Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Landscapes

  • Chapter
  • First Online:
Landscapes and Landforms of Namibia

Part of the book series: World Geomorphological Landscapes ((WGLC))

Abstract

Namibia has a wide range of landscapes and the classification provided in the Atlas of Namibia is adopted by way of introduction to their nature and diversity. This is followed by a description of three main landscape regions: the Namib Desert, the Kalahari Desert, and the Great Escarpment. Finally, the chapter includes a regional analysis of the river systems and the coastline of Namibia, with feature boxes on two iconic landscapes, the Fish River Canyon and Sandwich Harbour.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 99.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 129.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 139.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Beaudet G Michel P (1978) Recherches géomorphologiques en Namibie central. Recherches Géographiques à Strasbourg, Special Issue 139

    Google Scholar 

  • Bertram S (2003) Late Quaternary sand ramps in south-western Namibia. Nature, origin and palaeoclimatological significance. Doctoral Dissertation, University of Würzburg

    Google Scholar 

  • Besler H (1972) Klimäverhaltnisse und klimageomorphologische Zonierung der zentralen Namib (Südwestafrika). Stuttgarter Geographische Studien, Band 83

    Google Scholar 

  • Besler H, Blümel W-D, Heine K, Hüser K, Leser H, Rust U (1994) Geomorphogenese und Paläoklima Namibias. Erde 125:139–165

    Google Scholar 

  • Bierman PR, Caffee M (2001) Slow rates of rock surface erosion and sediment production across the Namib Desert and escarpment, southern Africa. Am J Sci 301:326–358

    Google Scholar 

  • Bird E, Goudie A, Viles H (2010) Namibia. In: Bird E (ed) Encyclopedia of the world’s coastal landforms. Springer, Dordrecht, pp 961–973

    Google Scholar 

  • Birkenhauer J (1991) The Great Escarpment in southern Africa and its coastal forelands—a re-appraisal. Münchener Geogr Abh Reihe B. Band B11

    Google Scholar 

  • Bluck BJ, Ward JD, Cartwright J, Swart R (2007) The Orange River, southern Africa: an extreme example of a wave-dominated sediment dispersal system in the South Atlantic Ocean. J Geol Soc 164:341–351

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown RW, Rust DS, Summerfield MA, Gleadow AJW, de Wit MCJ (1990) An early Cretaceous phase of accelerated erosion on the south western margin of Africa: evidence from apatite fission track analysis and the offshore sedimentary record. Nucl Track Radiat Meas 17:339–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunotte E, Sander H (2000) Loess accumulation and soil formation in Kaokoland (northern Namibia) as indicators of Quaternary climatic change. Glob Planet Change 26:67–75

    Google Scholar 

  • Brunotte E, Maurer B, Fischer P, Lomax J, Sander H (2009) A sequence of fluvial and aeolian deposits (desert loess) covering the last 60 ka in the Opuwo basin (Kaokoland/Kunene Region, Namibia) based on luminescence dating. Quat Int 196:71–85

    Google Scholar 

  • Bryant RG (2003) Monitoring hydrological controls on dust emissions: preliminary observations from Etosha Pan, Namibia. Geogr J 169:131–141

    Google Scholar 

  • Buch MW (1997) Etosha Pan—the third largest lake in the world? Modoqua 20:49–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Buch MW, Trippner C (1997) Overview of the geological and geomorphological evolution of the Etosha region, northern Namibia. Madoqua 20:65–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Burke K (1996) The African plate. S Afr J Geol 99:341–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Cloos H (1937) Südwestafrika. Geol Rundsch 28:163–187

    Google Scholar 

  • Cockburn HAP, Brown RW, Summerfield MA, Seidl MA (2000) Quantifying passive margin denudation and landscape development using a combined fission-track thermochronology and cosmogenic isotope approach. Earth Plan Sci Letters 179:429–435

    Google Scholar 

  • Codilean AT, Fenton CR, Fabel D, Bishop P, Xu S (2012) Discordance between cosmogenic nuclide concentrations in amalgamated sands and individual fluvial pebbles in an arid zone catchment. Quat Geochron. doi:10.1016/j.quageo.2012.04.007

  • Compton JS (2006) The mid-Holocene sea-level highstand at Bogenfels Pan on the southwest coast of Namibia. Quat Res 66:303–310

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett I (1993) The modern and ancient pattern of sandflow through the southern Namib deflation basin. Spec Publs Int Ass Sediment 16:45–60

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbett I, Burrell B (2001) The earliest Pleistocene (?) Orange River fan-delta: an example of successful exploration delivery aided by applied Quaternary research in diamond placer sedimentology and palaeontology. Quat Int 82:63–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Dauteuil O, Deschamps F, Bourgeois O, Mocquet A, Guillocheau F (2013) Post-breakup evolution and palaeotopography of the north Namibian Margin during the Meso-Cenozoic. Tectonophysics 589:103–115

    Google Scholar 

  • Davies O (1973) Pleistocene shorelines in the western cape and South-West Africa. Ann Natal Mus 21:719–765

    Google Scholar 

  • De Vries JJ, Selaolo ET, Beekman HE (2000) Groundwater recharge in the Kalahari, with reference to paleo-hydrologic conditions. J Hydrol 238:110–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Dingle RV, Bremner JM, Giraudeau J, Buhmann D (1996) Modern and palaeo-oceanographic environments under Benguela upwelling cells off southern Namibia. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclim Palaeoecol 123:85–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckardt F, Drake N (2011) Introducing the Namib Desert playas. In: Ozturk M et al (eds) Sabkha ecosystems. Springer, Heidelberg, pp 19–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckardt F, Drake N, Goudie AS, White K, Viles H (2001) The role of playas in pedogenic gypsum crust formation in the Central Namib Desert: a theoretical model. Earth Surf Proc Land 26:1177–1193

    Google Scholar 

  • Eckardt FD, Livingstone I, Seely M, von Holdt J (2013) The surface geology and geomorphology around Gobabeb, Namib Desert, Namibia. Geogr Ann 95A:271–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Eitel B, Blumel WD, Hüser K, Mauz B (2001) Dust and loessic alluvial deposits in Northwestern Namibia (Damaraland, Kaokoveld): sedimentology and palaeoclimatic evidence based on luminescence data. Quat Int 76(77):57–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Eitel B, Blümel WD, Hüser K (2004) Palaeoenvironmental transitions between 22 ka and 8 ka in monsoonally influenced Namibia. Lect Notes Earth Sci 102:167–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Elfrink B, Prestedge G, Rocha CBM, Juhl J (2003) Shoreline evolution due to highly oblique incident waves at Walvis Bay, Namibia. In: Proceedings of intranational conference on coastal sediments

    Google Scholar 

  • Emeis K-C, Brüchert V, Currie B, Endler R, Ferdelman T, Kiessling A, Leipe T, Noli-Peard K, Struck V, Vogt T (2004) Shallow gas in shelf sediments of the Namibian coastal upwelling system. Cont Shelf Res 24:627–642

    Google Scholar 

  • Gallagher K, Brown R (1999) Denudation and uplift at passive margins: the record on the Atlantic Margin of southern Africa. Phil Trans R Soc Lond A 357(1753):835–859

    Google Scholar 

  • Garzanti E, Andò S, Vezzoli G, Lustrino M, Boni M, Vermeesch P (2012) Petrology of the Namib Sand Sea long-distance transport and compositional variability in the wind-displaced Orange Delta. Earth-Sci Rev 112:173–189

    Google Scholar 

  • Garzanti E, Vermeesch P, Padoan M, Resentini A, Vezzoli G, Andò S (2014) Provenance of passive-margin sand (Southern Africa). J Geol 122:17–42

    Google Scholar 

  • Gevers TW (1936) The morphology of western Damaraland and the adjoining Namib Desert of South West Africa. S Af Geogr J 19:61–79

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist AR, Summerfield MA (1994) Tectonic models of passive margin evolution and their implications for theories of long-term landscape development. In: Kirkby MJ (ed) Process models and theoretical geomorphology. Wiley, Chichester, pp 55–84

    Google Scholar 

  • Gilchrist AR, Kooi H, Beaumont C (1994) Post-Gondwana geomorphic evolution of south western Africa: implications for the controls of landscape development from observations and numerical experiments. J Geophys Res 99(B6):12111–12228

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudie AS, Eckardt F (1999) The evolution of the morphological framework of the central Namib Desert, Namibia, since the early Cretaceous. Geogr Ann 81A:443–458

    Google Scholar 

  • Goudie AS, Thomas DSG (1985) Pans in southern Africa with particular reference to South Africa and Zimbabwe. Z Geomorph 29:1–19

    Google Scholar 

  • Grodek T et al (2013) The last millennium largest floods in the hyperarid Kuiseb River basin, Namib Desert. J Quat Sci 28:258–270

    Google Scholar 

  • Grünert N (2000) Namibia. Fascination of Geology. Klaus Hess, Windhoek

    Google Scholar 

  • Guillocheau F et al (2010) Quantification and causes of the terrigenous sediment budget at the scale of a continental margin: a new method applied to the Namibia-South Africa margin. Basin Res 24:3–30

    Google Scholar 

  • Haddon IG, McCarthy TS (2005) The Mesozoic-Cenozoic interior sag basins of Central Africa: the Late-Cretaceous-Cenozoic Kalahari and Okavango basins. J Afr Earth Sci 43:316–333

    Google Scholar 

  • Harris L, Holness S, Nel R, Lombard AT, Schoeman D (2012) Intertidal habitat composition and regional-scale shoreline morphology along the Benguela coast. J Coast Conserv 17:143–154

    Google Scholar 

  • Heidbüchel I (2007) Recharge processes in ephemeral streams derived from a coupled stream flow routing/groundwater model—application to the Lower Kuiseb (Namibia). Thesis, Freiburg University

    Google Scholar 

  • Heine K, Völkel J (2011) Extreme floods around AD 1700 in the northern Namib Desert, Namibia, and in the Orange River catchment, South Africa—were they forced by a decrease of solar irradiance during the Little Ice Age? Geogr Polonica 84:61–80

    Google Scholar 

  • Hövermann J (1978) Formen und Formung in der Pränamib (Flächen-Namib). Z Geomorph Supp Bd 30:55–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Hughes P, Brundrit GB, Searson S (1992) The vulnerability of Walvis Bay to rising sea levels. J Coastal Res 8:868–881

    Google Scholar 

  • Huntley BJ (ed) (1985) The Kuiseb environment: the development of a monitoring baseline. South African National Scientific Programmes Report, 106

    Google Scholar 

  • Hüser K (1989) Die Südwestafrikanische Randstufe. Grundsätzliche Probleme ihrer geomorphologischen Entwicklung. Z Geomorph Suppl 74:95–110

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob RJ (2005) The erosional and Cainozoic depositional history of the Lower Orange River, southwestern Africa. PhD thesis, University of Glasgow

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacob RJ, Bluck BJ, Ward JD (1999) Tertiary-age diamondiferous fluid deposits of the lower Orange River valley, Southwest Africa. Econ Geol 94:749–758

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson PJ, Jacobson KM (2013) Hydrologic controls of physical and ecological processes in Namib Desert ephemeral rivers: implications for conservation and management. J Arid Env 93:83–93

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson PJ, Jacobson KM, Angermeier PL, Cherry DS (1999) Transport, retention, and ecological significance of woody debris within a large ephemeral river. J N Am Benthol Soc 18:429–444

    Google Scholar 

  • Jacobson PJ, Jacobson KM, Seely MK (1995) Ephemeral rivers and their catchments. Desert Research Foundation of Namibia, Windhoek

    Google Scholar 

  • Kanthack FE (1921) Notes on the Kunene River, southern Angola. Geogr J 57:321–336

    Google Scholar 

  • Kempf J (2010) Morphotectonics and denudation in the landform history of the Namibian Great Escarpment landscapes. Z Geomorph 54:347–376

    Google Scholar 

  • Kensley BF, Penrith MJ (1977) Biological survey of Sandvis 1, introduction and faunal list. Modoqua 10:181–190

    Google Scholar 

  • Klaus J, Külls C, Dahan O (2008) Evaluating the recharge mechanism of the Lower Kuiseb Dune area using mixing cell modelling and residence time data. J Hydrol 358:304–316

    Google Scholar 

  • Kounov A, Viola G, Dunkl I, Frimmel HE (2013) Southern African perspectives on the long term morpho-tectonic evolution of cratonic interiors. Tectonophysics 601:177–191

    Google Scholar 

  • Lageat Y (1994) Le désert du Namib central. Ann Géogr 103:339–350

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster N (1982) Dunes of the Skeleton Coast, Namibia (South West Africa): geomorphology and grain-size relationships. Earth Surf Proc Land 7:575–587

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster N (1984) Characteristics and occurrence of wind erosion features in the Namib Desert. Earth Surf Proc Land 9:469–478

    Google Scholar 

  • Lancaster N (1989) The Namib Sand Sea: dune forms, processes and sediments. Balkema, Rotterdam

    Google Scholar 

  • Lindeque M, Archibald TJ (1991) Seasonal wetlands in Owambo and the Etosha National Park. Madoqua 17:129–133

    Google Scholar 

  • Logan RF (1960) The Central Namib Desert, South West Africa. National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council Publication, 758, Washington DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabbutt JA (1951) The evolution of the Middle UgabValley, Damaraland, South West Africa. Trans R Soc S Afr 33:333–363

    Google Scholar 

  • Mabbutt JA (1952) A study of granite relief from South-West Africa. Geol Mag 89:87–96

    Google Scholar 

  • Maier WD, Rasmussen B, Fletcher IR, Li C, Barnes SJ, Huhma H (2013) The Kunene Anorthosite Complex, Namibia, and its satellite intrusions: geochemistry, geochronology, and economic potential. Econ Geol 108:953–986

    Google Scholar 

  • Massmann U (1983) Swakopmund. Society for Scientific Development and Museum, Swakopmund

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendelsohn J, Jarvis A, Roberts C, Robertson T (2002) Atlas of Namibia. Sunbird Publishers, Cape Town

    Google Scholar 

  • Mendelsohn J, Weber B (2011) The Cuvelai basin: its water and people in Angola and Namibia. www.raison.com.na/CUVELAI-Angola-Namibia atlas final_low.pdf (accessed 15 Apr 2013)

  • Miller RMG, Pickford M, Senut B (2010) The geology, palaeontology and evolution of the Etosha Pan, Namibia: implications for terminal Kalahari deposition. S Afr J Geol 113:307–334

    Google Scholar 

  • Miller RMcG (2008) The geology of Namibia, vol 3. Geological Survey of Namibia, Windhoek

    Google Scholar 

  • Moon BP, Selby MJ (1983) Rock mass strength and scarp forms in southern Africa. Geogr Ann 65A:135–145

    Google Scholar 

  • Moore A, Blenkinsop T (2002) The role of mantle plumes in the development of continental-scale drainage patterns: The southern African example revisited. S Afr J Geol 105:353–360

    Google Scholar 

  • Mvondo F, Dauteuil O, Guillocheau F (2011) The Fish River canyon (southern Namibia): a record of Cenozoic mantle dynamics? C R Geoscience 343:478–485

    Google Scholar 

  • Nash DJ, Shaw PA, Thomas DSG (1994) Duricrust development and valley evolution: process landform links in the Kalahari. Earth Surf Proc Land 19:299–317

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicoll K (2010) Geomorphic development and middle stone age archaeology of the Lower Cunene River, Namibia-Angola border. Quat Sci Rev 29:1419–1431

    Google Scholar 

  • Noli D, Avery G (1987) Stone circles in the Cape Fria area, northern Namibia. S Afr Archaeol Bull 42:59–63

    Google Scholar 

  • Pallett J (ed) (1995) The Sperrgebiet. NAMDEB, Windhoek

    Google Scholar 

  • Partridge T, Maud R (1987) Geomorphic evolution of southern Africa since the Mesozoic. S Afr J Geol 90: 179–208

    Google Scholar 

  • Partridge TC, Maud RR (eds) (2000) The Cenozoic of southern Africa. Oxford University Press, New York

    Google Scholar 

  • Passarge S (1904) Die Kalahari. Reimer, Berlin

    Google Scholar 

  • Petau A, Tirsch D, Jaumann R (2011) Martian valley networks and analogue features on Earth. EurPlan Sci Cong Abstracts, 6, EPSC-DPS2011-830

    Google Scholar 

  • Richthofen F von (1882) On the mode of origin of the loess. Geol Mag 9, series 2:293–305

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts GG, White N (2010) Estimating uplift histories from river profiles using African examples. J Geophys Res 115, B02406: doi:10.1029/2009JB006692

  • Rogers J, Rau AJ (2006) Surficial sediments of the wave-dominated Orange River Delta and the adjacent continental margin off south-western Africa. Afr J Marine Sci 28:511–524

    Google Scholar 

  • Rouby D, Bonnet S, Guillocheau F, Gallagher K, Robin C, Biancotto F, Dauteuil O, Braun J (2009) Sediment supply to the Orange sedimentary system over the last 150 My: an evaluation from sedimentation/denudation balance. Marine Petrol Geol 26:782–794

    Google Scholar 

  • Rust DJ, Summerfield MA (1990) Isopach and borehole data as indicators of rifted margin evolution in south western Africa. Marine Petrol Geol 7:277–287

    Google Scholar 

  • Sander H (2002) Relief- und Regolithgenese im nordöstlichen Kaokoland/Namibia. Thesis, Universität zu Köln

    Google Scholar 

  • Schneider GIC, Genis G (1992) Salt. Namibian Ministry of Mines and Energy, Geological Survey of Namibia, Windhoek, Open File Report MRS 10

    Google Scholar 

  • Schoonees JS, Lenhoff L, Raw AJ (1998) Preventing natural breaching of the major sand spit protecting the port of Walvis Bay. Proc Coast Eng Conf 2:1475–1488

    Google Scholar 

  • Schultze L (1907) Aus Namaland und Kalahari. Gustav Fischer, Jena

    Google Scholar 

  • Seely M, Henderson J, Heyns P, Jacobson P, Nakale T, Nantanga K, Schachtschneider K (2003) Ephemeral and endoreic river systems: relevance and management challenges. In: Turton A, Ashton P, Cloete E (eds) Transboundary rivers, sovereignty and development: Hydropolitical drivers in the Okavango River basin. AWIRU and Green Cross International, Pretoria, pp 187–212

    Google Scholar 

  • Seely MK, Sandelowsky BH (1974) Dating the regression of a river’s end point. S Afr Arch Soc Goodwin Ser 2:61–64

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw AI, Goudie AS (2002) Geomorphological evidence for the extension of the Mega-Kalahari into south-central Angola. S Afr Geogr J 84:182–194

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw AI, Goudie AS (2004) Chemical sediments of the palaeo and active Okavango alluvial fan, Botswana: evidence for variations in the processes of formation. Z Geomorph Suppl 136:89–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw PA, Thomas DSG (1988) Lake Caprivi: a late Quaternary link between the Zambezi and middle Kalahari drainage systems. Z Geomorph 32:329–337

    Google Scholar 

  • Simpson EJW, Davies DH (1957) Observations on the Fish River Canyon in South West Africa. Trans R Soc S Afr 35:97–107

    Google Scholar 

  • Skakun S, Kussul N, Shelestov A, Kussul O (2013) Flood hazard and flood risk assessment using a time series of satellite images: a casestudy in Namibia. Risk Anal. doi:10.1111/risa.12156

    Google Scholar 

  • Spaggiari RI, Bluck BJ, Ward JD (2006) Characteristics of diamondiferous Plio-Pleistocene littoral deposits within the palaeo-Orange River mouth, Namibia. Ore Geol Rev 28:475–492

    Google Scholar 

  • Spönemann J, Brunotte E (1989) Zur Reliefgeschichte der südwestafrikanischen Randschwelle Zwischen Huab und Kuiseb. Z Geomorph Suppl 74:111–125

    Google Scholar 

  • Spreitzer H (1965) Beobachtungen zur Geomorphologie der Zentralen Namib und ihrer Randgebiete. S.W.A. Sci Soc Special Publication 4:3–34

    Google Scholar 

  • Stengel HW (1966) The rivers of the Namib and their discharge into the Atlantic: part II: Omaruru and Ugab. Scientific Papers of the Namib Desert Research Station 30

    Google Scholar 

  • Stengel I (2000) Der Einfluss spätproterozoischer Verwitterung auf die post-Gondwana-zeitliche Reliefgenese im Rooirand-Bereich zwischen Helmeringhausen und Bethanien (Südnamibia). Zbl Geol Palaont 1:623–640

    Google Scholar 

  • Stengel I (2001) Fossil landslides in the Schwarzrand, Huib and Huns escarpment areas—a contribution to the Quaternary morphostratigraphy of southern Namibia. Palaeoecol Afr 27:221–238

    Google Scholar 

  • Stengel I, Busche D (2002) Namibia’s oldest inselbergs—exhumed landforms of a Late Proterozoic etchplain. In: Yang X (ed) Desert and alpine environments. China Ocean Press, Beijing, pp 121–143

    Google Scholar 

  • Stone AEC, Thomas DSG, Viles HA (2010) Late Quaternary palaeohydrological changes in the northern namib Sand Sea: new chronologies using OSL dating of interdigitated Aeolian and water-lain interdune deposits. Palaeogeogr Palaeoclimatol Palaeoecol 288:35–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Strohbach BJ (2008) Mapping the major catchments of Namibia. Agricola 18:63–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Strohbach BJ (2013) Vegetation of the Okavango River Valey in Kavang West, Namibia. Biodivers Ecol 6:321–339

    Google Scholar 

  • Swart R, Marais C (2009) Landshapes. The geomorphology of Namibia. Macmillan Education Namibia, Windhoek

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas DSG (1984) Ancient ergs of the former arid zones of Zimbabwe, Zambia and Angola. Trans Inst Br Geogr NS 9:75–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas DSG, Shaw PA (1991) The Kalahari environment. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Twidale CR, Maud RR (2013) Auto-exposure and underprinting in the exhumation of Neoproterozoic (subNama) inselbergs in southeastern Namibia. Z Geomorph 57:61–73

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Merwe JH (1983) National Atlas of South West Africa (Namibia). South West African Administration, Windhoek

    Google Scholar 

  • Van der Wateren FM, Dunai TJ (2001) Lake Neogene passive margin denudation history—cosmogenic isotope measurements from the Central Namib Desert. Global Planet Change 30:271–307

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Zyl JA (1992) The major landform regions of Namibia. S Afr Geogr 19:76–90

    Google Scholar 

  • Waldron FW (1900) On the appearance and disappearance of a mud island at Walfish Bay. Trans S Afr Phil Soc 11:185–188

    Google Scholar 

  • Wanke H, Wanke A (2007) Lithostratigraphy of the Kalahari Group in northeastern Namibia. J Afr Earth Sci 48:314–328

    Google Scholar 

  • Ward JD (1987) The Cenozoic succession in the Kuiseb Valley, Central Namib Desert. Geol Surv South West Africa/Namibia Memoir 9:124

    Google Scholar 

  • Washington R, Todd M, Middleton N, Goudie AS (2003) Global dust storm source areas determined by the total ozone monitoring spectrometer and ground observations. Ann Ass Am Geogr 93:297–313

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson AC (1930) The guano islands of southwestern Africa. Geogr Rev 20:631–641

    Google Scholar 

  • Watson I, Lemon RR (1985) Geomorphology of a coastal desert: the Namib, South West Africa, Namibia. J Coastal Res 1:329–342

    Google Scholar 

  • Watts NL (1980) Quaternary pedogenic calcretes from the Kalahari (southern Africa): mineralogy, genesis and diagenesis. Sedimentology 27:661–686

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellington JH (1955) Southern Africa—a geographic study, vol 1., Physical geographyCambridge University Press, Cambridge

    Google Scholar 

  • Wellington JH (1967) South West Africa and its human issues. Clarendon Press, Oxford

    Google Scholar 

  • Wieneke F, Rust U (1973) Variations du niveau marin et phases morpholoclimatiques dans le désert du Namib central, Afrique du Sud-Ouest. Finisterra 15:48–65

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson MJ, Blaha JE, Noli D (1989) A new lagoon on the Namibian coast of South Africa: sand spit growth documented from STS-29 shuttle photography. Geocarto Int 4:63–66

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilkinson MJ (1990) Palaeoenvironments in the Namib Desert. The lower Tumas basin in the late Cainozoic. University of Chicago Research Papers 231

    Google Scholar 

  • Zaprowski BJ, Pazzaglia FJ, Evenson EB (2005) Climatic influences on profile concavity and river incision. J Geophys Res 110:F03004. doi:10.1029/2004JF000138

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Geography and the Environment, University of Oxford, South Parks Road, Oxford, OX1 3QY, UK

    Andrew Goudie & Heather Viles

Authors
  1. Andrew Goudie
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Heather Viles
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Andrew Goudie .

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Goudie, A., Viles, H. (2015). Landscapes. In: Landscapes and Landforms of Namibia. World Geomorphological Landscapes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-8020-9_1

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation