Abstract
Pipes and pipeline systems are an integral part of modern society, from the network of pipes that transport water, gas and sewage of our daily needs to the continuous transmission of hydrocarbons across continents satisfying the energy demands of the global economy. Despite the enormous distances and the harsh environments involved, oil and gas pipelines are the most efficient and environmentally safe form of hydrocarbon transportation currently available today. For this reason, they are critical to continued global prosperity in the 21st century.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
References
P. Hopkins, Oil and Gas Pipelines: Yesterday and Today, International Petroleum Technology Institute, special article written for American Society of Mechanical Engineers (2007)
D. Howell, A Brief History of Steel Pipe, Pipeline Equities, Pipeline Appraisals and Recovery (2010)
M. Romano, The ins and outs of pipeline coatings. J. Protect. Coat. Linings 41–47 (2005)
R. Buchanan, Pipeline coatings & joint protection: a brief history, conventional thinking & new technologies, in Rio Pipeline Conference and Expo, 22–24 October 2003, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (2003)
R.N. Sloan, Fifty years of pipe coatings—we’ve come a long way. Mater. Perform. 36(6), 42–47 (1993) (Energy Coatings Company, Houston Texas)
M. Roche, D. Melot, G. Paugam, Recent experience with pipeline coating failures. J. Protect. Coat. Linings 18–28 (2006)
N. Tsalic, Trends and development in the market for pipe coating, plastic pressure pipe 2012, 22–23 February 2012, Cologne Germany, Applied Market Information
J.W. Cox, Multi-coat systems of HDPE for exterior anti-corrosion. Protection of steel pipelines based on 50 year service life, in Technical Presentation for Pemex and Mexican Petroleum Industry, 24–26 Nov 1999 (1999)
J.A. Kehr, M. Mallozzi, Fast, worry free pipeline installation with dual-layer fbe coatings, Corrosion and Prevention 2007 Paper 010 (2007)
A. Jackson, E. Simonsen, T. Stark, R. Nixon, B. Melve, D. Ali, Long term ageing of polypropylene foam. The results of testing performed after 18 years of exposure in a subsea environment, in MERL Oilfield Engineering with Polymers, London, UK, October 2012 (2012)
R. Buchanan, Feeling the heat, World Pipelines, March 2006, 5 pp
K. Varughese, Dual powder FBE systems for directional drill and high temperature pipelines—field experience, in Proceedings of the Conference on 15th International Conference on Pipeline Protection, Aachen Germany, October 2003, pp. 199–207 (2003)
W. Hodgins, R. Buchanan, High Temperature Pipeline Coatings—Field Joint Challenges in Remote Construction, Canusa-Canada
J.P.L. Fontaine, Trends in Pipe Coating—An Operator’s Perspective. Exxon Mobile Development
U. Anees, S.A. Malik, I. Andijani, Corrosion Protection Evaluation of Some Organic Coatings in Water Transmission Pipes. Research & Development Center, Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (1999)
S.W. Guan, N. Gritis, G. Bick, A. Jackson, P. Singh, Advanced onshore and offshore pipeline coating technologies, in China International Oil and Gas Pipe Technology Conference & Expo, 14–17 September 2005, Shanghai, China (2005)
Hevicote Product Datasheet CWC, BrederoShaw
R.J. Chi Ming Lee, P. Morgan, R. Weatherhead, International experiences with cathodic protection of Offshore pipeline and flowlines. TWI Report, November 2007 (2007)
M. Batallas, H. Yih, P. Singh, Determining the performance of polyurethane foam pipe insulation for high temperature service, in NACE International Northern Area Western Conference, Calgary Alberta (2006)
S.W. Guan, Insulation for flowlines and risers, in PETRONAS—ETRAD-INTSOK-CCOP workshop on Deepwater Subsea Tieback Kuching, Malaysia Jan 2011 (2011)
O.Ø. Knudsen, A. Bjørgum, A.K. Kvernbråten, Internal coating of multiphase pipelines—requirements for the Coating, Paper 10004, NACE Corrosion 2010, March 14–18 San Antonio (2010)
J.A. Kehr, M. Dabiri, R. Hislop, Dual-layer fusion-bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings protect pipelines, BHR Group, in 15th International Conference on Pipeline Protection, 29–31 October 2003, Aachen, Germany (2003)
J.A. Kehr, D.G. Enos, FBE, a foundation for pipeline corrosion coatings, Paper 00757, NACE Corrosion 2000, March 26–31 Orlando Fl (2000)
J.A. Kehr, FBE pipeline and rebar corrosion coatings, in PICon Internet Conference on Pipeline Reliability (2000)
T. Fore, K. Varughese, FBE found effective after 30 years of service. Pipeline Gas J. 64–65 (2006)
J.A. Kehr, Dual-layer fusion bonded epoxy (FBE) coatings protect pipelines, in 15th international conference on Pipeline Protection, 29–31 October 2003 Aachen, Germany (2003)
M. Demirors, in Chap 9: The History of Polyethylene in 100+ Years of Plastics. Leo Baekeland and Beyond, ACS Symp. Series, vol. 1080 (2011), pp. 115–156
History of traditional pipeline coatings, assessing the future of coating work, in Proceedings of the PCE 2000 Conference and Exhibition, 8–10 March 2000, Genoa, Italy (2000)
M. Wilmott, J. Highams, R. Ross, A. Kopystinski, Coating and thermal insulation of subsea or buried pipelines. J. Protect. Coat. Linings 17(11), 47–54 (2000)
C. Argent, D. Norman, Fitness for purpose issues relating to FBE and three layer PE coatings, in Paper 05034, NACE Corrosion 2005, 3–7 April 2005, Houston, Texas (2005)
G.P. Guidetti, G.L. Rigosi, R. Marzola, The use of polypropylene in pipeline coatings. Prog. Org. Coat. 27, 79–85 (1996)
B.J. Turner, Polypropylene coatings for high temperature and thermal insulation of pipelines, im Paper 11030, Corrosion 2011, 13–17 March 2011, Houston, Texas (2011)
A.B. Hansen, A. Delesalle, Cost effective thermal insulation systems for deep water West Africa in combination with direct heating, in Offshore West Africa 2000 Conference and Exhibition, 21–23 March 2000, Abidjan, Cote d-Ivoire (2000)
C. Rydin, L. Sjoberg, Polypropylene thermal insulation systems for offhsore pipeline application. J. Protect. Coat. Linings 19(10), 42–49 (2002)
R. Hunter, Wet insulation evolves to meet subsea flowline performance demands. Offshore 68(10), 122–129 (2008)
S.W. Guan, Challenges and New Developments in Pipeline Coating Technology, Pipeliner 2011, pp. 36
G. Moad, The synthesis of polyolefin graft copolymer be reactive extrusion. Prog. Polym. Sci. 24, 81–92 (1999)
S.B. Brown, in Reactive Extrusion, ed. by M. Xanthos (Hanser, Munich, 1992), p. 75
R.C. Kowalski, in Reactive Extrusion, ed. by M. Xanthos (Hanser, Munich, 1992), pp. 7–32
S. Sanchez-Valdes, F. Orona-Villarreal, M. Lopez-Quintanilla, I. Yanez-Flores, L.F.R.D. Valle, C. Guerrero-Salazar, Performance of multilayer films using maleated linear low-density polyethylene blends. Polym. Eng. Sci. 38, 150 (1998)
M. Xanthos (ed.), Reactive Extrusion (Hanser, Munich, 1992), p. 33
M. Dorn, Modification of molecular weight and flow properties of thermoplastics. Adv. Polym. Tech. 5, 87–97 (1985)
X. Li, X.M. Xie, B.H. Guo, Study on styrene-assisted melt free radical grafting of maleic anhydride onto polypropylene. Polymer 42, 3419–3425 (2001)
J.Z. Liang, R.K.Y. Li, Rubber toughening in polypropylene: a review. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 77, 409 (2000)
P.R. Hornsby, K. Premphet, Fracture toughness of multiphase polypropylene composites containing rubbery and particulate inclusions. J. Mater. Sci. 32, 4767 (1997)
J. Lu, G.X. Wei, H.J. Sue, J. Chu, Toughening mechanisms in commercial thermoplastic polyolefin blends. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 76, 311 (2000)
H. Mae, M. Omiya, K. Kishimoto, Material ductility and toughening mechanism of polypropylene blended with bimodal distributed particle size of styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene triblock copolymer at high strain rate. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 110, 3941 (2008)
D.N. Bikiaris, G.Z. Papageorgiou, E. Pavlidou, N. Vouroutzis, P. Palatzoglou, G.P. Karayannidis, Preparation by melt mixing and characterization of isotactic polypropylene/SiO2 nanocomposites containing untreated and surface-treated nanoparticles. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 100, 2684 (2006)
A. Koebsch, A.L. Lemuchi, R.R. Oliveira, R. Buchanan, Advantages of polypropylene based coatings for buried or submerged pipelines operating in aggressive environments, in Rio Pipeline Conference and Expo, 20–22 September 2011, Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Paper IBP1094_11
M. Ratzsch, Special PP’s for a developing and future market. J. Macromol. Sci. Part A: Pure Appl. Chem. 31(11), 1587–1611
A.B. Hansen, C. Rydin, Development and qualification of novel thermal insulation systems for deepwater flowlines and risers based on polypropylene, in Offshore Technology Conference, Houston Texas, USA, 6–9 May 2002
B. Cavalie, APIA
N. Gupta, V.C. Shunmugasamy, High strain rate compressive response of syntactic foams: trends in mechanical properties and failure mechanisms. Mater. Sci. Eng. A 528, 7596–7605 (2011)
M. Aureli, M. Porfiri, N. Gupta, Effect of polydispersity and porosity on the elastic properties of hollow particle filled composites. Mech. Mater. 42, 726–739 (2010)
G. Shearer, C. Tzonganakis, Free radical hydrosilylation of polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 65, 439–447 (1997)
J.D. Kellner, A.J. Doheny, B.B. Patil, A 3 layer polyethylene coating for plant application. Mater. Perform. 37, 6 (1998)
C. Bates, Chemical Treatment Enhances Pipe Coating Quality, Pipe Line Industry, September 1989
3-Layer Polyethylene Coating Systems, PRD, Pipe Manufacturing Systems, www.prdcompany.com
A.N. Moosavi, Advances in field joint coating for underground pipelines, in NACE Corrosion 2000 Conference and Expo. Paper No. 00754 (2000)
SA 2.5 refers to Swedish Standard SIS 05 59 00 (1967) Pictorial Surface Preparation Standards for Painting Steel Surface, that prescribes a specific level of cleanliness referred to as near white metal 85 % clean
M. Mallozzi, M. Perez, A new 3 LPP offhsore field joint coating, in NACE Corrosion 2010 paper 10010, March 14–18 2010, San Antonio, TX, USA (2010)
A.N. Moosavi, S. Al‑Mutawa, S. Balboul, M. Saady, Hidden problems with three layer polypropylene pipeline coatings, in Corrosion NACE 2006, Paper 06057 (2006)
D. Melot, G. Paugam, M. Roche, Disbondments of pipeline coatings and their effects on corrosion risk. J. Protect. Coat. Linings 18–31 (2009)
V. Rodriguez, E. Perozo, E. Alvarez, Coating application and evaluation for heavy wall thickness, temperature and pressure pipe. Mater. Perform. 37, 2 (1998)
A.N. Moosavi, Advances in field joint coatings for underground pipelines. Mater. Perform. 39, 8 (2000)
Y. Okano, N. Shoji, T. Namioka, M. Komura, The development of auto-sealing systems for field joints of polyethylene coated pipelines, in Corrosion 97, Paper 389
M. Surkein, J. Didas, Pipe coating and failure modes of mainline and field joint coatings—pictorial learnings, in Presentation to the OGP Coatings Committee, London, England. 16 November 2011, http://info.ogp.org.uk/standards/11LondonCoatings/Presentations/Presentation06.pdf
S. Papavinasam et al. External polymeric pipeline coatings failure modes. Mater. Perform. 28–30 (2006)
K. Varughese, Dual powder FBE systems for directional drill and high temperature pipelines—field experience, in 15th International Conference on Pipeline Coating, Oct 2003, p 199–207. BHR Group 2003 Pipeline Protection (2003)
D. Norman, Excellent pipeline coatings require excellent pipeline substrates, in NACE Corrosion 2004, Paper 04035, 28 March–1 April 2004, New Orleans, La (2004)
S.W. Guan, petromin Pipeliner, p 36
K. Varughese, Improving adhesion properties of three layer polyethylene systems. Corrosion 6 (2003)
al FFLe. Paper 10003, NACE 2010
A.N. Moosavi, B.T.A. Chang, K. Morsi, Failure analysis of three layer polypropylene pipe coatings, in NACE Corrosion 2010 Conference and Expo, March 14–18, 2010, San Antonio, TX, Paper 10002 (2010)
R. Norsworthy, Study examines coating compatibility with CP. J. Oil Gas 107(20), 52 (2009)
R. Norsworthy, Coatings used in conjunction with cathodic protection—shielding vs non-shielding pipeline coatings, in NACE Corrosion 2009, Paper 09043. March 22–261, 2009, Atlanta, GA (2009)
Non-shielding coating systems now part of new US regulatory requirement, Next Generation Oil and Gas MENA, Issue 5, No 67 (2010)
R. Norsworthy, Is your pipeline coating “fail safe”? Pipeline Gas J. 62–63 (2006)
M. Surkein, J. Didas, Pipe Coating and Failure Modes of Mainline & Field Joint Coatings. OGP Coatings Committee–London
C. Dasgupta, New field joint coating technology: eliminates “weak link” in the pipeline, in Presented at the India O&G Pipeline Infrastructure Conference, New Delhi (2011)
S. Papavinasam, R.W. Revie, Review of standards for evaluating coatings to control external corrosion of pipelines. Corros. Rev. 26(5&6), 295–371 (2008)
S.S. Papavinasam, N. Zaver, J. Pollock, Comparison of international standards to evaluate field-applied pipeline girth weld coatings. Corros. Rev. 30(5&6), 171–197 (2012)
DIN 30670
DIN 30678
CSA Z245.21
ISO 21809–1:2011 (E)
S.W. Guan, Long-term performance, World Pipelines, November 2008
J.M. Leeds, S.S. Leeds, Coating properties and test procedures. Pipeline Gas J. 237(3) (2010)
A.A. Borno, M. Brown, S. Rao, High temperature cathodic disbondment tests, in NACE Corrosion Conference and Expo 2010, Paper 10008, 14–18 March 2010, San Antonio, TX, USA (2010)
O.Ø. Knudsen, T.G. Eggen, K.K. Brende, Test method for studying cathodic disbonding at high temperature, in NACE Corrosion Conference and Expo 2010, Paper 10007, 14–18 March 2010, San Antonio, TX, USA (2010)
B. Melve, D. Ali, Corrosion coating for high temperature water immersion service, in Corrosion 2006, Paper 06021, Houston, TX, USA (2006)
M. Batallas, P. Singh, Evaluation of anticorrosion coatings for high temperature service, in Corrosion 2008, Paper 08039, Houston TX, USA (2008)
P.K. Shukla, R. Pabalan, L. Yang, M.A. Smith, On development of accelerated testing methods for evaluating organic coating performance above 100 °C, in Corrosion 2010, Paper 10006, 14–18 March 2010, San Antonio, TX (2010)
ASTM D5162-08 Standard Practice for Discontinuity (Holiday) Testing of Nonconductive Protective Coating on Metallic Substrates
G.R. Howell, Y.F. Cheng, Characterisation of high performance composite coating for the northern pipeline application. Prog. Org. Coat. 60, 148–152 (2007)
I. Williamson, P. Singh, J. Hancock, The resistance of advanced pipeline coatings to penetration and abrasion by hard rock, in Proceedings of IPC 2000: International Pipeline Conference, The Palliser, Calgary, Alberta, Canada, 1–5 Oct 2000 (2000)
P. Singh, S. Haberer, N. Gritis, R. Worthington, M. Cetiner, New developments in high performance coatings, BHR Group 2005. Pipeline Protect. 16, 55–66 (Paphos, Cyprus) (2005)
P. Singh, J. Cox, Development of coat effective powder coated multi-component coating for underground pipelines
C.N.C. Lam, D.T. Wong, R.E. Steele, S.J. Edmonson, A new approach to high performance polyolefin coatings, in Corrosion 2007, Conference and Expo, NACE International paper 07023 (2007)
J. Karger-Koscis, How does phase transformation toughening work in semi-crystalline polymer. Polym. Eng. Sci. 36, 203 (1996)
E. Nezbedova, V. Pospisil, P. Bohaty, B. Vlach, Fracture Behaviour of beta polypropylene as a function of processing conditions. Macromol. Symp. 170(1), 349–357 (2001)
P. Jacoby, Beta nucleating masterbatch offers enhanced properties in polypropylene products. Plast. Add. Compd. 9, 32 (2007)
M. Slouf, J. Kolarik, J. Kotek, Rubber-toughened polypropylene/acrylonitrile-co-butadiene-styrene blends: morphology and mechanical properties. Polym. Eng. Sci. 47, 482 (2007)
J. Kotek, J. Scudla, M. Slouf, M. Raab, Combined effect of specific nucleation and rubber dispersion on morphology and mechanical behaviour of iso-tactic polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 103, 3539 (2007)
C. Grein, M. Gahleitner, On the influence of nucleation on the toughness of iPP/EPR blends with different rubber molecular architectures. Exp. Polym. Lett. 392, 2 (2008)
W. Bai, Y. Wang, B. Song, X. Fan, Z. Zhou, Y.L. Li, Nucleating agent induced impact fracture behaviour change in PP/PEO blend. Polym. Bull. 62, 405 (2009)
R.J. Varley, M. Dell’Olio, Y. Qiang, S. Khor, K. Leong, S. Bateman, different beta nucleants and the resultant microstructural, fracture, and tensile properties for filled and unfilled iso polypropylene. J. Appl. Polym. Sci. 128(1), 619–627 (2013)
H. Pham, F. Aguiie, M. Dettloff, N. Verghese, Development of Novel Toughening Technology for Fusion Bonded (FBE) Powder Coatings, Paint and Coatings Industry, October 2007
J.K. Pratt, M. Mallozzi, A. D’Souza, Advances in damage resistant coating technology, in NACE Corrosion 2011 Conference and Expo (2011)
S.J. García, H.R. Fischer, P.A. White, J. Mardel, Y. González-García, J.M.C. Mol et al., Self-healing anticorrosive organic coating based on an encapsulated water reactive silyl ester: synthesis and proof of concept. Prog. Org. Coat. 70(2–3), 142–149 (2011)
J.F. Doddema, The use of viscoelastic self healing pipeline coating, in NACE Corrosion 2010 Conference and Expo paper 10042 (2010)
M. Quast, Rehabilitation of corrosion proactive coatings on buried steel pipelines with self-amalgamating three ply tapes
S. Meure, R.J. Varley, D.Y. Wu, S. Mayo, K. Nairn, S. Furman, Confirmation of the healing mechanism in a mendable EMAA-epoxy resin. Eur. Polym. J. 48(3), 524–531 (2012)
Proprietary product of 3M, USA
J.A. Kehr, S. Attaguile, M. Smith, M. Perez, New technology helps develop coatings for high temperature operating pipelines, in NACE International Corrosion Conference 2008 (2008)
M. Mallozzi, M. Perez, A new three layer polypropylene offshore field-joint coating. Mater. Perform. 49(10), 36 (2010)
W. Zhou, T.E. Jeffers, O.H. Decker, Properties of a new high Tg FBE coating for high temperature service. Mater. Perform. 46, 4 (2007)
Acknowledgements
The authors are grateful for the many useful discussions with colleagues from both within and outside their respective organisations, with particular thanks to M. Dell’Olio of CSIRO, and M.S.F. Samsudin and Z. Ahamid of PETRONAS. The help of MSFS in compiling Table 14.4 is also gratefully acknowledged.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Varley, R.J., Leong, K.H. (2016). Polymer Coatings for Oilfield Pipelines. In: Hughes, A., Mol, J., Zheludkevich, M., Buchheit, R. (eds) Active Protective Coatings. Springer Series in Materials Science, vol 233. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7540-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7540-3_14
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-7538-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-7540-3
eBook Packages: Chemistry and Materials ScienceChemistry and Material Science (R0)