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Factors That May Increase Vulnerability to Cancer and Longevity in Modern Human Populations

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Biodemography of Aging

Part of the book series: The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis ((PSDE,volume 40))

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Abstract

Cancer incidence rates for all disease sites combined and life expectancy have increased over time in many countries around the world. These increases were concurrent with economic progress and the spread of the Western lifestyle. Overall cancer risk and longevity are currently higher in more than in less developed regions of the world. What caused this global increase in cancer risk, beyond known carcinogenic exposures? Could life in affluent societies make people more susceptible to cancer? And could the increases in cancer risk and longevity be favored by the same factors linked to economic prosperity and the related lifestyle? In this chapter, we address these important questions. We discuss the global epidemiological evidence and results of human and animal studies to show that the higher overall cancer risk in the more developed world might be a result of a higher proportion of individuals more susceptible to cancer, rather than merely the result of a higher carcinogenic burden in respective populations. This proportion could increase over time under the influence of several factors linked to economic development and the Western lifestyle, including improved medical and living conditions that allow for survival of people with less efficient immune systems and some novel exposures that are not carcinogenic themselves but may increase one’s vulnerability to established carcinogens. Some factors associated with the Western lifestyle (e.g., food enriched with growth factors and delayed childbirth) may favor both longevity and vulnerability to cancer. This suggests that trade-offs between cancer and aging may potentially contribute to concurrent increases in longevity and cancer risks in modern human populations.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    By “cancer risk” in this chapter, we refer to the risk for all cancers combined, if not stated otherwise. In this regard, one needs first to explain why we believe that it is appropriate to discuss common risk factors for overall cancer, considering that “cancer” is the generic term for more than 100 diseases, each characterized by specific etiology, pathogenesis, and tissue localization. The development of cancer has multiple causes, including genetic predisposition, infectious agents, and exposure to chemical or physical carcinogens. If so, then how could we discuss the risk factors for overall cancer? As far as cancer is concerned, this is justified because most cancers share common key features or hallmarks. They include uncontrolled abnormal growth of cells, their potential immortality due to evasion of apoptosis, de-differentiation, and capacity for invasion and metastasis (Ukraintseva and Yashin 2003b; Hanahan and Weinberg 2000, 2011). These common features suggest that there may exist common risk factors for the different cancers. For example, chronic inflammation might be one such factor, because it facilitates almost all cancer features described above (Coussens and Werb 2002; Coussens et al. 2013). In this chapter, we mainly discuss common risk factors for cancer, especially those linked to economic prosperity and the Western lifestyle and those that may influence both individual vulnerability to cancer and aging/longevity in humans.

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Acknowledgement

Research reported in this chapter was partly supported by the National Institute on Aging of the National Institutes of Health under Award Numbers R01AG046860 and P01AG043352. The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the National Institutes of Health.

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  1. Biodemography of Aging Research Unit, Center for Population Health and Aging, Duke Population Research Institute & Social Science Research Institute at Duke University, Durham, NC, USA

    Svetlana V. Ukraintseva, Konstantin G. Arbeev, Igor Akushevich, Alexander M. Kulminski, Eric Stallard & Anatoliy I. Yashin

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Ukraintseva, S.V., Arbeev, K.G., Akushevich, I., Kulminski, A.M., Stallard, E., Yashin, A.I. (2016). Factors That May Increase Vulnerability to Cancer and Longevity in Modern Human Populations. In: Biodemography of Aging. The Springer Series on Demographic Methods and Population Analysis, vol 40. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7587-8_5

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