Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

International Plant Trade and Biosecurity

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Horticulture: Plants for People and Places, Volume 3

Abstract

This chapter explores the current status of plant trade and international biosecurity regulatory mechanisms to safeguard economic, social and economic well being of nations, states and economic regions. We provide an account of the international biosecurity framework in a historical context. In doing so we outline some of the common approaches to managing and regulating biosecurity risks associated with the plant horticultural export trade. This exploration identifies many of the inconsistencies in the application of plant biosecurity measured internationally. The approaches for regulation of live plants are compared amongst regions and future improvements are identified.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Alpert P, Bone E, Holzapfel C (2000) Invasiveness, invisibility and the role of environmental stress in the spread of non-native plants. Perspect Plant Ecol Evol Syst 3:52–66

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Anderson PK, Cunningham AA, Patel NG et al (2004) Emerging infectious diseases of plants: pathogen pollution, climate change and agrotechnological drivers. Trends Ecol Evol 19:535–544

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Anon (1999) The horticultural sector in the Ile-de-France region. Lien Horticole 36(45):7–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2000) Official Journal of the European Communities COUNCIL DIRECTIVE 2000/29/EC of 8 May 2000 on protective measures against the introduction into the Community of organisms harmful to plants or plant products and against their spread within the community

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2002) FAO. Guide to the international plant protection convention. FAO, Rome, pp 20

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2004) International Association of Horticultural Producers (AIPH). International Association of Horticultural Producers. International Statistics Flowers and Plants 2004, vol 52. Institut für Gartenbauokonomie der Universität, Hannover. http://www.aiph.org/site/index_en.cfm. Accessed 15 April 2013

  • Anon (2008) APHIS. USDA register. http://www.aphis.usda.gov/import_export/plants/plant_imports/downloads/q37_whitepaper.pdf. Accessed 15 April 2013

  • Anon (2010) Food Chain Evaluation Consortium. Evaluation of the community plant health ­regime: final report prepared for the European Commission Directorate General for Health and Consumers. European Union registar. http://ec.europa.eu/food

  • Anon (2011) FAO. FAO register. http://www.apppc.org/index.php?id=1110810&L=0. Accessed 15 Feb 2013

  • Anon (2011a) FAO. RAP PUBLICATION 2011/11 Plant protection profiles from Asia-Pacific countries (2009–2010), 3rd edn. RAP publication 2011/11 Asia and Pacific Plant Protection Commission and Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations regional office for Asia and the Pacific, Bangkok, p 572

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2012) Wardian case. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wardian_case. Accessed 27 April 2013

  • Anon (2012a) UNCTAD. Handbook of statistics. United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Anon (2013) DAFF ICON, DAFF register. http://www.daff.gov.au/aqis/import/plants/ICON. Accessed 15 Feb 2013

  • Anon (2013a) MPI biosecurity New Zealand, MPI register. www.biosecurity.govt.nz/regs/imports/plants/nursery. Accessed 15 March 2013

  • Anon (2013b) IPPC register. https://www.ippc.int/IPP/En/default.jsp. Accessed 21 March 2013

  • Anon (2013c) IAPSC register. http://r4dreview.org/2011/04/iapsc-protecting-africas-plant-health. Accessed 15 March 2013

  • Anon (2013d) Naktuinbouw. naktuinbouwregister. http://www.naktuinbouw.nl/en. Accessed 13 March 2013

  • Beale (2008) Review of Australian Quarantine, DAFF register. http://www.daff.gov.au/about/annualreport/annual-report-2008-09/annual-report-2008-09/special-report-review-australian-quarantine-biosecurity-bealereview

  • Brasier CM (2000) The rise of hybrid fungi. Nature 405:134–135

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Brasier CM (2008) The biosecurity threat to the UK and global environment from international trade in plants. Plant Pathol 57(5):792–808

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • DeBary A (1861) Die gegenwartig herrschende Kartoffelkrankheit, ihre Ursache und ihre Verhutung. Arthur Felix, Leipzig, Germany

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehnen-Schmutz K, Holdenrieder O, Jeger MJ, Pautasso M (2010a) Structural change in the international horticultural industry: some implications for plant health. Sci Hortic 125(1):1–15

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Dehnen-Schmutz K, MacLeod A, Reed P, Mills PR (2010b) The role of regulatory mechanisms for control of plant diseases and food security—case studies from potato production in Britain. Food Sec 2:233–245

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Desprez-Loustau M-L (2009) The alien fungi of Europe. In: DAISIE (ed) Handbook of alien species in Europe. Springer, Berlin, pp 15–28

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon GR (1987) The practicalities and economics of micropropagation for the amenity plant trade. Micropropagation in horticulture: practice and commercial problems. In: Proceedings of the Institute of Horticulture Symposium, University of Nottingham, School of Agriculture, 24–26 March 1986, pp 183–196

    Google Scholar 

  • Dixon GR (2000) Changing fortunes. Horticulturalist 9:7–9

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebbels DL (1979) A historical review of certification schemes for vegetatively-propagated crops in England and Wales. ADAS Q Rev 32:21–58

    Google Scholar 

  • Ercsey-Ravasz M, Toroczkai Z, Lakner Z, Baranyi J (2012) Complexity of the International Agro-Food Trade Network and its impact on food safety. PLoS ONE 7(5):e37810

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Findlay R, O’Rourke KH (2007) Power and plenty: trade, war, and the world economy in the second millennium. Princeton University, Princeton, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Guo Q, Rejmanek M, Wen J (2012) Geographical, socioeconomic, and ecological determinants of exotic plant naturalization in the United States: insights and updates from improved data. NeoBiota 12:41–55

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin SB, Cohen BA, Fry WE (1994) Panglobal distribution of a single clonal lineage of the Irish potato famine fungus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91:11591–11595

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Goodwin SB, Sujkowski LS, Fry WE (1995) Rapid evolution of pathogenicity within clonal lineages of the potato late blight disease fungus. Phytopathology 85:669–676

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Guzmán I, Arcas N, Guelfi R et al (2009) Technical efficiency in the fresh fruit and vegetable sector: a comparison study of Italian and Spanish firms. Fruits 64:243–252

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hufnagel L, Brockmann D, Geisel T (2004) Forecast and control of epidemics in a globalized world. PNAS 101(42):15124–15129

    Article  PubMed Central  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hulme PE (2009) Trade, transport and trouble: managing invasive species pathways in an era of globalization. J Appl Ecol 46(1):10–18

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ivors KL, Garbelotto M, Vries IDE et al (2006) Microsatellite markers identify three lineages of Phytophthora ramorum in US nurseries, yet single lineages in US forest and European nursery populations. Mol Ecol 15:1493–1505

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Jeger MJ, Pautasso M, Holdenrieder et al (2007) Modelling disease spread and control in networks: implications for plant sciences. New Phytol 174:179–197

    Google Scholar 

  • Kenis M, Rabitsch W, Auger-Rozenberg M-A, Roques A (2007) How can alien species inventories and interception data help us prevent insect invasions? B Entomol Res 97:89–502

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liebhold AM, Brockerhoff EG, Garrett LJ et al (2012) Live plant imports: the major pathway for forest insect and pathogen invasions of the US. Front Ecol Environ 10(3):135–143

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Liu J, Liang SC, Liu FH et al (2005) Invasive alien plant species in China: regional distribution patterns. Divers Distrib 11:341–347

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lunati F (2007) L’ombra dell’Olanda sul futuro della floricultura italiana. Informatore Fitopatologico 57(7–8):3–6

    Google Scholar 

  • Mack R, Simberloff D, Lonsdale W, Evans H, Clout M, Bazzaz F (2000) Biotic invasions: causes, epidemiology, global consequences, and control. Ecol Appl 10:689–710

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • MacLeod A, Pautasso M, Jeger MJ et al (2010) Evolution of the international regulation of plant pests and challenges for future plant health. Food Security 2(1):49–70

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mascheretti S, Croucher PJP, Vettraino A et al (2008) Reconstruction of the sudden oak death epidemic in California through microsatellite analysis of the pathogen Phytophthora ramorum. Mol Ecol 17:2755–2768

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maxwell A, Brelsford H (2012) A pitch for biosecurity: minimising the risk of Pine Pitch Canker (Fusarium circinatum) introduction into Australia. Proceedings of the Australian Soil Disease Conference, Fremantle Western Australia, Sept 2012

    Google Scholar 

  • Mitchell CE, Power AG (2003) Release of invasive plants from fungal and viral pathogens. Nature 421:625–627

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mohamed RA (2003) Role of open quarantine in regional germplasm exchange. In: Legg JP, Hillocks RJ (eds) Cassava brown streak virus disease: past, present and future. Proceedings of an International Workshop, Mombasa, Kenya, 27–30 October 2002. Natural Resources International Ltd., Aylesford, p 100, pp 63–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Neven D, Reardon T (2004) The rise of Kenyan supermarkets and the evolution of their horticulture product procurement systems. Develop Policy Rev 22(6):669–699

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Niederhauser JS (1991) The Potato Association of America and international cooperation 1916–1991. Am Potato J 68:237–239

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nowicki M, Foolad MR, Nowakowska M, Kozik EU (2012) Potato and tomato late blight caused by Phytophthora infestans: an overview of pathology and resistance breeding. Plant Dis 96(1):4–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • O’Riordain F (1999) Directory of European plant tissue culture laboratories, 1996–97. COST Action 822. Commission of the European Communities, Brussels

    Google Scholar 

  • Ormsby M (2004) Pitch Canker in Quarantine—a biosecurity success story. Biosecurity 51:10

    Google Scholar 

  • Park KS, McLaughlin EW (2000) The US wholesale produce industry: structure, operations and competition. Acta Hort 524:197–204

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Parke J, Grünwald N (2012) A systems approach for management of pests and pathogens of nursery crops. Plant Dis 96:1236–1244

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Paterson A (2000) The plant hunters: two hundred years of adventure and discovery around the world. Stud Hist Gard Des L 20(3):258–259

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrings C, Dehnen-Schmutz K, Touza J et al (2005) How to manage biological invasions under globalization. Trends Ecol Evol 20:212–215

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Pimentel D, Zuniga R, Morrison D (2005) Update on the environmental and economic costs associated with alien-invasive species in the United States. Ecol Econ 52:273–288

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Potter C, Harwood T, Knight J et al (2011) Learning from history, predicting the future: the UK Dutch elm disease outbreak in relation to contemporary tree disease threats. Philos Trans R Soc London Ser B 366(1573):1966–1974

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Prévost IB (1807) Memoir on the immediate cause of bunt or smut of wheat, and of several other diseases of plants, and on preventives of bunt. Paris, pp 80

    Google Scholar 

  • Pyšek P, Lambdon PW, Arianoutsou M et al (2009) Alien vascular plants of Europe. In: DAISIE (ed). Handbook of alien species in Europe. Springer, Berlin, pp 43–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Roques A (2007) Old and new pathways for invasion of exotic forest insects in Europe. In: Evans H, Oszako T (ed) Alien invasive species and international trade. Warsaw, pp 80–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Roques A, Rabitsch W, Rasplus J-Y et al (2009) Alien terrestrial invertebrates of Europe. In: DAISIE (ed) Handbook of alien species in Europe. Springer, Berlin, pp 63–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Sakai AK, Allendorf FW, Holt JS et al (2001) The population biology of invasive species. Ann Rev Ecol Syst 32:305–332

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santini A, Ghelardini L, De Pace C. et al. (2013) Biogeographical patterns and determinants of invasion by forest pathogens in Europe. New Phytologist 197: 238–250.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Sax DF (2001) Latitudinal gradients and geographic ranges of exotic species: implications for biogeography. J Biogeog 28:139–150

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schumann GL (1991) Plant diseases: their biology and social impact. APS, St. Paul, p 397

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith R, Baker RHA, Malumphy CP et al (2007) Recent nonnative invertebrate plant pest establishments in Great Britain: origins, pathways, and trends. Agric For Entomol 9:307–326

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Usinger R (1964) The role of Linnaeus in advancement of entomology. Annu Rev Entomol 9:1–17

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Venette R, Moon R, Hutchison W (2002) Strategies and statistics of sampling for rare individuals. Annu Rev Entomol 47:143–174

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Virtue J, Bennett S, Randall R (2004) Plant introductions in Australia: how can we resolve ‘weedy’ conflicts of interest? In: Sindel BM, Johnson SB (eds) Procedings of Fourteenth Australian Weeds Conference. Weed Society, NSW, p 718

    Google Scholar 

  • Vitousek PM, D’Antonio CM, Loope LL, Rejmanek M, Westbrooks R (1997) Introduced species: a significant component of human-caused global change. New Zeal J Ecol 21:1–16

    Google Scholar 

  • Waage JK, Woodhall JW, Bishop SJ et al (2008) Patterns of plant pest introductions in Europe and Africa. Agric Syst 99(1):1–5

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Westphal MI, Browne M, MacKinnon K et al (2008) The link between international trade and the global distribution of invasive alien species. Biol Invasions 10:391–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilcove DS, Rothstein D, Dubow J, Phillips A, Losos E (1998) Quantifying threats to imperiled species in the United States. Bioscience 48:607–615

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgment

“AMV has received funding from the European Union Seventh Framework Programme FP7 2007–2013 (KBBE 2009–3) under grant agreement 245268 ISEFOR and RE was financially supported through a grant from the Swiss Secretariat for Science, Education and Research to join the EU COST Action PERMIT.”

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Veterinary and Life Sciences, Murdoch University, 90 South St. Murdoch, WA 6150, Perth, Australia

    Aaron Maxwell

  2. DIBAF, University of Tuscia-Viterbo, Viterbo, Italy

    Anna Maria Vettraino

  3. CABI, Rue des Grillons 1, Delémont, Switzerland

    René Eschen

  4. Department of Agriculture, 9 Fricker Rd, Perth International Airport WA 6105, Perth, Australia

    Vera Andjic

Authors
  1. Aaron Maxwell
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Anna Maria Vettraino
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. René Eschen
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. Vera Andjic
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Aaron Maxwell .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. GreenGene International Hill Rising, Sherborne, Dorset, United Kingdom

    Geoffrey R. Dixon

  2. School of Agriculture and Food Sciences, The University of Queensland, Lawes, Queensland, Australia

    David E. Aldous

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Maxwell, A., Vettraino, A., Eschen, R., Andjic, V. (2014). International Plant Trade and Biosecurity. In: Dixon, G., Aldous, D. (eds) Horticulture: Plants for People and Places, Volume 3. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8560-0_9

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation