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Planation Surfaces and the Long-term Geomorphological Evolution of Ethiopia

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Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia

Part of the book series: World Geomorphological Landscapes ((WGLC))

Abstract

Four major planation surfaces (PS) characterize the Ethiopian geology and landscape. They were modelled near or at sea level before the Ordovician (PS1), before the Late Triassic (PS2), before the Cenomanian (PS3), and before the Oligocene (PS4). These are unconformities in the sedimentary sequence recognizable across the entire country and the surrounding regions that due to uplift can be locally exhumed to generate wide steps in the landscape. At the top of the sequence, that also corresponds to the higher parts of the highlands, the flat depositional surface of the continental flood basalts (CFB) is preserved over large areas. However, a series of deep large palaeovalleys dissecting the CFB have been recognized on the water divides of the Afar, the Main Ethiopian Rift (MER), the Southern Ethiopian Rift (SER), and the Somalian and Sudan lowlands that are the main geomorphological features of the country. The palaeovalleys testify to a radial pattern that originated from the dome created by the emplacement of the CFB. They are easily recognizable to the south of Dire Dawa and in the northern part of the country. They were modelled over the pre-volcanic bedrock but in most of the highlands were buried under later volcanic products. The deep erosion of the dome and the later volcanic filling can explain the results of the previous thermochronological investigation. Unfortunately, the thickness of the CFB could have led to the reset of the apatite fission tracks (AFT) during the Oligocene and it is difficult to separate the effects of deep erosion from that of uplift, also considering that they can be closely related. In any case, a progressive incision of the thicker part of the dome is documented soon after the CFB deposition in the Blue Nile Gorge and during the Miocene and the Plio-Pleistocene in many other parts of the country.

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Acknowledgments

We thank Maria Laura Balestrieri for the critical review of the paper and the useful suggestions to improve it. The paper was also realized thanks to the support received by the University of St Petersburg, FL, USA, NSF Project Award Abstract #1027607 “An Ethnoarchaeological and Archaeological Study of the Gamo Caste System in south-western Ethiopia”. We also would like to thank in Addis Ababa Dr. Yonas Desta, General Manager of ARCCH; Wz. Mamito, Director at the National Museum of Ethiopia; Getachew Senishaw, Director of Cultural Heritage Collection and Lab Service; and Desalegn Abebaw Andualem, Director of Cultural Heritage Research.

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  1. Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, della Terra e dell’Ambiente, Via di Laterina, 8, 53100, Siena, Italy

    Mauro Coltorti, Dario Firuzabadi, Andrea Borri, Pierlorenzo Fantozzi & Pierluigi Pieruccini

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  1. Mauro Coltorti
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Correspondence to Mauro Coltorti .

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  1. Physics and Earth Sciences, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy

    Paolo Billi

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Coltorti, M., Firuzabadi, D., Borri, A., Fantozzi, P., Pieruccini, P. (2015). Planation Surfaces and the Long-term Geomorphological Evolution of Ethiopia. In: Billi, P. (eds) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8026-1_5

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