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Special Types of Life Cycle Assessment pp 219–291Cite as

Input–Output and Hybrid LCA

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Abstract

Known as hybrid LCA, integrated use of economic input–output (IO) analysis and process-based LCA (PLCA) has become a major tool of LCA inventory analysis. Proceeding from the basics of IO, this chapter discusses the issues of monetary versus physical data, multiregional extension, end-of-life phase with waste management and recycling, cost and price (with implications for life cycle costing), technology choices, and substitution. Besides the strengths of hybrid LCA, several often-cited “weaknesses” are also addressed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    “Environmental life-cycle costing” (and not environmental LCC) means the environmental-oriented LCC, which is compatible with LCA, in contrast to the (old) purely economic LCC (which is not compatible with LCA). “A primary motivation for LCC studies is to fully account for the financial costs of life-cycle environmental aspects and impacts that ultimately result from a decision” (Swarr et. al. 2011).

Abbreviations

CGE:

Computable general equilibrium

EEIO:

Environmentally extended IO

EoL:

End of life

EPR:

Extended producer responsibility

EXIOPOL:

Externality data and input–output tools for policy analysis

GDP:

Gross domestic product

GE:

General equilibrium model

ICP:

International comparison program

IOT:

IO table

MIOT:

Monetary IO table

MRIO:

Multiregional input–output table

PIOT:

Physical IOT

PLCA:

Process-based LCA

PPP:

Purchasing power parity

ROW:

Rest of the world

WIO-MFA:

Waste input–output material flow analysis

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Acknowledgments

We would like to thank Tomy Wiedmann, Manfred Lenzen, Edgar Hertwich, Sangwon Suh, and Klaus Hubacek for providing us with the latest information about their research and Yosuke Shigetomi for the preparation of the extensive list of references for case studies. We are also grateful to Nigel Harle of Gronsveld, the Netherlands, for his careful revision of our English.

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  1. Faculty of Political Science and Economics, Waseda University, Tokyo, 169-8050, Japan

    Shinichiro Nakamura

  2. National Institute for Environmental Studies, Center for Material Cycles and Waste Management Research, Ibaraki, 305-8506, Japan

    Keisuke Nansai

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  1. Shinichiro Nakamura
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Correspondence to Shinichiro Nakamura .

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    Matthias Finkbeiner

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Nakamura, S., Nansai, K. (2016). Input–Output and Hybrid LCA. In: Finkbeiner, M. (eds) Special Types of Life Cycle Assessment. LCA Compendium – The Complete World of Life Cycle Assessment. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7610-3_6

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