Skip to main content

Dynamics of Mechanochemical Processes

  • Conference paper
  • First Online:

Abstract

The term “mechanochemistry” seems to have been first introduced by Ostwald in the Textbook of General Chemistry in 1891, where he considered, in particular, various methods for the stimulation of chemical processes. This term refers to chemical reactions involving reagents in any aggregated state (liquids, solids), although most frequently it is used in relation to solid-state processes and reactions either initiated by any type of mechanical treatment, including hydrostatic loading, or involving reagents, which were activated mechanically. Many published papers are limited to the analysis of the final products of the mechanochemical transformations. The present contribution considers the challenges of space- and time-resolved ex situ and in situ studies of the dynamics of mechanochemical processes for different types of continuous and pulse mechanical treatment.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   129.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   169.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Further Reading

General Monographs and Reviews

  1. Baramboim NK (1964) In: Watson WF (ed) Mechanochemistry of polymers. Maclaren Sons, London

    Google Scholar 

  2. Thiessen PA, Meyer K, Heinicke G (1967) Grundlagen der Tribochemie. Akademie Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  3. Fox PG (1975) Mechanically initiated chemical reactions in solids. J Mater Sci 10:340–360

    Google Scholar 

  4. Boldyrev VV (1983) Experimental Methods in the Mechanochemistry of Inorganic Solids. In: Herman H (ed) Treatise on materials science and technology, vol 19, Experimental methods, Part B. Academic, New York, pp 186–223

    Google Scholar 

  5. Heinicke G (1984) Tribochemistry. Akademie Verlag, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  6. Boldyrev VV (1986) Mechanochemistry of Inorganic Solids. In: Rao CNR (ed) Advances in solid state chemistry. Indian National Science Academy, New Delhi, pp 400–417

    Google Scholar 

  7. Tkáčová K (1989) Mechanical activation of minerals. Elsevier, Amsterdam

    Google Scholar 

  8. Boldyrev VV (1993) Mechanochemistry and mechanical activation of solids. Solid State Ion 63–65C:537–554

    Google Scholar 

  9. Boldyrev VV, Pavlov SV, Poluboyarov VA, Dushkin AV (1995) A comparison of the efficiency of different mechanical activators. Inorg Mater 31(9):1128–1138

    Google Scholar 

  10. Shakhtshneider TP, Boldyrev VV (1999) Mechanochemical synthesis and mechanical activation of drugs. In: Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV (eds) Reactivity of molecular solids. Wiley, New York, pp 271–311

    Google Scholar 

  11. Boldyrev VV, Tkáčová K (2000) Mechanochemistry of solids: past, present, and prospects. J Mater Synth Process 8:121–132

    Google Scholar 

  12. Tanaka K, Toda F (2000) Solvent-free organic synthesis. Chem Rev 100:1025–1074

    Google Scholar 

  13. Suryanarayana C, Ivanov E, Boldyrev VV (2001) The science and technology of mechanical alloying. Mater Sci Eng A 304–306:151–158

    Google Scholar 

  14. Avvakumov E, Senna M, Kosova N (2001) Soft mechanochemical synthesis: a basis for new chemical technologies. Kluwer, Boston

    Google Scholar 

  15. Boldyrev VV (2002) Hydrothermal reactions under mechanochemical action. Powder Technol 122:247–254

    Google Scholar 

  16. Boldyrev VV (2004) Mechanochemical modification and synthesis of drugs. J Mater Sci 39:5117–5120

    Google Scholar 

  17. Beyer MK, Clausen-Schaumann H (2005) Mechanochemistry: the mechanical activation of covalent bonds. Chem Rev 105:2921–2948

    Google Scholar 

  18. Trask AV, Jones W (2005) Crystal engineering of organic cocrystals by the solid-state grinding approach. Top Curr Chem 254:41–70

    Google Scholar 

  19. Boldyrev VV (2006) Mechanochemistry and mechanical activation of solids. Russ Chem Rev 75(3):177–189

    Google Scholar 

  20. Balaž P (2008) Mechanochemistry in nanoscience and minerals engineering. Springer, Berlin/London

    Google Scholar 

  21. Boldyrev VV, Avvakumov EG, Boldyreva EV, Buyanov RA et al (2009) Fundamental basics of mechanical activation, mechanosynthesis and mechanochemical technologies. SB RAS Publishing House, Novosibirsk, 343 pp

    Google Scholar 

  22. Kaupp G (2009) Mechanochemistry: the varied applications of mechanical bond-breaking. CrystEngCommun 11:388–403

    Google Scholar 

  23. Caruso MM, Davis DA, Shen Q, Odom SA, Sottos NR, White SR, Moore JS (2009) Mechanically-induced chemical changes in polymeric materials. Chem Rev 109:5755–5798

    Google Scholar 

  24. Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV (2010) Mechanochemistry and mechanical activation of solids. Part I. In: Mulas G, Delogu F (eds) Experimental and theoretical studies in modern mechanochemistry. Transworld Research Network, Trivandrum, pp 1–19

    Google Scholar 

  25. Boldyrev VV, Boldyreva EV (2010) Mechanochemistry and mechanical activation of solids. Part II. In: Mulas G, Delogu F (eds) Experimental and theoretical studies in modern mechanochemistry. Transworld Research Network, Trivandrum, pp 21–39

    Google Scholar 

  26. Sokolov AN, Bučar D-K, Baltrusaitis J, Gu SX, MacGillivray LR (2010) Supramolecular catalysis in the organic solid state through dry grinding. Angew Chem Int Ed 49:4273–4277

    Google Scholar 

  27. Friščič T (2010) New opportunities for materials synthesis using mechanochemistry. J Mater Chem 20:7599–7605

    Google Scholar 

  28. Balema VP (2011) Mechanical processing – experimental tool or new chemistry? Ceram Trans 224:25–35

    Google Scholar 

  29. Stolle A, Szuppa T, Leonhardt SES, Ondruschka B (2011) Ball milling in organic synthesis: solutions and challenges. Chem Soc Rev 40:2317–2329

    Google Scholar 

  30. Lomovsky OI, Lomovsky IO (2011) Mechanochemically assisted extraction. In: Lebovka NI, Vorobiev E, Chemat F (eds) Enhancing extraction processes in the food industry. Taylor & Francis, London/New York, pp 361–397

    Google Scholar 

  31. Boldyreva EV (2012) Mechanochemistry of organic solids: where are we now? In: Kumar R (ed) Frontiers in mechanochemistry and mechanical alloying. CSIR-National Metallurgical Laboratory, Jamshedpur, pp 17–31

    Google Scholar 

  32. Friščić T (2012) Supramolecular concepts and new techniques in mechanochemistry: cocrystals, cages, rotaxanes, open metal-organic frameworks. Chem Soc Rev 41(9):3493–3510

    Google Scholar 

  33. Delori A, Frišić T, Jones W (2012) The role of mechanochemistry and supramolecular design in the development of pharmaceutical materials. CrystEngCommun 14(7):2350–2362

    Google Scholar 

  34. James SL, Adams CJ, Bolm C, Braga D, Collier P, Friščič T, Grepioni F, Harris KDM, Hyett G, Jones W, Krebs A, Mack J, Maini L, Orpen AG, Parkin IP, Shearouse WC, Steed JW, Waddell DC (2012) Mechanochemistry: opportunities for new and cleaner synthesis. Chem Soc Rev 41(1):413–447

    Google Scholar 

  35. Boldyreva EV (2013) Mechanochemistry of inorganic and organic systems: what is similar, what is different? Chem Soc Rev 42:7719–7738

    Google Scholar 

Stretching Bonds in Macromolecules

  1. Ribas-Arino J, Marx D (2012) Covalent mechanochemistry. Theoretical concepts and computational tools with applications to molecular nanomechanics. Chem Rev 112(10):5412–5487

    Google Scholar 

  2. Best RB, Paci E, Hummer G, Dudko OK (2008) Pulling direction as a reaction coordinate for the mechanical unfolding of single molecules. J Phys Chem B 112:5968–5976

    Google Scholar 

  3. Hyeon C, Thirumalai D (2007) Measuring the energy landscape roughness and the transition state location of biomolecules using single molecule mechanical unfolding experiments. J Phys Condens Matter 19:art. no. 113101

    Google Scholar 

  4. Ritort F (2006) Single-molecule experiments in biological physics: methods and applications, J Phys Condens Matter 18:art. no. R01, R531–R583

    Google Scholar 

Hydrostatic Compression

  1. Katrusiak A, McMillan P (eds) (2004) High-pressure crystallography. Kluwer, Dordrecht, 567 pp

    Google Scholar 

  2. Boldyreva EV, Dera P (eds) (2010) High-pressure crystallography. From novel experimental approaches to applications in cutting-edge technologies. Springer, Dordrecht, 612 pp

    Google Scholar 

Processes at the Crack Tip and at a Freshly Cut Surface

  1. Boldyrev VV (1983) Experimental Methods in the Mechanochemistry of Inorganic Solids. In: Herbert H (ed) Treatise on materials science and technology, vol 19, Experimental methods, Part B. Academic, New York, pp 186–223, see Refs to original publications

    Google Scholar 

  2. Gilman JJ (1999) Athermal fracture of covalent bonds. Mater Res Soc Symp Proc 539:145–151

    Google Scholar 

  3. Gilman JJ (2005) Possible role of dispersion forces in fracture. Philos Mag 85(24):2799–2807

    Google Scholar 

Reactions in Solids and Mechanical Stress

  1. Morrison JA, Nakayama K (1963) Reaction of single crystals of potassium bromide with chlorine gas. Trans Faraday Soc 59:2560–2568

    Google Scholar 

  2. Boldyrev VV (1973) Topochemistry of thermal decomposition of solids. Russ Chem Rev 7:1161–1183

    Google Scholar 

  3. McBride JM (1983) The role of local stress in solid-state radical reactions. Acc Chem Res 16:304–312

    Google Scholar 

  4. McBride JM, Segmuller BE, Hollingsworth MD, Mills DE, Weber BA (1986) Mechanical stress and reactivity in organic solids. Science 234(4778):830–835

    Google Scholar 

  5. Boldyreva EV et al (1984) Proc Acad Sci USSR 277:893–896

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chupakhin AP, Sidel’nikov AA, Boldyrev VV (1987) Control of the reactivity of solids by changing their mechanical properties. React Solids 3:1–19

    Google Scholar 

  7. Luty T, Fouret R (1989) On stability of molecular solids “under chemical pressure”. J Chem Phys 90:5696–5703

    Google Scholar 

  8. Boldyreva EV (1990) Feed-back in solid-state reactions. React Solids 8:269–282

    Google Scholar 

  9. Hollingsworth M, McBride JM (1990) In: Volman D, Hammond G, Gollnick K (eds) Advances in photochemistry, vol 15. Wiley-Interscience, New York, p 279

    Google Scholar 

  10. Boldyreva EV (1992) The problem of feed-back in solid-state chemistry. J Therm Anal 38:89–97

    Google Scholar 

  11. Ohashi Y (ed) (1993) Reactivity of molecular crystals. VCH, Tokyo

    Google Scholar 

  12. Luty T, Eckhardt CJ (1995) General theoretical concepts for solid state reactions: quantitative formulation of the reaction cavity, steric compression, and reaction-induced stress using an elastic multipole representation of chemical pressure. J Am Chem Soc 117:2441–2452

    Google Scholar 

  13. Boldyreva EV (1997) The concept of the ‘reaction cavity’: a link between solution and solid-state chemistry. Solid State Ion 101–103:843–849

    Google Scholar 

  14. Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV (eds) (1999) Reactivity of molecular solids, vol 3, Molecular solid state series. Wiley, Chichester, 328 pp

    Google Scholar 

  15. Luty T (2001) Lattice mediation in thermo- and photo-induced reactions; co-operative activation. Mol Cryst Liq Cryst 356:539–548

    Google Scholar 

  16. Phillips AE, Cole JM, D'Almeida T, Low KS (2010) Effects of the reaction cavity on metastable optical excitation in ruthenium-sulfur dioxide complexes. Phys Rev B Condens Matter Mater Phys 82:art. no. 155118

    Google Scholar 

  17. Bąkowicz J, Turowska-Tyrk I (2012) Photo-induced structural transformations in crystals at high pressure. Part 1. The crystallographic studies of the photochemical reaction at high pressure. J Photochem Photobiol A Chem 232:41–43

    Google Scholar 

Indentation

  1. Gilman JJ (1992) Insulator-metal transitions at microindentations. J Mater Res 7(3):535–538

    Google Scholar 

  2. Shakhtshneider TP, Boldyrev VV (1993) Phase transformations in sulfathiazole during mechanical treatment. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 19:2055–2067

    Google Scholar 

  3. Meier M, John E, Wieckhusen D, Wirth W, Peukert W (2009) Influence of mechanical properties on impact fracture: prediction of the milling behaviour of pharmaceutical powders by nanoindentation. Powder Technol 188(3):301–313

    Google Scholar 

  4. Tan JC, Cheetham AK (2011) Mechanical properties of hybrid inorganic-organic framework materials: establishing fundamental structure-property relationships. Chem Soc Rev 40(2):1059–1080

    Google Scholar 

  5. Varughese S, Kiran MSRN, Solanko KA, Bond AD, Ramamurty U, Desiraju GR (2011) Interaction anisotropy and shear instability of aspirin polymorphs established by nanoindentation. Chem Sci 2:2236–2242

    Google Scholar 

  6. Chow EHH, Bučar D-K, Jones W (2012) New opportunities in crystal engineering – the role of atomic force microscopy in studies of molecular crystals. Chem Commun 48:9210–9226

    Google Scholar 

  7. Varughese S, Kiran MSRN, Ramamurty U, Desiraju GR (2012) Nanoindentation as a probe for mechanically-induced molecular migration in layered organic donor-acceptor complexes. Chem Asian J 7:2118–2125

    Google Scholar 

Temperature Effects

  1. Boldyrev VV, Gerasimov KB (1996) On mechanism of new phases formation during mechanical alloying of Ag-Cu, Al-Cu, and Fe-Sn systems. Mater Res Bull 31:1297–1305

    Google Scholar 

  2. Urakaev FK, Boldyrev VV (2000) Mechanism and kinetics of mechanochemical processes in comminuting devices. 1. Theory. Powder Technol 107(1–2):93–107

    Google Scholar 

  3. Urakaev FK, Boldyrev VV (2000) Mechanism and kinetics of mechanochemical processes in comminuting devices: 2. Applications of the theory. Experiment. Powder Technol 107(3):197–206

    Google Scholar 

  4. Zavaliangos A, Galen S, Cunningham J, Winstead D (2008) Temperature evolution during compaction of pharmaceutical powders. J Pharm Sci 97:3291–3304

    Google Scholar 

Monitoring Intermediate Products

  1. Boldyrev VV, Pavlov SV, Poluboyarov VA, Dushkin AV (1995) A comparison of the efficiency of different mechanical activators. Inorg Mater 31(9):1128–1138

    Google Scholar 

  2. Tumanov IA, Achkasov AF, Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV (2011) Following the products of mechanochemical synthesis step after step. CrystEngCommun 13:2213–2216

    Google Scholar 

  3. Tumanov IA, Achkasov AF, Boldyreva EV, Boldyrev VV (2012) About the possibilities to detect intermediate stages in mechanochemical synthesis of molecular complexes. Russ J Phys Chem A 86(6):1014–1017

    Google Scholar 

  4. Friščić T, Halasz I, Beldon PJ, Belenguer AM, Adams F, Kimber SAJ, Honkimäki V, Dinnebier RE (2013) Real-time and in situ monitoring of mechanochemical milling reactions. Nat Chem 5:66–73

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgements

I would like to thank the Course directors for giving me the opportunity to present this lecture and share my knowledge with the audience. I thank A. Polyakova, E. Achkasova, and B. Zakharov for their technical assistance in preparing the manuscript. Research in our group in the field of mechanochemistry was supported through years by Russian Academy of Sciences, Russian Foundation of Fundamental Research and Russian Ministry of Science and Education. The last but not least – I thank Professor Vladimir Boldyrev, the Founding President of the International Mechanochemical Association (affiliated with IUPAC), who has to a large extent shaped what we know as modern mechanochemistry - for his lessons, ideas and very stimulating discussions.

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Elena V. Boldyreva .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2014 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this paper

Cite this paper

Boldyreva, E.V. (2014). Dynamics of Mechanochemical Processes. In: Howard, J., Sparkes, H., Raithby, P., Churakov, A. (eds) The Future of Dynamic Structural Science. NATO Science for Peace and Security Series A: Chemistry and Biology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8550-1_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics