelli M, Rea E (2006) Effect of salinity on yield, fruit quality, leaf gas exchange, and mineral composition of grafted watermelon plants. Hortic Sci 41:622–627

    Google Scholar 

  • Colla G, Rouphael Y, Leonardi C, Bie Z (2010) Role of grafting in vegetable crops grown under saline conditions. Sci Hortic 127:147–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen S, Fuchs M (1999) Measuring and predicting radiometric properties of reflective shade nets and thermal screens. J Agric Eng Res 73:245–255

    Google Scholar 

  • Cohen Y (1994) Thermoelectric methods for measurement of sap flow in plants. In: Stanhill G (ed) Advances in bioclimatology, vol 3. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 63–89

    Google Scholar 

  • Collier GF, Tibbitts TW (1982) Tipburn of lettuce. Hortic Rev 4:49–65

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Critten DL (1983) The evaluation of a computer model to calculate the daily light integral and transmissivity of a greenhouse. J Agric Eng Res 28:545–563

    Google Scholar 

  • Critten DL, Bailey BJ (2002) A review of greenhouse engineering developments during the 1990s. Agric For Meteorol 112:1–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Croonenborghs S, Ceusters J, Londers E, De Proft MP (2009) Effects of elevated CO2 on growth and morphological characteristics of ornamental bromeliads. Sci Hortic 121:192–198

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • D’Amico ML, Izzo R, Tognoni F, Pardosi A, Navarizzo F (2003) Application of diluted sea water to soilless culture of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.): effects on plant growth, yield, fruit quality and antioxidant capacity. Food Agri Envir 1:112–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Dannehl D, Huber C, Rocksch T, Huyskens-Keil S, Schmidt U (2012) Interactions between changing climate conditions in a semi-closed greenhouse and plant development, fruit yield, and health-promoting plant compounds of tomatoes. Sci Hortic 138:235–243

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies WJ, Wilkinson S, Loveys B (2002) Stomatal control by chemical signaling and the exploitation of this mechanism to increase water use efficiency in agriculture. New Phytol 153:449–460

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Kreij C (1996) Interactive effects of air humidity, calcium, and phosphate on blossom-end rot, leaf deformation, production and nutrient content of tomato. J Plant Nutr 19(2):361–377

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Kreij C, Janse J, van Goor BJ, van Doesburg JDJ (1992) The incidence of calcium oxalate crystals in fruit walls of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) as affected by humidity, phosphate and calcium supply. J Hortic Sci 67:45–50

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Demers DA, Dorais M, Papadopoulo AP (2007) Yield and russeting of greenhouse tomato as influenced by leaf-to-fruit ratio and relative humidity. Hortic Sci 42(3):503–507

    Google Scholar 

  • Dicken U, Cohen S, Tanny J (2013) Effect of plant development on turbulent fluxes of a screenhouse banana plantation. Irrig Sci 31(4):701–713

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorais M, Gosselin A (2002) Physiological response of greenhouse vegetable crops to supplemental lighting. Acta Hortic 580:59–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Dorais M, Papadopoulos A, Gosselin A (2001) Greenhouse tomato fruit quality. Hortic Rev 26:239–319

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dorais M, Ehret DL, Papadopoulos AP (2008) Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) health components: from the seed to the consumer. Phytochem Rev 7(2):231–250

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Drake BG, Gonzàlez-Meler MA, Long SP (1997) More efficient plants: a consequence of rising atmospheric CO2? Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48:609–639

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Drews M, Fischer S (1992) Richtwerte fuer Nitrat und Kalium zur Presssaftanalyse bei Gewaechshaustomate und -gurke. Gartenbauwissenschaft 57(3):145–150

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Dumas Y, Dadomo M, Di Lucca G, Grolier P (2003) Effects of environmental factors and agricultural techniques on antioxidant content of tomatoes. J Sci Food Agri 83:369–382

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ehret DL, Ho LC (1986) The effects of salinity on dry mater partitioning and fruit growth in tomatoes grown in nutrient film culture. J Hortic Sci 61:361–367

    Google Scholar 

  • Ehret DL, Edwards D, Helmer T, Lin W, Jones G, Dorais M, Papadopoulos AP (2010) Effects of oxygen-enriched nutrient solution on greenhouse cucumber and pepper production. Sci Hortic 125:602–607

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Elings A, Kempkes FLK, Kaarsemaker RC, Ruijs MNA, van de Braak NJ, Dueck TA (2005) The energy balance and energy-saving measures in greenhouse tomato cultivation. Acta Hortic 691:67–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Fanasca S, Colla G, Maiani G, Venneria E, Rouphael Y, Azzini E, Saccardo F (2006) Changes in antioxidant content of tomato fruits in response to cultivar and nutrient solution composition. J Agric Food Chem 54:4319–4325

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Fähnrich I, Meyer J, von Zabeltitz C (1989) Influence of condensation on light transmission and heat transfer through greenhouse covering materials. Plasticulture 4(4):13–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez MD, Baeza E, Cespedes A, Perez-Parra J, Gazquez JC (2009) Validation of on-farm crop water requirements (PrHo) model for horticultural crops in an unheated plastic greenhouse. Acta Hortic 807:295–300

    Google Scholar 

  • Fernández-García N, Martínez V, Cerdá A, Carvajal M (2004) Fruit quality of grafted tomato plants grown under saline conditions. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 79:995–1001

    Google Scholar 

  • Fierro A, Tremblay N, Gosselin A (1994) Supplemental carbon dioxide and light improved tomato and pepper seedling growth and yield. Hortic Sci 29(3):152–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Flores FB, Sanchez-Bel P, Estañ MT, Martinez-Rodriguez MM, Moyano E, Morales B, Campos JF, Garcia-Abellán JO, Egea MI, Fernández-Garcia N, Romojaro F, Bolarín MC (2010) The effectiveness of grafting to improve tomato fruit quality. Sci Hortic 125:211–217

    Google Scholar 

  • Frantz JM (2011) Elevating carbon dioxide in a commercial greenhouse reduced overall fuel carbon consumption and production cost when used in combination with cool temperatures for lettuce production. Hort Technol 21(5):647–651

    Google Scholar 

  • Frantz JM, Ling P (2011) Growth, partitioning, and nutrient and carbohydrate concentration of Petunia × hybrida Vilm. Are influenced by altering light, CO2, and fertility. Hortic Sci 46(2):228–235

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs M, Cohen Y, Li Y, Grava A (2006a) Evaporative cooling pad attenuates osmotic stress in closed-loop irrigated greenhouse roses. Sci Hortic 111:56–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchs M, Dayan E, Presnov E (2006b) Evaporative cooling of a ventilated greenhouse rose crop. Agric For Meteorol 138:203–215

    Google Scholar 

  • Gaudreau L, Charbonneau J, Vézina LP, Gosselin A (1994) Photoperiod and photosynthetic photon flux influence growth and quality of greenhouse grown lettuce. Hortic Sci 29:1285–1289

    Google Scholar 

  • Gautier H, Massot C, Stevens R, Sérino S, Génard M (2009) Regulation of tomato fruit ascorbate content is more highly dependent on fruit irradiance than leaf irradiance. Ann Bot 103:495–504

    CAS  PubMed Central  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ghavami M (1973) Determining water needs of the banana plant. Trans ASAE 16:598–600

    Google Scholar 

  • Giacomelli GA, Ting KC, Panigrahi S (1988) Solar PAR vs. solar total radiation transmission in a greenhouse. Trans ASAE 31:1540–1543

    Google Scholar 

  • Gieling THH, Engbersen JFJ, Westra JJW (2001) Chemically modified field effect transistors to monitor ion concentration in nutrient solutions. Acta Hortic 562:413–420

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gisbert C, Prohens J, Raigón MD, Stommel JR, Nuez F (2011) Eggplant relatives as sources of variation for developing new rootstocks: Effects of grafting on eggplant yield and fruit apparent quality and composition. Sci Hortic 128:14–22

    Google Scholar 

  • Gislerød HR, Baas R, Warmenhoven M (1997) Effect of aeration on rooting and growth of roses. Acta Hortic 450:113–122

    Google Scholar 

  • Girault T, Bergougnoux V, Combes D, Viemont JD, Leduc N (2008) Light controls shoot meristem organogenic activity and leaf primordia growth during bud burst in Rosa sp. Plant Cell Environ 31:1534–1544

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Granier A (1985) A new method of sap flow measurement in tree stems. Annales des Sciences forestieres 42:193–200

    Google Scholar 

  • Grange RI, Hand DW (1987) A review of the effects of atmospheric humidity on the growth of horticultural crops. J Hortic Sci 62(2):125–134

    Google Scholar 

  • Grierson D, Kader AA (1986) Fruit ripening and quality. In: Atherton JG, Rudich J (eds) The tomato crop. Chapman and Hall, London, pp 241–280

    Google Scholar 

  • Grodzinski B, Watts B, Bates S, Schmidt JM, Dixon MA, Staines H, Taylor J (1999) Regulating plant/insect interactions using CO2 enrichment in model ecosystems. Adv Space Res 24:108–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Gross J (1991) Pigments in vegetables. Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, p 351

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruda N (2005) Impact of environmental factors on product quality of greenhouse vegetables for fresh consumption. Cri Rev Plant Sci 24:227–247

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gruda N (2009) Do soilless culture systems have an influence on product quality of vegetables? J Appl Bot Food Qual 82:141–147

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruda N (2012) Current and future perspective of growing media in Europe. Acta Hortic 960:37–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruda N, Schnitzler WH (2000a) The effect of water supply on bio-morphological and plant-physiological parameters of tomato transplants cultivated in wood fiber substrate (in German). J Appl Bot 74:233–239

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruda N, Schnitzler WH (2000b) The effect of water supply of seedlings cultivated in different substrates and raising systems on the bio-morphological and plant-physiological parameters of lettuce (in German). J Appl Bot 74:240–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruda N, Rocksch T, Schmidt U (2008) CO2 concentration in the root zone of vegetables, cultivated in organic substrates. Acta Hortic 801:1063–1068

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruda N, Ruhm G, Bokelmann W, Schmidt U (2009) The effect of price increases of heating oil on horticultural companies in Saxony. Part I: Initial energy situation of glasshouse companies (in German). Berichte über Landwirtschaft 87(1):87–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Gruda N, Qaryouti MM, Leonardi C (2013) Growing media. Chapter 11. In: Good agricultural practices for greenhouse vegetable crops—principles for Mediterranean climate areas. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Plant Production and Protection Paper 217, Rome, Italy, pp 271–302. (978-92-5-107649-1 (print); E-ISBN 978-92-5-107650-7)

    Google Scholar 

  • Guichard S, Gary C, Longuenesse JJ, Leonardi C (1999) Water fluxes and growth of greenhouse tomato fruits under summer conditions. Acta Hortic 507:223–230

    Google Scholar 

  • Guichard S, Bertin N, Leonardi C, Gary C (2001) Tomato fruit quality in relation to water and carbon fluxes—Review article. Agronomie 21:385–392

    Google Scholar 

  • González-Dugo V, Orgaz F, Fereres E (2007) Responses of pepper to deficit irrigation for paprika production. Sci Hortic 114:77–82

    Google Scholar 

  • González AM, Bonachela S, Fernández MD (2009) Regulated deficit irrigation in green bean and watermelon greenhouse crops. Sci Hortic 122:527–531

    Google Scholar 

  • Grieve CM (2010) Salinity-induced enhancement of horticultural crop quality. In: Pessarakli M (ed) Handbook of plant and crop stress, 3rd edn. CRC, Florida, pp 1173–1194 (Chapter 47)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasegawa PM, Bressan RA, Zhu J-K, Bohnert JJ (2000) Plant cellular and molecular response to high salinity. Ann Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 51:463–499

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hemming S (2011) Use of natural and artificial light in horticulture - interaction of plant and technology. Acta Hortic 907:25–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemming S, Kempkes F, van der Braak N, Deck T, Marissen N (2006) Filtering natural light at the greenhouse covering—better greenhouse climate and higher production by filtering out NIR. Acta Hortic 711:411–416

    Google Scholar 

  • Hemming S, Dueck T, Janse J, van Noort F (2008) The effect of diffuse light on crops. Acta Hortic 801:1293–1300

    Google Scholar 

  • Heuvelink E, Bakker MJ, Hogendonk L, Janse J, Kaarsemaker R (2006) Horticultural lighting in the Netherlands: new developments. Acta Hortic 711:25–33

    Google Scholar 

  • Helyes L, Lugasi A, Pék Z (2006) Effect of natural light on surface temperature and lycopene content of vine ripened tomato fruit. Can J Plant Sci 87:927–929

    Google Scholar 

  • Hicklenton PR (1988) CO2 enrichment in the greenhouse. Growers Handbook Series, vol 2. Timber, Portland, 58 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Higashide T, Heuvelink E (2009) Physiological and morphological changes over the past 50 years in yield components in tomato. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 134(4):460–465

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho LC, Adams P (1989) Effect of diurnal changes in salinity of the nutrient solution on the accumulation of calcium in the tomato fruit. Ann Bot 64:373–83

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho LC (1992) Fruit growth and sink strength. In: Marshall C, Grace J (eds) Fruit and seed production. Aspects of development, environmental physiology and ecology, vol 47. Cambridge University, Cambridge, pp 101–124 (SEB Seminar Series)

    Google Scholar 

  • Ho LC, David JD, Fussell M (1999) Improvement of tomato fruit quality by calcium nutrition. Acta Hort 481:463–468

    Google Scholar 

  • Holder R, Cockshull KE (1990) Effects of humidity on the growth and yield of glasshouse tomatoes. J Hortic Sci 65(1):31–39

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovi-Pekkanen T, Tahvonen R (2008) Effects of interlighting on yield and external fruit quality in year-round cultivated cucumber. Sci Hortic 116:152–161

    Google Scholar 

  • Hovi T, Näkkilä J, Tahvonen R (2004) Interlighting improves production of yearround cucumber. Sci Hortic 102:283–294

    Google Scholar 

  • Huang JC, Snapp SS (2004) The effect of boron, calcium, and surface moisture on shoulder check, a quality defect in fresh-market tomato. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 129:599–607

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ilić ZS, Milenković L, Stanojević L, Cvetković D, Fallik E (2012) Effects of the modification of light intensity by color shade nets on yield and quality of tomato fruits. Sci Hortic 139:90–95

    Google Scholar 

  • Inden H, Kubota Y, Awaya S (1999) Automatic ion control of nutrient solutions. Acta Hortic 481:707–712

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Incrocci L, Malorgio F, Della Bartola A, Pardossi A (2006) The influence of drip irrigation or subirrigation on tomato grown in closed-loop substrate culture with saline water. Sci Hortic 107:365–372

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ioslovich I, Seginer I, Gutman PO, Borshchevsky M (1995) Sub-optimal CO2 enrichment of greenhouses. J Agric Eng Res 60(2):117–136

    Google Scholar 

  • Islam MS, Khan S (2001) Seasonal fluctuations of carbohydrate accumulation and metabolism of three tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) cultivars grown at seven sowing times. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 76(6):764–770

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Israeli Y, Nimri N (1986) The water use of banana plants in the Jordan Valley as studied by drainage lysimeters. Alon Hanote’a 9–10:817 (in Hebrew)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson BE, Wright RD, Gruda N (2009) Container medium pH in a pine tree substrate amended with peatmoss and dolomitic limestone affects plant growth. Hortic Sci 44(7):1983–1987

    Google Scholar 

  • Jansen H, Bachthaler E, Fölster E, Scharpf HC (1989) Gärtnerischer Pflanzenbau—Grundlagen des Anbaues unter Glas und Kunststoffen, 2. Aufl. Eugen-Ulmer-Verlag, Stuttgart, S 467

    Google Scholar 

  • Jokinen K, Särkkä LE, Näkkilä J, Tahvonen R (2011) Split root fertigation enhances cucumber yield in both an open and a semi-closed greenhouse. Sci Hortic 130:808–814

    Google Scholar 

  • Jolliet O, Bailey B (1992) The effect of climate on tomato transpiration in greenhouses: measurements and models comparison. Agric For Meteorol 58:43–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Jovicich E, Cantliffe DJ, Stoffella PJ (2004) Fruit yield and quality of greenhouse grown bell pepper as influenced by density, container, and trellis system. Hort Technol 14(4):507–513

    Google Scholar 

  • Kacira M (2011) Greenhouse production in US: status, challenges, and opportunities. CIGR Conference on Sustainable Bioproduction WEF 2011, September 19–23, Tower Hall Funabori, Tokyo, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  • Kaczperski MP, Carlson WH, Karlsson MG (1991) Growth and development of Petunia hybrida as a function of temperature and irradiance. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 116:232–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Kader AA (2008) Perspective flavor quality of fruits and vegetables. J Sci Food Agric 88:1863–1868

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kafkafi U (2001) Root zone parameters controlling plant growth in soilless culture. Acta Hortic 554:27–38

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kang HM, Park KW, Saltveit ME (2002) Elevated growing temperatures during the day improve the postharvest chilling tolerance of greenhouse grown cucumber (Cucumis sativus) fruit. Postharv Biol Technol 24:49–57

    Google Scholar 

  • Kano Y (2004) Effects of summer day-time temperature on sugar content in several portions of watermelon fruit (Citrullus lanatus) J. Hortic Sci Biotechnol 79(1):142–145

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kano Y, Goto H (2003) Relationship between the occurrence of bitter fruit in cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) and the contents of total nitrogen, amino acid nitrogen, protein and HMG-CoA reductase activity. Sci Hortic 98(1):1–8

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karni L, Aloni B (2002) Fructokinase and hexokinase from pollen grains of bell pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) Possible role in pollen germination under conditions of high temperature and CO2 enrichment. Annals Bot 90:607–612

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kays SJ (1999) Preharvest factors affecting appearance. Postharv Biol Techn 15:233–247

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempkes FLK, van de Braak NJ, Bakker JC (2000) Effect of heating system position on vertical distribution of crop temperature and transpiration in greenhouse tomatoes. J Agric Eng Res 75(1):57–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Keyhaninejad N, Richins RD, O’Connell MA (2012) Carotenoid content in field-grown versus greenhouse-grown peppers: Different responses in leaf and fruit. Hortic Sci 47(7):852–855

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kittas C, Boulrad T, Papadakis G (1997) Natural ventilation of a greenhouse with ridge and side openings: sensitivity to temperature and wind effects. Trans ASAE 40(2):415–425

    Google Scholar 

  • Kittas C, Katsoulas N, Baille A (2001) Influence of greenhouse ventilation regime on the microclimate and energy partitioning of a rose canopy during summer conditions. J Agric Eng Res 79(3):349–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Kittas C, Bartzanas T, Jaffrin A (2003) Temperature gradients in a partially shaded large greenhouse equipped with evaporative cooling pads. Biosyst Eng 85(1):87–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Kittas C, Katsoulas N, Rigakis N, Bartzanas T, Kitta E (2012) Effects on microclimate, crop production and quality of a tomato crop grown under shade nets. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 87(1):7–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Kittas C, Katsoulas N, Bartzanas T, Bakker S (2013) Greenhouse climate control and energy use. Chapter 4. In: Good agricultural practices for greenhouse vegetable crops—principles for Mediterranean climate areas. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Plant Production and Protection Paper 217, Rome, Italy, pp 63–95 (978-92-5-107649-1 (print); E-ISBN 978-92-5-107650-7)

    Google Scholar 

  • Kläring HP, Zude M (2009) Sensing of tomato plant response to hypoxia in the root environment. Sci Hortic 122:17–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Kleinhenz MD, Scheerens JC, Francis DM, Radovich TJK, French DG, Gazula A, Wszelaki A, Sanchez-Vela A, McIntyre AAC, Delwiche J, Ling P (2003) From farm to consumer—linking crop physiology and production with buyer-oriented quality. I. Vegetables Acta Hortic 604:95–103

    Google Scholar 

  • Kofoet A, Fink M (2007) Development of Peronospora parasitica epidemics on radish as modelled by the effects of water vapour saturation deficit and temperature. Europ J Plant Path 117(4):369–381

    Google Scholar 

  • Köhl J, de Visser PHB, Wubben J (2007) Risico’s op schimmelaantasting in vruchtgroenten. Wageningen UR Greenhouse Horticulture, Report 467, 41

    Google Scholar 

  • Krauss S, Schnitzler WH, Grassmann J, Woitke M (2006) The influence of different electrical conductivity values in a simplified recirculating soilless system on inner and outer fruit quality characteristics of tomato. J Agric Food Chem 54:441–448

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Krumbein A, Schwarz D, Kläring HP (2006) Effects of environmental factors on carotenoid content in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum (L.) Mill.) grown in a greenhouse. J Appl Bot Food Qual 80:160–164

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kulkarni M, Phalke S (2009) Evaluating variability of root size system and its constitutive traits in hot pepper (Capsicum annum L.) under water stress. Sci Hortic 120:159–166

    Google Scholar 

  • Langton FA, Cockshull KE (1997) Is stem extension determined by DIF or by absolute day and night temperatures? Sci Hortic 69:229–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee JM, Kubota C, Tsao SJ, Bie Z, Echevarria PH, Morra L, Oda M (2010) Current status of vegetable grafting: Diffusion, grafting techniques, automation. Sci Hortic 127:93–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Lester GE, Jifon JL, Makus DJ (2010) Impact of potassium nutrition on postharvest fruit quality: Melon (Cucumis melo L) case study. Plant Soil 335:117–131

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Leinfelder J, Röber R (1987) Schnittchrysanthemen im geschlossenen System. Deutscher Gartenbau 41(49):2890–2892

    Google Scholar 

  • Leinfelder J, Röber R (1989) Umweltgerechte Gladiolenkultur. Gb + Gw 20:946–953

    Google Scholar 

  • Leinfelder J, Röber R (1991) Der Anbau von Edelnelken im geschlossenen System—Einfluss verschiedener Substrate auf Ertrag und Qualität der Blumen. Gartenbau 38(3):40–44

    Google Scholar 

  • Li S, Willits DH (2008) Comparing low pressure and high pressure fogging systems in naturally ventilated greenhouses. Biosyst Eng 102(1):69–77

    Google Scholar 

  • Li JH, Safi M, Gale J, Volokita M, Novoplansky A (1999) Response of tomato plants to saline water as affected by carbon dioxide supplementation. I. Growth, yield and fruit quality. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 74:132–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Li YL, Stanghellini C, Challa H (2001) Effect of electrical conductivity and transpiration on production of greenhouse tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.). Sci Hortic 88:11–29

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li G, Zhang W, Benoit F, Ceustermans N (2002) Effects of environment factors on the growth and incidence of blossom-end rot in soilless Capsicum fructescens var. grossum. Acta Hortic 633:382–389

    Google Scholar 

  • Lin W, Jolliffe PA (1996) Light intensity and spectral quality affect fruit growth and shelf life of greenhouse-grown long English cucumber. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 121(6):1168–1173

    Google Scholar 

  • Linker R, Kacira M, Arbel A (2011) Robust climate control of a greenhouse equipped with variable-speed fans and a variable-pressure fogging system. Biosyst Eng 110(2):153–167

    Google Scholar 

  • Liptay A, Papadopoulos AP, Bryan HH, Gull D (1986) Ascorbic acid levels in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) at low temperatures. Agric Biol Chem 50(12):3185–3187

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liptay A, Sikkema P, Fonteno W (1997) Transplant production and performance: transplant growth control through water stress. Fifth National Symposium on Stand Establishment Transplant Workshop, May 31, 1997. Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio, USA, pp 51–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Liu B, Heins RD (2002) Photothermal ratio affects plant quality in ‘Freedom’ poinsettia. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 127(1):20–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Logendra LS, Gianfagna TJ, Specca DR, Janes HW (2001) Greenhouse tomato limited cluster production systems: crop management practices affect yield. Hortic Sci 36(5):893–896

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • López-Marín J, González A, Pérez-Alfocea F, Egea-Gilabert C, Fernández JA (2012) Grafting is an efficient alternative to shading screens to alleviate thermal stress in greenhouse-grown sweet pepper. Sci Hortic 127:188–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Lorenzo P, Sanchez-Guerrero MC, Medrano E, Garcia ML, Caparros I, Coelho G, Giménez M (2004) Climate control in the summer season: a comparative study of external mobile shading and fog system. Acta Hortic 659:189–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Louws FJ, Rivard CL, Kubota C (2010) Grafting fruiting vegetables to manage soilborne pathogens, foliar pathogens, arthropods and weeds. Sci Hortic 127:127–146

    Google Scholar 

  • Luo W, de Zwart HF, Dai J, Wang X, Stanghellini C (2005) Simulation of greenhouse management under subtropical climate conditions, Part I: model validation and scenario study for the winter season. Biosyst Eng 90(3):307–318

    Google Scholar 

  • Lycoskoufis IH, Savvas D, Mavrogianopoulos G (2005) Growth, gas exchange, and nutrient status in pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) grown in recirculating nutrient solution as affected by salinity imposed to half of the root system. Sci Hortic 106:147–161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Marcelis LFM (1993) Fruit growth and biomass allocation to the fruits in cucumber. 2. Effect of irradiance. Sci Hortic 54:123–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcelis LFM, Maas FM, Heuvelink E (2002) The latest developments in the lighting technologies in Dutch horticulture. Acta Hortic 580:35–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcelis LFM, van den Boogaard R, Meinen E (2000) Control of crop growth and nutrient supply by the combined use of crop models and plant sensors. Proceedings int. conf. modelling and control in agriculture, horticulture and postharvested processing. IFAC, pp 351–356

    Google Scholar 

  • Marcelis LFM, Broekhuijsen AGM, Meinen E, Nijs EMFM, Raaphorst MGM (2006) Quantification of the growth response to light quantity of greenhouse grown crops. Acta Hortic 711:97–104

    Google Scholar 

  • Martineau V, Lefsrud M, Naznin MT, Kopsell DA (2012) Comparison of light-emitting diode and high-pressure sodium light treatments for hydroponics growth of Boston lettuce. Hortic Sci 47:477–482

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mattheis JP, Fellman JK (1999) Preharvest factors influencing flavor of fresh fruit and vegetables. Postharv Bio Techn 15:227–232

    Google Scholar 

  • McCollum JP (1954) Effects of light on the formation of carotenoids in tomato fruits. Food Res 19:182–189

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McMahon MJ, Kelly JW (1990) Influence of spectral filters on height, leaf chlorophyll and flowering of Rosa × hybrida “Meirutral”. J Env Hortic 8:209–211

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell CA, Both AJ, Bourget CM, Burr JF, Kubota C, Lopez RG, Morrow RC, Runkle ES (2012) LEDs: the future of greenhouse lighting! Chron Hortic 52(1):6–12

    Google Scholar 

  • Mizrahi Y, Pasternak D (1985) Effect of salinity on quality of various agricultural crops. Plant Soil 89:301–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Moccaldi LA, Runkle ES (2007) Modeling the effects of temperature and photosynthetic daily light integral on growth and flowering of Salvia splendens and Tagetes patula. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 132(3):283–288

    Google Scholar 

  • Moe R, Glomsrud N, Bratberg I, Valsö S (1992) Control of plant height in Poinsettia. Acta Hortic 327:41–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Möller M, Tanny J, Cohen S, Teitel M (2003) Micrometeorological characterization in a screenhouse. Acta Hortic 614:445–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Möller M, Tanny J, Li Y, Cohen S (2004) Measuring and predicting evapotranspiration in an insect-proof screenhouse. Agric For Meteorol 127(1-2):35–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Möller M, Cohen S, Pirkner M, Israeli Y, Tanny J (2010) Transmission of short-wave radiation by agricultural screens. Bios Eng 107(4):317–327

    Google Scholar 

  • Montero JI, van Henten EJ, Son JE, Castilla N (2011) Greenhouse engineering: new technologies and approaches. Acta Hortic 893:51–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Montesano F, Parente A, Santamaria P (2010) Closed cycle subirrigation with low concentration nutrient solution can be used for soilless tomato production in saline conditions. Sci Hortic 124:338–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Morard P, Silvestre J (1996) Plant injury due to oxygen deficiency in the root environment of soilless culture: a review. Plant Soil 184:243–254

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Morrow RC (2008) LED lighting in horticulture. Hortic Sci 43(7):1947–1950

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen LV (1987) CO2 enrichment in greenhouses. Crop responses. Sci Hortic 33(1–2):1–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen LM (1994) Effects of elevated CO2 concentrations on growth and yield of eight vegetable species in a cool climate. Sci Hortic 58(3):177–185

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen L (2000) Effects of air humidity on growth, flowering, keeping quality and water relations of four short-day greenhouse species. Sci Hortic 86:299–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen LM, Moe R (1995) Effects of temperature, carbon dioxide concentration, daylength, and photon flux density on growth, morphogenesis, and flowering of miniature roses. Acta Hortic 378:63–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen LM, Fjeld T (1998) Effects of air humidity, lighting period and lamp type on growth and vase life of roses. Sci Hortic 73:229–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortensen LM, Gislerød HR (2005) Effect of air humidity variation on powdery mildew and keeping quality of cut roses. Sci Hortic 104(1):49–55

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulholland BJ, Fussell M, Edmondson RN, Basham J, McKee JMT (2001) Effect of VPD, K nutrition and root-zone temperature on leaf area development, accumulation of Ca and K and yield in tomato. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 76(5):641–647

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mulholland BJ, Fussell M, Edmondson RN, Taylor AJ, Basham J, McKee JMT, Parsons N (2002) The effect of split-root salinity stress on tomato leaf expansion, fruit yield and quality. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 77:509–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Navarrete M, Jeannequin B (2000) Effect of frequency of axillary bud pruning on vegetative growth and fruit yield in greenhouse tomato crops. Sci Hortic 86:197–210

    Google Scholar 

  • Niu G, Rodriguez DS, Mackay W (2008) Growth and physiological responses to drought stress in four oleander clones. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 133(2):188–196

    Google Scholar 

  • NN (2012a) Greenhouse film. http://www.essenpoly.com/greenhousefilm.htm. Accessed Nov 2012

  • NN (2012b) Energieeffizienz im Gartenbau. http://www.energieagentur.nrw.de/unternehmen/energieeffizienz-im-gartenbau-3735.asp. Accessed Nov 2012

  • Oh W, Cheon IH, Kim KS, Runkle ES (2009) Photosynthetic daily light integral influences flowering time and crop characteristics of Cyclamen persicum. Hortic Sci 44(2):341–344

    Google Scholar 

  • Özçelik A, Besroglu A, Özaltin AS, Özgümüs A (1999) The use of different growing media in greenhouse gerbera cut flower production. Acta Hortic 491:425–431

    Google Scholar 

  • Paiva EAS, Martinez HEP, Casali VWD, Padilha L (1998) Occurrence of blossom-end rot in tomato as a function of calcium dose in the nutrient solution and air relative humidity. J Plant Nutr 21(12):2663–2670

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos AP (1991) Growing greenhouse tomatoes in soil and in soilless media. Agric Canada Publ 1865/E. 79 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos AP (1994) Growing greenhouse seedless cucumbers in soil and in soilless media. Agric Agri-Food Canada Publ 1902/E, 79 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Papadopoulos AP, Hao X, Tu JC, Zheng J (1999) Tomato production in open or closed rockwool culture systems with NFT or rockwool nutrient feedings. Acta Hortic 481:89–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Paradiso R, Meinen E, Snelb JFH, Visser PD, Ieperen WV, Hogewoning SW, Marcelis LFM (2011) Spectral dependence of photosynthesis and light absorptance in single leaves and canopy in rose. Sci Hortic 127:548–554

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pardossi A, Bagnoli G, Malorgio F, Campiotti CA, Tognoni F (1999) NaCl effects on celery (Apium graveolens L.) grown in NFT. Sci Hortic 81:229–242

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardossi A, Giacomet P, Malorgio F, Albini FM, Murelli C, Serra G, Vernieri P, Tongnoni F (2000) The influence of growing season on fruit yield and quality of greenhouse melon (Cucumis melo L.) grown in nutrient film technique in a Mediterranean climate. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 75(4):488–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Pardossi A, Tognoni F, Incrocci L (2004) Mediterranean greenhouse technology. Chronica Hortic 44(2):28–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Passam HC, Karapanos IC, Bebeli PJ, Savvas D (2007) A review of recent research on tomato nutrition, breeding and post-harvest technology with reference to fruit quality. Europ J Plant Sci Biotechnol 1(1):1–21

    Google Scholar 

  • Patanè C, Tringali S, Sortino O (2011) Effects of deficit irrigation on biomass, yield, water productivity and fruit quality of processing tomato under semi-arid Mediterranean climate conditions. Sci Hortic 129:590–596

    Google Scholar 

  • Patil GG, Moe R (2009) Involvement of phytochrome B in DIF mediated growth in cucumber. Sci Hortic 122:164–170

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peet MM (1992) Fruit cracking in tomato. Hort Technol 2:216–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Peet MM (1999) Greenhouse crop stress management. Acta Hortic 481:643–654

    Google Scholar 

  • Peet MM, Willits DH (1995) Role of excess water in tomato fruit cracking. Hortic Sci 30:65–68

    Google Scholar 

  • Peet MM, Bartholemew M (1996) Effect of night temperatures on pollen characteristics, growth and fruit set in tomato. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 121(3):514–519

    Google Scholar 

  • Peet MM, Willits DH (1987) Greenhouse CO2 enrichment alternatives: effects of increasing concentrations or duration of enrichment on cucumber yields. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 112(2):236–241

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peet MM, Willits DH, Gardner R (1997) Response of ovule development and post-pollen production processes in male sterile tomatoes in chronic, sub-acute high temperature stress. J Exp Bot 48:101–111

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Peet MM, Welles GWH (2005) Greenhouse tomato production. In: Heuvelink E (ed) Tomatoes—Crop production science in horticulture, vol 13. CABI Publishing, Wallingford, pp 257–304

    Google Scholar 

  • Petersen KK, J Willumsen (1991) Tomatoes with more flavour. Annual report—Ministry of Agriculture. The Danish Institute of Plant and Soil Science:40–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Pettersen RI, Torre S, Gislerod HR (2010) Effects of leaf aging and light duration on photosynthetic characteristics in a cucumber canopy. Sci Hortic 125:82–87

    Google Scholar 

  • Plaut Z, Grava A, Yehezkel C, Matan E (2004) How do salinity and water stress affect transport of water, assimilates and ions to tomato fruits? Physiol Plant 122:429–442

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pollet IV, Pieters JG (2000) PAR transmittance of dry and wet glass. Acta Hortic 534:285–292

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollet IV, Eykens PGM, Pieters JG (2000) PAR scattering by greenhouse covers and its effect on plant growth. Acta Hortic 534:101–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Pulupol LU, Behboudia MH, Fisher KJ (1996) Growth, yield and postharvest attributes of glasshouse tomatoes produced under deficit irrigation. Hortic Sci 31:926–929

    Google Scholar 

  • Qian T, Dieleman JA, Elings A, Marcelis LFM (2012) Leaf photosynthetic and morphological responses to elevated CO2 concentration and altered fruit number in the semi-closed greenhouse. Sci Hortic 145:1–9

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raviv M, Lieth JH (2008) Soilless culture: theory and practice. Elsevier Publications, London, 608 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Raviv M, Krasnovsky A, Medina S, Reuveni R (1998) Assessment of various control strategies for recirculation of greenhouse effluents under semi-arid conditions. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 73:485–491

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Raviv M, Lieth H, Bar-Tal A, Silber A (2008) Growing plants in soilless culture: operational conclusions, Chapter 13. In: Raviv M, Lieth JH (eds) Soilless culture theory and practice. Elsevier Publications, London, pp 545–572, 608 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Resh HM (2012) Hydroponic food production: a definitive guidebook for the advanced home gardener and the commercial hydroponic grower, 7th edn. CRC, Inc., 560 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Röber R, Frenz FW, Braune W (1986) Der Einfluss unterschiedlicher Wasserversorgung auf das Wachstum und Blühen von Cyclamen und Pelargonium. Gartenbauwiss 52:32–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts GL, Tsujita MJ, Dansereau B (1993) Supplemental light quality affects budbreak, yield and vase life of cut roses. Hortic Sci 28(6):621–622

    Google Scholar 

  • Rodriguez JC, Cantliffe DJ, Shaw NL, Karchi Z (2006) Soilless media and containers for greenhouse production of ‘Galia’ type muskmelon. Hortic Sci 41:1200–1205

    Google Scholar 

  • Romero-Aranda R, Soria T, Cuartero J (2002) Greenhouse mist improves yield of tomato plants grown under saline conditions. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 127(4):644–648

    Google Scholar 

  • Rossel H, Ferguson J (1979) A new and economical screenhouse for virus research in tropical areas. FAO Plant Prot Bull 27:74–76

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouphael Y, Colla G (2005) Growth, yield, fruit quality and nutrient uptake of hydroponically cultivated zucchini squash as affected by irrigation systems and growing seasons. Sci Hortic 105:177–195

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Rea E, Battistelli A, Colla G (2006) Comparison of the subirrigation and drip-irrigation systems for greenhouse zucchini squash production using saline and non-saline nutrient solutions. Agric Water Manag 82:99–117

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouphael Y, Cardarelli M, Rea E, Colla G (2008) The influence of irrigation system and nutrient solution concentration on potted geranium production under various conditions of radiation and temperature. Sci Hortic 118:328–337

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rouphael Y, Schwarz D, Krumbein A, Colla G (2010) Impact of grafting on product quality of fruit vegetables. Sci Hortic 127:172–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Saha UK, Papadopoulos AP, Hao X, Khosla S (2008) Irrigation strategies for greenhouse tomato production on rockwool. Hortic Sci 43(2):484–493

    Google Scholar 

  • Santamaria P, Campanile G, Parente A, Elia A (2003) Subirrigation vs. dripirrigation: effects on yield and quality of soilless grown cherry tomato. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 78:290–296

    Google Scholar 

  • Santamaria P, Cantore V, Conversa G, Serio F (2004) Effect of night salinity level on water use, physiological responses, yield and quality of cherry tomato. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 79:59–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Sato S, Peet MM, Thomas JF (2002) Determining critical pre-and post-anthesis periods and physiological processes in Lycopersicon esculentum Mill. exposed to moderately elevated temperatures. J Exp Bot 53(371):1187–1195

    CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sato S, Sakaguchi S, Furukawa H, Ikeda H (2006) Effects of NaCl application to hydroponic nutrient solution on fruit characteristics of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.). Sci Hortic 109:248–253

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savvas D, Lenz F (1994) Influence of salinity on the incidence of the physiological disorder ’internal fruit rot‘ in hydroponically-grown eggplants. J App Bot 68:32–35

    Google Scholar 

  • Savvas D, Passam H (2002) Hydroponic production of vegetables and ornamentals. Embrio publications, Athens, 463 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Savvas D, Colla G, Rouphael Y, Schwarz D (2010) Amelioration of heavy metal and nutrient stress in fruit vegetables by grafting. Sci Hortic 127:156–161

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Savvas D, Gianquinto G, Tüzel Y, Gruda N (2013) Soilless culture. Chapter 12. In: Good agricultural practices for greenhouse vegetable crops—principles for Mediterranean climate areas. Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), Plant Production and Protection Paper 217, Rome, Italy, pp 303–354 (978-92-5-107649-1 (print); E-ISBN 978-92-5-107650-7)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schapira A, Morard P, Maertens C (1990) Echanges gazeux racinaires du concombre et de la tomate en culture hydroponique. CR Acad Agric Fr 76:5–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Schnitzler WH, Gruda N (2002) Hydroponics and product quality. In: Savvas D, Passam H (eds) Hydroponic production of vegetables and ornamentals. Embrio publications, Athens, pp 373–411, (463 pages)

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz M (1995) Soilless culture management. Advances series in agricultural sciences, vol 24. Springer, Berlin-Heidelberg-New York, 197 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Schwarz D, Rouphael Y, Colla G, Venema JH (2010) Grafting as a tool to improve tolerance of vegetables to abiotic stresses: thermal stress, water stress and organic pollutants. Sci Hortic 127:162–171

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seginer I (1990) Expected usefulness of CO2 enrichment and shading in a desert climate. Acta Hortic 268:149–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Selma MV, Luna MC, Martínez-Sánchez A, Tudela JA, Beltrán D, Baixauli C, Gil MI (2012) Sensory quality, bioactive constituents and microbiological quality of green and red fresh-cut lettuces (Lactuca sativa L.) are influenced by soil and soilless agricultural production systems. Postharvest Biol Technol 63:16–24

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Serio F, e Gara L, Caretto S, Leo L, Santamaria P (2004) Influence of an increased NaCl concentration on yield and quality of cherry tomato grown in posidonia (Posidonia oceanica L. Delile). J Sci Food Agric 84:1885–1890

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Seo MW, Yang DS, Kays SJ, Kim JH, Woo JH, Park KW (2009) Effects of nutrient solution electrical conductivity and sulfur, magnesium, and phosphorus concentration on sesquiterpene lactones in hydroponically grown lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.). Sci Hortic 122:369–374

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Shahak Y (2008) Photo-selective netting for improved performance of horticultural crops. A review of ornamental and vegetable studies carried out in Israel. Acta Hortic 770:161–168

    Google Scholar 

  • Siddiqi MY, Kronzucker HJ, Britto DT, Glass ADM (1998) Growth of a tomato crop at reduced nutrient concentrations as a strategy to limit eutrophication. J Plant Nutr 21:1879–1895

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Siqueira M, Katul G, Tanny J (2012) The effect of the screen on the mass, momentum, and energy exchange rates of a uniform crop situated in an extensive screenhouse. Boundary Layer Meteorol 142(3):339–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Slack G (1986a) CO2 enrichment of tomato crops. In: Enoch HZ, Kimball BA (eds) Carbon dioxide enrichment of greenhouse crops, vol II. Physiology, yield, and economics. CRC, Inc. Boca Raton, pp 151–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Slack G (1986b) The effects of leaf removal on the development and yield of glasshouse tomatoes. J Hortic Sci 61(3):353–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonneveld C (2000) Effect of salinity on substrate grown vegetables and ornamentals in greenhouse horticulture. PhD thesis, Agricultural University Wageningen, 151 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Sonneveld C, Welles GWH (1988) Yield and quality of rockwool-grown tomatoes as affected by variations in EC-value and climatic conditions. Plant Soil 111:37–42

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonneveld C, van der Burg AM (1991) Sodium chloride salinity in fruit vegetable crops in soilless culture. Neth J Agric Sci 39:115–122

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sonneveld C, Voogt W (2009) Plant nutrition of greenhouse crops. Springer, Dordrecht, 431 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Stamps RH (2009) Use of colored shade netting in horticulture. Hortic Sci 44:239–241

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini C (1987) Transpiration of greenhouse crops, an aid to climate management. Ph. D. Dissertation, Agricultural University, Wageningen, 150 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini C, Kempkes F (2008) Steering of fogging: control of humidity, temperature or transpiration? Acta Hortic 797:61–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanghellini C, van Meurs WTM, Corver E, van Dullemen E, Simonse L (1998) Combined effects of climate and concentration of the nutrient solution on a greenhouse tomato crop. II: yield quantity and quality. Acta Hortic 458:231–237

    Google Scholar 

  • Stanhill G (1986) Water use efficiency. Adv Agron 39:53–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Steingröver E, Ratering P, Siesling J (1986) Daily changes in uptake, reduction and storage of nitrate in spinach grownat lowlight intensity. Physiol Plant 66:550–556

    Google Scholar 

  • Tabatabaie SJ, Gregory PJ, Hadley P, Ho L (2004) Use of unequal salinity in the root zone to improve yield and quality in hydroponically grown tomato. Acta Hortic 648:47–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J (2013) Microclimate and evapotranspiration of crops covered by agricultural screens: a review. Biosyst Eng 114(1):26–43

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J, Cohen S (2003) The effect of a small shade net on the properties of wind and selected boundary layer parameters above and within a citrus orchard. Biosyst Eng 84(1):57–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J, Cohen S, Teitel M (2003) Screenhouse microclimate and ventilation: an experimental study. Biosyst Eng 84:331–341

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J, Haijun L, Cohen S (2006) Airflow characteristics, energy balance and eddy covariance measurements in a banana screenhouse. Agric For Meteorol 139(1–2):105–118

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J, Teitel M, Barak M, Esquira Y, Amir R (2008) The effect of screenhouse height on microclimate. Acta Hortic 801:107–114

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J, Möller M, Cohen S (2009a) Aerodynamic properties of boundary layers along screens. Biosyst Eng 102:171–179

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J, Cohen S, Grava A, Naor A, Lukyanov V (2009b) The effect of shading screens on microclimate of apple orchards. Acta Hortic 807:103–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J, Dicken U, Cohen S (2010) Vertical variation in turbulence statistics and energy balance in a banana screenhouse. Biosyst Eng 106(2):175–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Tanny J, Cohen S, Israeli Y (2012) Screen constructions: microclimate and water use in Israel. Acta Hortic 927:515–528

    Google Scholar 

  • Taiz L, Zeiger E (2010) Plant physiology, 5th edn. Sinauer Associates, Inc., Sunderland, MA, USA, 781 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M (2001) The effect of insect-proof screens in roof openings on greenhouse microclimate. Agric For Meteorol 110:13–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M (2007) The effect of screened openings on greenhouse microclimate. Agric For Meteorol 143(3–4):159–175

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M, Tanny M (1998) Radiative heat transfer from heating tubes in a greenhouse. J Agric Eng Res 69(2):185–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M, Tanny J (1999) Natural ventilation of greenhouses: experiments and model. Agric For Meteorol 96:59–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M, Tanny M (2005) Heat fluxes and airflow patterns through roof windows in a naturally ventilated enclosure. Flow Turbul Combust 74(1):21–47

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M, Wenger E (2010) The effect of screenhouse roof shape on the flow patterns—CFD simulations. Acta Hortic 927:603–610

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M, Zhao Y, Barak M, Bar-lev E, Shmuel D (2004) Effect on energy use and greenhouse microclimate through fan motor control by variable frequency drives. Energy Convers Manag 45(2):209–223

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M, Barak M, Zhao Y (2006) Ventilation of a greenhouse with continuous roof and side vents. Acta Hortic 719:41–48

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M, Atias M, Barak M (2010) Gradients of temperature, humidity and CO2 along a fan-ventilated greenhouse. Biosyst Eng 106(2):166–174

    Google Scholar 

  • Teitel M, Derugin M, Haslavsky V, Tanny J (2012) Light distribution in multispan gutter-connected greenhouses: Effects of gutters and roof openings. Biosyst Eng 113(2):120–128

    Google Scholar 

  • Thompson HC, Langhans RW, Both AJ, Albright LD (1998) Shot and root temperature effects on lettuce growth in a floating hydroponic system. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 123:361–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Torre S, Fjeld T (2001) Water loss and postharvest characteristics of cut roses grown at high or moderate relative air humidity. Sci Hortic 89(3):217–226

    Google Scholar 

  • Torre S, Fjeld T, Gislerød HR, Moe R (2003) Leaf anatomy and stomatal morphology of greenhouse roses grown at moderate or high air humidity. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 128(4):598–602

    Google Scholar 

  • Trajkova F, Papadantonakis N, Savvas D (2006) Comparative effects of NaCl and CaCl2 salinity on cucumber grown in a closed hydroponic system. Hort Sci 41:437–441

    Google Scholar 

  • Tuna AL, Kaya C, Ashraf M, Altunlu H, Yokas I, Yagmur B (2007) The effects of calcium sulphate on growth, membrane stability and nutrient uptake of tomato plants grown under salt stress. Env Exp Bot 59:173–178

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tüzel IH, Tüzel Y, Gül A, Meriç MK, Yavuz O, Eltez RZ (2001) comparison of open and closed systems on yield, water and nutrient consumption and their environmental impact. Acta Hortic 554:221–228

    Google Scholar 

  • USDA (1976) United State Standards for Grade of Fresh Tomatoes. US Dept Agric Mktg Serv, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • van Kooten O, Heuvelink E, Stanghellini C (2004) Nutrient supply in soilless culture: on-demand strategies. Acta Hortic 659:533–540

    Google Scholar 

  • van Os EA, Amsing JJ, van Kuik AJ, Willers H (1999) Slow sand filtration: a potential method for the elimination of pathogens and nematodes in recirculating nutrient solutions from glasshouse-grown crops. Acta Hortic 481:519–526

    Google Scholar 

  • Velthuis HHW, van Doorn A (2006) A century of advances in bumblebee domestication and the economic and environmental aspects of its commercialization for pollination. Apidologie 37:421–451

    Google Scholar 

  • Ventura Y, Mendlinger S (1999) Effects of suboptimal low temperature on yield, fruit appearance and quality in muskmelon (Cucumis melo L.) cultivars. J Hortic Sci Biotechnol 74(5):602–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Villegas E, Pérez M, Lao MT (2006) Influence of lighting levels by shading cloths on Cyclamen persicum quality. Acta Hortic 711:145–150

    Google Scholar 

  • von Zabeltitz C (2011) Integrated greenhouse systems for mild climates. Springer-Verlag, Berlin-Heidelberg, 363 pages

    Google Scholar 

  • Waggoner PE, Boyd-Pack A, Reifsnyder WE (1959) The climate of shade: a tobacco tent and a forest stand compared to open fields. Bulletin 626, The Connecticut Agric Exp Station, New Haven

    Google Scholar 

  • Warner RM, Erwin JE (2005) Prolonged high temperature exposure and daily light integral impact growth and flowering of five herbaceous ornamental species. J Am Soc Hortic Sci 130(3):319–325

    Google Scholar 

  • Warren SL, Bilderback TE (2004) Irrigation timing: effect on plant growth, photosynthesis, water-use efficiency and substrate temperature. Acta Hortic 644:29–37

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson JW, Hand DW, Hannah MA (1992) Light interception and photosynthetic efficiency in some glasshouse crops. J Exp Bot 43(248):363–373

    Google Scholar 

  • Wohanka W (1992) Slow sand filtration and UV radiation, low-cost techniques for disinfection of recirculating nutrient solution or surface water. ISOSC, Proc. 8th Int. Congress on Soilless Culture, pp 497–511

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu M, Kubota C (2008a) Effects of high electrical conductivity of nutrient solution and its application timing on lycopene, chlorophyll and sugar concentrations of hydroponic tomatoes during ripening. Sci Hortic 116:122–129

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wu M, Kubota C (2008b) Effects of electrical conductivity of hydroponic nutrient solution on leaf gas exchange of five greenhouse tomato cultivars. Hort Technol 18(2):271–277

    Google Scholar 

  • Wu M, Buck JS, Kubota C (2004) Effects of nutrient solution EC, plant microclimate and cultivars on fruit quality and yield of hydroponics tomatoes (Lycopersicon esculentum). Acta Hortic 659:541–547

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhao Y, Teitel M, Barak M (2001) Vertical temperature and humidity gradients in a naturally ventilated greenhouse. J Agric Eng Res 78(4):431–436

    Google Scholar 

  • Zheng Y, Graham T, Richard S, Dixon M (2004) Potted gerbera production in a subirrigation system using low-concentration nutrient solutions. Hortic Sci 39:1283–1286

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zipelevish E, Grinberge A, Amar S, GilboY, Kafkafi U (2000) Eggplant dry matter composition fruit yield and quality as affected by phosphate and total salinity caused by potassium fertilizers in the irrigation solution. J Plant Nutr 23(4):431–442

    Google Scholar 

  • Zushi K, Matsuzoe N (2011) Utilization of correlation network analysis to identify differences in sensory attributes and organoleptic compositions of tomato cultivars grown under salt stress. Sci Hortic 129:18–26

    Google Scholar 

  • Zushi K, Matsuzoe N, Kitano M (2009) Developmental and tissue-specific changes in oxidative parameters and antioxidant systems in tomato fruits grown under salt stress. Sci Hortic 122:362–368

    CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Division of Horticultural Sciences, University of Bonn, Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179, Bonn, Germany

    Nazim Gruda

  2. Department for Innovation Promotion, Federal Office for Agriculture and Food, Deichmanns Aue 29, 53179, Bonn, Germany

    Nazim Gruda

  3. Institute of Soil, Water & Environmental Sciences, Agricultural Research Organization, POB 6, 50250, Bet Dagan, Israel

    Josef Tanny

Authors
  1. Nazim Gruda
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Josef Tanny
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Nazim Gruda .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. GreenGene International Hill Rising, Sherborne, Dorset, United Kingdom

    Geoffrey R. Dixon

  2. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Lawes, Queensland, Australia

    David E. Aldous

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Gruda, N., Tanny, J. (2014). Protected Crops. In: Dixon, G., Aldous, D. (eds) Horticulture: Plants for People and Places, Volume 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8578-5_10

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation