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State Transition Kinases and Redox Signal Transduction in Chloroplasts

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Cytochrome Complexes: Evolution, Structures, Energy Transduction, and Signaling

Part of the book series: Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration ((AIPH,volume 41))

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Summary

Both linear (LEF) and cyclic electron flow (CEF) occur in the photosynthetic electron transfer chain and are essential to meet the cellular demands in energy and reducing power. Because photosynthetic organisms are constantly subjected to changes in light and nutrient availability, they need to continuously adapt the relative levels of LEF and CEF. A key parameter in this response is the redox state of the photosynthetic electron transport chain. While the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of the CEF/LEF ratio by the chloroplast redox state are still poorly understood, considerable progress has been achieved in elucidating how the redox state of the plastoquinone pool is sensed by the Stt7/STN7 protein kinase associated with the cytochrome b 6 f complex. This kinase induces both a short term and a long term response, both of which tend to restore the redox poise of the plastoquinone pool and thus to optimize the photosynthetic efficiency. The short term response, called “state transitions,” involves the phosphorylation of the light harvesting system of PSII and its reversible migration from photosystem II to photosystem I. The long term response involves a signaling information chain from the chloroplast to the nucleus which ultimately adjusts the stoichiometry between the two photosystems for re-equilibrating their redox state and that of the intervening cytochrome b 6 f complex. The Stt7/STN7 kinase together with the Stl1/STN8 kinase and their associated phosphatases form a central quartet which is part of an extended chloroplast signaling network that is important for the dynamic response of the photosynthetic apparatus, especially under adverse environmental conditions.

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Abbreviations

CEF:

Cyclic electron transfer

Cytb 6 f :

Cytochrome b 6 f complex

DCMU:

3-(3,4-Dichlorophenyl)-1,1-dimethylurea

LEF:

Linear electron flow

LHC:

Light harvesting system

Ndh:

NAD dehydrogenase

PQ:

Plastoquinone

PQH2 :

Plastoquinol

PSI:

Photosystem I

PSII:

Photosystem II

Ptox:

Plastid terminal oxidase

Qo Qp :

The quinone binding site on the electrochemically positive side of the membrane

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Acknowledgements

I thank Nicolas Roggli for preparing the figures. The work in the author’s laboratory was supported by grant 31003A_133089/1 from the Swiss National Foundation.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Departments of Molecular Biology and Plant Biology, University of Geneva, 30, Quai Ernest Ansermet, 1204, Geneva, Switzerland

    Jean-David Rochaix

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  1. Jean-David Rochaix
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Correspondence to Jean-David Rochaix .

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana, USA

    William A. Cramer

  2. Department of Biology, University of Wisconsin-Oshkosh, Oshkosh, Wisconsin, USA

    Toivo Kallas

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Rochaix, JD. (2016). State Transition Kinases and Redox Signal Transduction in Chloroplasts. In: Cramer, W., Kallas, T. (eds) Cytochrome Complexes: Evolution, Structures, Energy Transduction, and Signaling. Advances in Photosynthesis and Respiration, vol 41. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7481-9_24

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