Abstract
Arthropod predators perform ecosystem service by natural pest suppression. Since they are mostly seen along with the pests, they are affected by the pesticidal sprays or by ingesting intoxicated preys. So pesticides are to be tested for their non-target toxic effects. Acute toxicity of pesticides to arthropod predators is being done by calculating the median lethal concentrations. Apart from acute toxicity, testing of chronic, persistent and sublethal toxicities are to be done because sublethal effects especially if affects the reproduction of predators are dangerous. Tier II toxicity evaluation through semi-field experiments are needed to find the toxic effects in a realistic manner than that of laboratory experiments. Finally field experiments are being done to find the real effect of pesticides on these natural enemies. Pesticide risk assessment for predators are being done by categorizing the pesticides based on the mortality in the laboratory and semi-field trials and reduction in field studies. Apart from this, hazard ratio/risk quotient, comparison of LC50 with field recommended concentrations are explained. Toxicity of pesticides to predators in comparison with their associated pests are being done by calculating selectivity ratio and probit substitution to find which one of them is more vulnerable. A tiered approach or sequential testing scheme starting from laboratory, proceeding with semi-field and field studies seems to be useful in risk assessment. To find the sublethal toxicity especially on the reproduction of the predators, calculation of total effect of the pesticide, coefficient of toxicity and population growth rate are found promising for assessing the risk of pesticides to predators in agro-ecosystem.
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Stanley, J., Preetha, G. (2016). Pesticide Toxicity to Arthropod Predators: Exposure, Toxicity and Risk Assessment Methodologies. In: Pesticide Toxicity to Non-target Organisms. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7752-0_1
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