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Prospecting Prejudice: An Examination of the Long-Term Effects of Perceived Racial Discrimination on the Health Behavior and Health Status of African Americans

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Drug Use Trajectories Among Minority Youth

Abstract

African American adolescents tend to use substances at a lower rate than adolescents of other racial/ethnic groups. However, that pattern tends to change later in life, as African American young adults tend to exceed other young adults in terms of rates of problematic use. Several factors have been suggested as contributors to this racial cross-over in use patterns. This chapter concerns one of those factors: perceived racial discrimination. We report results of survey and experimental research examining the discrimination a substance use relation, with a focus on mediators of the relation (e.g., anger, diminished self-control), as well as moderators, including buffers (effective parenting, racial identity) and risk factors (coping style, neighborhood integration). Implications for intervention are also discussed.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Modifications included simplifying the language somewhat so it could be understood by 5th graders, and replacing some of the items concerning workplace discrimination with more general, community-based discrimination experiences.

  2. 2.

    Two issues about these analyses should be kept in mind. First, these are reports of lifetime use, so they will typically go up over time (though this amount of increase is unusual). Second, these figures are most likely (significant) underestimates for the overall sample. That is because in FACHS, like other longitudinal studies of health behavior, those who are engaging in more risky actions are more likely to attrite from the sample. In this case, the women who attrited from the study reported about three times as much problematic use at W1 as did the women who participated in all five waves. If we impute missing data across the last four waves, the percentages reporting problematic use at W5 exceed 40 %.

  3. 3.

    Although not always mentioned in the text, all of the studies involving either the Sargent et al. (2006) or FACHS data sets included a number of covariates. In FACHS, this typically consisted of contextual factors, such as neighborhood risk and SES; individual difference measures, such as sensation-seeking; and familial factors, such as parents’ and sometimes older siblings’ health risk behaviors.

  4. 4.

    We are also conducting studies that involve over inclusion (Stock et al. 2013a)—i.e., the participant receives the ball from the other “players” noticeably more than his/her share—to determine if this kind of noncontingent success may actually be stressful for both African American and White participants and, therefore, lead to more substance use BW (cf. Berglas and Jones 1978).

  5. 5.

    The contention here is based on the Prototype/Willingness model, which suggests that adolescent health risk behavior is both planful (and therefore involves deliberative, analytic reasoning or processing) and reactive, which means it also involves more image-based, heuristic processing (for a discussion of dual processing models, see Chaiken and Trope 1999; Sherman et al. 2014). Therefore, an intervention or preventive-intervention that targets both types of social information processing—and both pathways in the Prototype model—should be more effective than one that targets just analytic processing (which is typical for intervention programs).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, Storrs, CT, USA

    Frederick X. Gibbons & Meg Gerrard

  2. Department of Psychology, The George Washington University, Washington, DC, USA

    Michelle L. Stock

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, USA

    Ross E. O’Hara

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  1. Frederick X. Gibbons
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  2. Michelle L. Stock
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  3. Ross E. O’Hara
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  4. Meg Gerrard
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Correspondence to Frederick X. Gibbons .

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  1. The New York Academy of Medicine and the American Association of Geographers, Glenn Dale, Maryland, USA

    Yonette F. Thomas

  2. Health Inequities and Global Health Branch, National Heart Lung and Blood Institute, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland, USA

    LeShawndra N. Price

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Gibbons, F.X., Stock, M.L., O’Hara, R.E., Gerrard, M. (2016). Prospecting Prejudice: An Examination of the Long-Term Effects of Perceived Racial Discrimination on the Health Behavior and Health Status of African Americans. In: Thomas, Y., Price, L. (eds) Drug Use Trajectories Among Minority Youth. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7491-8_11

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