Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in
Book cover

Covered Karsts pp 97–205Cite as

Classification of Covered Karsts

  • Chapter
  • First Online:

  • 834 Accesses

Part of the book series: Springer Geology ((SPRINGERGEOL))

Abstract

Covered karsts are classified according to the character of the cover (cryptokarst if the cover is impermeable and concealed karst if it is permeable), to the origin of cover deposits (locally deposited or transported there) and to the age of karstification (syngenetic if the depression in the cover and the form in the bedrock are of the same age and postgenetic if not). Covered karsts may develop in structural landforms (synclines, tectonic graben, horsts of various elevations) and in depressions formed by the powers shaping the surface, which could be of karstic origin (doline, ponor, polje, fengcong depressions and intermountain plains of fenglin karst) or of non-karstic origin (valley, abrasional platform and river terrace). The appearance and pattern of covered karst depend on the type of karst. When characterising pattern geosyncline or glaciokarst (folded-nappe structure), block mountains, platform, salt diapir, tundra, taiga, temperate, mediterranean and tropical covered karsts are distinguished. The geosyncline (glaciokarst) and block mountains karst types mainly occur under temperate climate, while the platform and salt diapir may appear on any climatic karst type. According to pattern, covered karst developed from allogenic karst (which can be recent allogenic, rejuvenating allogenic or semi-allogenic), nappe allogenic, horst, cirque, glacial trough, polje, karst hill, cueasta, tropical depression, polygonal, intermountain plain, petrified forest, platform and salt diapir covered karsts are identified. On the recent allogenic karst, in slope direction from the bordering non-karstic surface, cryptokarst, mixed and open karst zones are found. On the rejuvenating allogenic karst, in slope direction from the former terrain of sediment supply, open, mixed and buried karst zones follow each other. On the semi-allogenic karst, in lack of the accumulation of fluvial deposits, the cover sediment does not derive from the non-karstic terrain bordering the karst and is of continuous distribution. On the nappe allogenic karst, buried karst, cryptokarst (with karst windows), concealed karst and open karst zones occur. On horst covered karst, on the neighbouring blocks, concealed, crypto and buried karst terrains alternate (in patches or in continuous distribution). On the glacial trough covered karst, striped or striped-patchy patterns are typical. On the polje karst, continuous or zonal (so-called internal zonal) covered karst develops. On the karst hill covered karst, the patches of covered karst may coalesce, while on cueasta covered karst, the patches of covered karst are arranged in stripes parallel to the cuestas. The tropical depression covered karst and the polygonal covered karst show patchy distribution, while the intermountain plain covered karst is continuous, but can show internal zonation with crypto and concealed karst zones. No or poor zonation can be identified on the platform karst. The covered karst of salt diapir shows patches and develops on the cover uplifted by the rising salt diapir.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   149.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   199.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

References

  • Andrusov D, Borza K, Martiny E, Pospisil A (1958) O povode a dobe vzniku tzv. terra rossy juzného a stredného. Slovenska. Geol. Zbornik SAV 9:1, Bratislava

    Google Scholar 

  • Balázs D (1970) Zsombolyok a Central Kentucky Karszton (Shafts on the Central Kentucky Karst). Karszt és Barlang 1:21–24 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Balázs D (1973) Relief types of tropical karst areas. In: Jakucs L (ed) IGU symposium on karst morphogenesis. József Attila University, Szeged, pp 16–32

    Google Scholar 

  • Balázs D (1986) Kína karsztvidékei (Karst regions of China). Karszt és Barlang 2:123–132, in Hungarian

    Google Scholar 

  • Balázs D (1990) A Dél-Kínai karsztvidék főbb barlangtípusai (Main cave types of the South China Karst). Karszt és Barlang 1:53–60 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bárdossy Gy (1961) A Sümeg környéki bauxit (Bauxites around Sümeg). Bány Lapok, Budapest 7:457–463 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Bárdossy G (1977) Karsztbauxitok (Karst bauxites). Akadémia Kiadó, Budapest, 413 p (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Barrére P (1964) Le relief karstique dans l’ouest des Pyrénées centrales. Rev Belge Géogr Ed Soc Roy Belge Géogr Special Publ Karst et Climats Froids 88(1–2):9–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Beck BF, Sinclair WC (1986) Sinkholes in Florida: an introduction. Florida Sinkhole Research Institute Report, 85-86-4, 16 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Bergado DT, Selvanayagam AN (1987) Pile foundation problems in Kuala Lumpur Limestone, Malaysia. Q J Eng Geol 20:159–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bögli A (1964) Le Schichttreppenkarst. Un exemple de complexe glaciokarstique. Revue Belge de Geographie 1(2):64–82

    Google Scholar 

  • Bögli A (1976) Die wichtigsten Karrenformen der Kalkalpen. Karst processes and relevant landforms. International Speleological Union, Commission on Karst denudation. Department of Geography, Philosophical Faculty, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, pp 141–149

    Google Scholar 

  • Brook GA, Ford DC (1980) Hydrology of the Nahanni karst, northern Canada the importance of extreme summer storms. J Hydrol 46:103–121

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Businszkij GI (1964) Types of karst bauxite deposits and their Genesis. Symposium on bauxites, oxydes et hydroxydes d’aluminium. Zagreb 1:93–106

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen Z, Song L, Sweeting MM (1986) The pinnacle karst of the stone forest, Lunan, Yunnan, China: an example of a subjacent karst. In: Paterson K, Sweeting MM (eds) New directions in karst. Geobooks, Norwich, pp 597–607

    Google Scholar 

  • Combes (1969) Rechèrches sur la genèse des bauxites dans le Nord-Est de l’Espagne, le Languedoc et l’Ariège (France)- Mém. Centre d’Études et de Recherches Géologique et Hydrogéologie de, Montpellier, 342 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Corbel J (1947) Observations sur le karst couvert en Belgique. Bull Soc Belg Études Géogr 17(1/2):95–105

    Google Scholar 

  • Cvijič J (1893) ’Das Karstphänomen’ Versuch einer morphologischen Monographie. Geogr Abh 5(3):217–329

    Google Scholar 

  • Day MJ (1979) Surface roughness as a discriminator of tropical karst styles. Zeitschrift für Geomorphologie, Supplement-band 32:1–8

    Google Scholar 

  • Dehao Z (1982) Evolution of peak cluster depressions in the Guilin area and morphometric measurement. Carsologica Sin 2(2):127–184 (in Chinese)

    Google Scholar 

  • Delannoy JJ (1997) Recherches géomorphologiques sur les massifs karstiques du Vercors et de la transversal de Ronda (Andalousie). Les apports morphogiques du karst, tése de doctorat. Presses Universitaires du Septentrion, Lille, 678 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Dongus H (1962) Alte Landoberflächen der Ostalb. Forschungen zur Deutschen Landeskunde, 134. Bundesanstalt für Landeskunde und Raumforschung, Bad Godesberg, 71 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Fekete S (1988) Trópusi talajok (Tropical soil-types). Akadémiai Kiadó, Budapest, 503 p (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Filippov AG (2004) Mineral deposits in karst. In: Gunn J (ed) Encyclopedia of caves and karst science. Fitzroy Dearborn, New York, pp 514–515

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford DC (2004) Bear rock karst, Canada. In: Gunn J (ed) Encyclopedia of caves and karst science. Fitzroy Dearborn, New York, pp 137–138

    Google Scholar 

  • Ford DC, Stanton WI (1968) Geomorphology of the south-central Mendip Hills. Proc Geol Assoc 79(4):401–427

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ford DC, Williams PW (1989) Karst geomorphology and hydrology. Unwin Hyman, London, 601 p

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Ford DC, Williams PW (2007) Karst geomorphology and hydrology. Unwin Hyman, London, 561 p

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Gams I (1994) Types of contact karst. Geografia Fisica e Dinamica Quateraria 17:17–46

    Google Scholar 

  • Gams I (2002) Changes of the Triglav Glacier in 1945–94 period in the light of climatic indicators. http://ai.ijs.si/mezi/personal/triglav/

  • Grimes KG (2009) Laterite karst, unpublished poster displayed at the 7th international conference an geomorphology (ANZIAG), Melbourne, 6 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimes KG, Spate AP (2008) Laterite karst (Andysez No 53). ACKMA J 73:49–52. International conference on geomorphology (ANZIAG), Melbourne, 6 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Gunn J (2004) Fluviokarst. In: Gunn J (ed) Encyclopedia of caves and karst science. Taylor and Fitzroy Dearborn, London, pp 363–364

    Google Scholar 

  • Gvozdetskiy NA (1965) Types of Karst in the U.S.S.R. Prob Speleol Res Prague:47–54

    Google Scholar 

  • Gvozdetskiy NA (1981) Karst. Izd-vo Miszl, Moscow, 214 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Hevesi A (1980) Adatok a Bükk hegység negyedidőszaki ősföldrajzi képéhez (Data to the quarternary paleogeographical features of the Bükk Mountains). Földtani Közlöny 110(3–4):540–550 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Hevesi A (1986) Hideg vizek létrehozta karsztok osztályozása (The classification of karsts created by cold waters). Földrajzi Értesítő XXXV(3–4):231–254, in Hungarian

    Google Scholar 

  • Jakucs L (1977) Morphogenetics of karst regions. Adam Hilgar, Bristol, 284 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaskó S (1957a) A Bicske, Szár, Tatabánya és Tarján közötti terület bauxitföldtani leírása (Bauxite geological description of the area included by Bicske, Szár, Tatabánya and Tarján, Hungary). MÁFI Évk, Budapest 46(3):505–523 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jaskó S (1957b) Bauxit teleproncsok Veszprém és Nagyvázsony környékén (Rags of bauxite deposits near Veszprém and Nagyvázsony, Hungary). MÁFI Évk, Budapest, 46:525–530 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Jennings JN (1985) Karst geomorphology. Basil Blackwell, New York, 293 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Kannan RC, Nettles NS (1999) Remedial measures for residential structures damaged by sinkhole activity. In: Beck BF, Petit AJ, Herring JG (eds) Hydrology and engineering geology of sinkholes and karst proceedings of the seventh multidisciplinary conference on sinkholes and karst. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 135–139

    Google Scholar 

  • Katzer F (1909) Karst und Karsthydrographie, Zur Kunde der Balkanhalbinsel, no. 8 Sarajevo, 94p

    Google Scholar 

  • Knechtel MM (1963) Bauxitization of terra rossa in the Southern Appalachian retion. U.S. Geological Survey professional paper, 475-C, Washington, DC, pp 151–155

    Google Scholar 

  • Knez M, Slabe T (1999) Unroofed caves and recognizing them in karst relief (discovered during expressway construction at Kozina, South Slovenia). Acta Carsologica 28(2):103–112

    Google Scholar 

  • Knez M, Otoničar B, Slabe T (2003) Subcutaneous stone forest (Trebnje, central Slovenia). Acta Carsological 32(1):29–38

    Google Scholar 

  • Korpás L (1981) A Dunántúli-középhegység oligocén-alsó-miocén képződményei (Oligocene-Lower Miocene Formations of the Transdanubian Central Mountains in Hungary). MÁFI Évkönyve, Budapest, 140 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Korzhuev SS (1961) Merzlotnyi karst Srednego Prilen’ya i nekotorye osobennosti yego proyavleniya (The Middle-Lena frozen karst and its characteristics). In: Sokolov NI, Gvozdetskiy NA, Balashov LS (eds) Regionalnoe karstovedenie. Izdatelstvo AN SSSR, Moscow, pp 207–220

    Google Scholar 

  • Korzhuev SS (1972) Drevnij karszt i cikli karsztoobrazovania Szibirszkoj platformi (A paleokarst and karstification cycles on the Siberian platform) Trudi moszkovszkogo obsesztva iszpitatelej prirodi XLVII:141–151

    Google Scholar 

  • Lauriol B, Gray JT (1990) Drainage karstique en Mileu de Pergélisol: le cas de l’ile d’Akpatok, T. N. O. Canada. Permafr Periglac Process 1:129–144

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lu Y, Cooper AH (1997) Gypsum karst geohazards in China. In: Beck BF, Stephenson JB (eds) Engineering geology and hydrogeology of karst terrains. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp 117–126

    Google Scholar 

  • Lucas J (1872) Studies in Nidderdale, 319 p (Reprint publication) Forgotten Books, Hongkong

    Google Scholar 

  • Maire R, Zhang S, Song S (1991) Génese des karsts subtropicaux de Chine du sud (Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei). Grottes et karsts tropicaux de Chine Méridionale, Karstologia mémoires 4:162–186

    Google Scholar 

  • Malott CA (1939) Karst valleys. Bull Geol Soc Am 50(12):1984

    Google Scholar 

  • Malott CA (1945) Significant features of the Indiana karst. Proc Indiana Acad Sci 54:8–24

    Google Scholar 

  • Móga J, Németh R (2005) The morphological research of the basalt and loess covered plateaus in the Bakony Mts (Transdanubian middle mts.-Hungary). Acta Carsologica 34(2):397–414

    Google Scholar 

  • Németh R (2005) A Kab-hegyi bazalttakaró depresszióinak vizsgálata (Investigation of the depressions of the basalt cover of Kab Hill). Karszt és Barlang 2000–2001 évf.:33–41 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Nicod J (1976) Corrosion du type crypto-karstique dans les karsts Méditerranéens. In: Gams I (ed) Karst processes and relevant landforms. Department of Geography, Ljubljana University, Ljubljana, pp 171–180

    Google Scholar 

  • Papastamatiou J (1964) Les gisements de bauxite en Grèce. Symposium on bauxites, oxydes et hydroxydes d’aluminium. Zagreb 1:285–293

    Google Scholar 

  • Pataki A, Nyírő T (1983) A nyirádi-deáki bauxitbánya karsztos feküje és ennek bányászati vonatkozásai (The karstic bedrock of the Nyirád-Deák bauxite mine and its mining aspects). Földtani Kutatás 26:19 p (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Peljtek EL (1971) Meslorozhdeniya Boksitov Eniseyskogo kryazha i Sibirskoy Platformy (Bauxite quarries from the Jenyiszej Mountain and Siberian platform) – V kn. In: Sapozhnikov DG (ed) Platformennye boksity S.S.S.R. Nauka, Moscow, pp 221–262

    Google Scholar 

  • Pollard W, Omelon C, Andersen D, McKay C (1999) Perennial spring occurrence in the expedition Fiord area of western Axel Heiberg Island, Canadian High Arctic. Can J Earth Sci 36:105–120

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pulina M (2005) Le karst et les phenomenes karstiques similaires des regions froides. In: Salomon JN, Pulina M (eds) Les karsts des regions climatiques extremes. Karstologia Mémoires, 14, Presses Universitaires de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, pp 11–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan JF (1967) Classification of karst types: a review and synthesis emphasizing the North American literature 1941–1966. Natl Speleol Soc Bull 29:107–109

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan JF (1978) Types of karst, with emphasis on cover beds in their classification and development. PhD thesis, Geology, University of Texas, Austin

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan JF, Pohl ER (1967) Vertical shafts actively promote slope retreat and dissection of the solution escarpment and the Chester Cuesta in the Central Kentucky Karst. Natl Speleol Soc Bull 29:109

    Google Scholar 

  • Quinlan JF, Smith AR, Johnson KS (1986) Gypsum karst and salt karst of the United States of America. Le Grotte d’Italia 4(13):73–92

    Google Scholar 

  • Racoviţă G, Moldovan O, Onac B (eds) (2002) Monografia carstului din Munţii Pădurea Craiului. Institul de Speleologie ‘Emil Racoviţă, Cluj-Napoca, 264 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Roglič J (1964) Karst valleys in the dinamic karst. Erdkunde 18(2):113–116

    Google Scholar 

  • Roglič J (1965) The delimitation and morphological types of the Dinaric karst. Naše Jame 7(1–2):12–20

    Google Scholar 

  • Salomon JN (2009) The tsingy karrenfields of Madagascar In: Ginés A, Knez M, Slabe T, Dreybrodt W (eds) Karst rock Features. Karren Sculpturing Zalozba ZRC. Carsologica, 9. Institut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU, Postojna-Ljubljana, pp 411–422

    Google Scholar 

  • Salomon JN, Pomel S, Nicod J (1995) L’évolution des cryptokarsts: comparaison entre le Périgord-Quercy (France) et le Franken Alb (Allemagne). Z Geomorphol 39(4):381–409

    Google Scholar 

  • Salvigsen O, Elgersma A (1985) Large-scale karst features and open taliks at Valdeborgsletta, outer Isfjorden, Svalbard. Polar Res 3(2):145–153

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sásdi L (1990) Az Aggtelek-Rudabányai-hegység karsztjának földtani fejlődéstörténete (Geological evolution of the Aggtelek-Rudabánya Mountains). Karszt és Barlang I:3–8 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sawicki LS (1909) Ein Beitrag zum geographischen Zyklos im Karst. Geogr Z (Vienna) 15:185–204, 259–281

    Google Scholar 

  • Slabe T (1999) Subcutaneous rock forms. Acta Carsologica 28(2):255–271

    Google Scholar 

  • Slabe T, Liu H (2009) Significant subsoil rock forms. In: Gines A, Knez M, Slabe T, Dreybrodt W (eds) Karst rock features. Karren Sculpturing, Zalozba ZRC. Carsologica, 9. Institut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU, Postojna-Ljubljana, pp 123–137

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart C (2004) Glacierized and glaciated karst. In: Gunn J (ed) Encyclopedia of caves and karst science. Fitzroy Dearborn, New York, pp 388–391

    Google Scholar 

  • Smart P, Waltham AC, Mingde Y, Ying-jun Z (1986) Karst geomorphology of Western Guizhou. Cave Sci (BCRA) 13(3):89–113

    Google Scholar 

  • Song LH (1986) Origination of stone forest in China. Int J Speleol 15(1–4):3–33

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Song L, Liang F (2009) Two important evolution models of Lunanshilin karst. In: Ginés A, Knez M, Slabe T, Dreybrodt W (eds) Karst rock features. Karren Sculpturing Zalozba ZRC. Carsologica, 9. Institut za raziskovanje krasa ZRC SAZU, Postojna-Ljubljana, pp 453–459

    Google Scholar 

  • Soriano MA, Simón JL (2001) Subsidence rates of alluvial dolines in the central Ebro basin, Northeastern Spain. In: Beck BF, Herring JG (eds) Geotechnical and environmental applications of karst geology and hydrology. Balkema, Lisse, pp 47–52

    Google Scholar 

  • Sowers GF (1986) Correction and protection in limestone terrane. Environ Geol Water Sci 8:77–82

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sowers GF (1996) Building on sinkholes: design and construction of foundations on karst Terrain. ASCE Press, New York, 202 p

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Stefanovits P (1976) Talajtan. (Soil science) Mezőgazdasági Kiadó, Budapest, 380 p (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeting MM (1958) The karstlands of Jamaica. Geogr J 124:184–199

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeting MM (1973) Karst landforms. Columbia University Press, New York, 362 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Sweeting MM (1995) Karst in China. Its geomorphology and environment. Springer, Berlin, 265 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Szabó PZ (1964) Neue daten und Beobachtungen zur Kenntnis der Paläokarsterscheinungen in Ungarn. Erdkunde 18(2):135–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Székely K, Szentes G (1981) A Mammut-barlangrendszer földtani és geomorfológiai vázlata (Geological and geomorphological study of the Mammoth Cave System). Karszt és Barlang I-II:15–20 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Tan M (1992) Mathematical modelling of catchment morphology in the karst of Guizhou, China. Z Geomorphol N F 36(1):37–51

    Google Scholar 

  • Telbisz T, Dragašice H, Nagy B (2005) A horvátországi Biokovo-hegység karsztmorfológiai jellemzése terepi megfigyelések és digitális domborzatelemzés alapján (Doline morphometric analysis and karst morphology of Biokovo Mt (Croatia) based on field observations and digital Terrain analysis). Karsztfejlődés X:229–243 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Thomas TM (1974) The South Wales interstratal karst. Trans Br Cave Res Assoc 1:131–152

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Everdingen RO (1981) Morphology, hydrology and hydrochemistry of karst in permafrost near Great Bear Lake, Northwest Territories, Paper 11. National Hydrological Research Institute of Canada, Calgary, 53 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Husen D (2000) Geological processes during the quaternary. Mitteilungen der Österreichischen Geologischen Gesellschaft 92:135–156

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (1992) Karsztmorfológiai sajátosságok a Pádis fedett karsztjának példáján (Karstmorphological characteristics based on the example of the covered karst of Pádis). Földrajzi Közlemények CXVI(3–4):125–141 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (2000a) Covered karst evolution Northern Bakony mountains, W-Hungary. A Bakony Természettud. Kut. Eredményei, 23, Bakonyi Természettudományi Múzeum, Zirc, 167 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (2000b) Középhegységi karsztok néhány típusa (Some types of middle mountain karsts). Földrajzi Közlemények XXIV (XLVIII) 1–2:1–28 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (2005) Adalékok a Tábla-völgyi dülő (Tési-fennsík) fedett karsztosodásához ((in Hungarian) Data on covered karstification of the doline in Tábla valley, Tési plateau). Karsztfejlődés X:267–291 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (2006) Adatok a Tési-fennsík két térszínrészletének fedett karsztosodásához (Survey/data on covered karstification of two surface parts of the Tési plateau). Karsztfejlődés XI:171–184 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (2009) Investigation of covered karst form development using geophysical measurements. Z Geomorphol 53(4):469–486

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (2010) Adalékok az Aggteleki-fennsík völgyeinek fejlődéséhez (Some data to the valley evolution of the Aggtelek Plateau). Karszt és Barlang, 2008 évf (I–II):3–12 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (2011) Adatok a Mecsek-hegység fedett karsztosodásához a Cigány földi mintaterületről vett példák felhasználásával (Data to the covered Karstification of the Mecsek Mountains by using investigation data of Cigany Föld)– Karszt és Barlang, 2010 évf (I–II):9–30 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (2012a) New data on the development of the Baradla Cave. Acta Carsologica 42(2–3):193–204

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M (2012b) Glacial erosion and karst evolution (Karren formation on the surfaces formed by glaciers). In: Veress B, Szigethy J (eds) Horizons in earth science research. Nova Science Publishers Inc, New York, pp 1–94

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M, Péntek K (1996) Theoretical model of surface karstic processes. Z Geomorphol 40(4):461–476

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M, Péntek K (2010) The development of hum slopes due to karren formation. Karst Dev 1(2):23–36

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M, Zentai Z (2009) Karsztjelenségek minősítése a Bükk-hegység néhány mintaterületén a mészkőfekü morfológiájának és a fedőüledékek szerkezetének értékelésével (Classification of Karst phenomena on a few sample areas of the Bükk Mountains by using morphology of the limestone floor and the structure of the sedimentary rock). Karszt és Barlang, 2007 I–II:37–54 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M, Lóczy D, Zentai Z, Tóth G, Schläffer R (2008) The origin of the Bemaraha tsingy (Madagascar). Int J Speleol 37(2):131–142

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Veress M, Tóth G, Zentai Z, Schläffer R (2009) The Ankarana tsingy and its development. Carpathian J Earth Environ Sci 4(1):95–108

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M, Németh I, Unger Z, Kéri P (2013) Predicting potential sites of covered Karstification. J Geogr Geol V(1):1–18

    Google Scholar 

  • Veress M, Unger Z (2015) Kab mountain: Karst under a Basalt Cap. In: Lóczy D (ed) Landscapes and landforms of Hungary. Springer, Heidelberg/New York/Dordrecht/London, pp 55–62

    Google Scholar 

  • Waltham W (2004) Construction on karst. In: Gunn J (ed) Encyclopedia of caves and karst science. Fitzroy Dearborn, New York, pp 247–249

    Google Scholar 

  • Waltham T (2008) Fengcong, fenglin, cone karst and tower karst. Cave Karst Sci 35(3):77–88

    Google Scholar 

  • Waltham AC, Fookes PG (2003) Engineering classification of karst ground conditions. Q J Eng G Hydrogeol 36:101–118

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Waltham T, Bell F, Culshaw M (2005) Sinkholes and subsidence. Springer, Berlin, 382 p

    Google Scholar 

  • White WB (1988) Geomorphology and hydrology of karst Terrains. Oxford University Press, New York, 464 p

    Google Scholar 

  • White WB, Watson RA, Pohl ER, Brucker R (1970) The Central Kentucky karst. Geogr Rev 60(1):88–115

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wilford GE, Wall JRD (1965) Karst topography in Sarawak. J Trop Geogr 21:44–70

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams PW (1966) Morphometric analysis of temperate karst landforms. Irish Speleol 1:23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams PW (1969) The geomorphic effects of groundwater. In: Chorley RJ (ed) Water, earth and man. Methuen, London, pp 269–284

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams PW (1971) Illustrating morphometric analysis of karst with examples from New Guinea. Z Geomorphol 15(1):40–61

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams PW (1972a) Morphometric analysis of polygonal karst in New Guinea. Geol Soc Am Bull 83:761–796

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams PW (1972b) The analysis of spatial characteristics of karst terrains. In: Chorley RJ (ed) Spatial analysis in geomorphology. Methuen, London, pp 136–163

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams PW (1987) Geomorphic inheritance and the development of tower karst. Earth Surf Process Landforms 12(5):453–465

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams PW (2004) Polygonal karst and paleokarst of the King Country, North Island, New Zealand. Z Geomorphol 136(Suppl):45–67

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington (1984) The paleodrainage of an Appalachian Fluviokarst: Friars Hole, Went Virginio. McMaster University, MSc thesis, 218 p

    Google Scholar 

  • Xeidakis GS, Torok A, Skias S, Kleb B (2004) Engineering geological problems associated with karst terrains: their investigation, monitoring, and mitigation and design of engineering structures on karst terrains, Bulletin of the geological Society of Greece vol. XXXVI, Proceedings of the 10th International Congress, Thessaloniki, April 2004, 1932–1941

    Google Scholar 

  • Xuewen Z, Dehao Z (1988) Karst caves in Guilin. Geological Publishing House, Beijing, 249 p (in Chinese, English summary)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zámbó L (1970) A vörösagyagok és a felszíni karsztosodás kapcsolata az Aggteleki-karszt délnyugati részén (The relationship between red clays and surface karstification at the southwestern part of Aggtelek karst). Földrajzi Közlemények 94(18):281–293 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zámbó L (1986) Karsztvörösagyagok CO2 termelés és a karsztkorrózió összefüggése (The connection between the CO2 production of karst red clays and karst corrosion). A Nehézipari Műszaki Egyetem Közleményei I. sorozat Bányászat 33/1-4:125–138 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zámbó L (1993) The soil cover as a factor of Karstification. Ann Univ Sci Rol Eötvös Nom Sect Geogr XXII:67–74

    Google Scholar 

  • Zámbó L (1998) A talajtakaró (Soil cover). In: Baross G (ed) Az Aggteleki Nemzeti Park. Mezőgazda Kiadó, Budapest, pp 97–117 (in Hungarian)

    Google Scholar 

  • Zhang Z (1980) Karst types in China. GeoJournal 4(6):541–570

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zuffardi P (1976) Karst and economic mineral deposits. In: Wolf KH (ed) Handbook of Strata – bound and stratiform ore deposits, vol 3. Elsevier, Amsterdam, pp 175–212

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Geography and Environmental Sciences, University of West Hungary, Szombathely, Hungary

    Márton Veress

Authors
  1. Márton Veress
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Veress, M. (2016). Classification of Covered Karsts. In: Covered Karsts. Springer Geology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7518-2_4

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation