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Application of Clinical Bioinformatics pp 371–398Cite as

Heterogeneity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

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Part of the book series: Translational Bioinformatics ((TRBIO,volume 11))

Abstract

Liver cancer is the third leading cause of cancer-related death worldwide. And Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is the most common form of liver cancer. The extreme variability of the clinical outcome caused a major challenge of HCC, which makes it difficult to properly stage the disease and thereby estimate the prognosis. That’s because the rapidly growing tumor displays heterogeneity of genetic and histopathologic characteristics. The risk of HCC may be affected by several known environmental factors such as hepatitis viruses, alcohol, cigarette smoking, and others. The aetiological factors associated with HCC have been well characterized; however, their effects on the accumulation of genomes changes and the influence of ethnic variation in risk factors still remain unclear. Advances in sequencing technologies have enabled the examination of liver cancer genomes at high resolution; somatic mutations, structural alterations, HBV integration, RNA editing and retrotransposon changes have been comprehensively identified. In addition, integrated analyses of trans-omics data have identified diverse critical genes and signaling pathways implicated in hepatocarcinogenesis. These analyses have revealed potential therapeutic targets, and prepared the way for new molecular classifications for clinical application. Therefore, the international collaborations of cancer genome sequencing projects are expected to contribute to an improved understanding of risk assessment, diagnosis and therapy for HCC. This review discusses the contribution of heterogeneity such as aetiological factors, tumor microenvironment, genetic variations, epigenetic changes and signaling pathways in HCC progression.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Tingting Fang

  2. Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Li Feng

  3. Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai, China

    Jinglin Xia

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  1. Tingting Fang
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  2. Li Feng
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Correspondence to Jinglin Xia .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Shanghai Inst.of Clinical Bioinformatics, Zhongshan Hospital, Fudan University, Shang Hai, China

    Xiangdong Wang

  2. Institute of Health Care Engineering, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria

    Christian Baumgartner

  3. School Of Medicine & Medical Science, University College Dublin, Dublin 4, Ireland

    Denis C. Shields

  4. Health and Tropical Medicine, Tulane University School of Public Healt, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA

    Hong-Wen Deng

  5. Section of Clinical Bioinformatics, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Switzerland

    Jacques S Beckmann

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Fang, T., Feng, L., Xia, J. (2016). Heterogeneity of Hepatocellular Carcinoma. In: Wang, X., Baumgartner, C., Shields, D., Deng, HW., Beckmann, J. (eds) Application of Clinical Bioinformatics. Translational Bioinformatics, vol 11. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7543-4_16

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