Abstract
Discovering the next source of transportation fuels remains one of the greatest challenges in the twenty-first century for governments and scientists. Bio-based fuels, currently the source of less than 1 % of the transportation fuel supply chain, represent a potential renewable feedstock. Presently, arable land-based biofuel feedstock production has resulted in an increase in food values and environmental degradation. Contrasting traditional agrarian-based feedstocks, algae represent a carbon neutral alternative. The resurgence in micro and macroalgal-based biofuels has resulted in numerous studies on the production of biodiesel, bioethanol, and biogas. The fundamental economic modeling of algal-based biofuels does not support the direct utilization of algae as a feedstock as the various algal bioproducts are far more valuable. As a result, algal-based biofuel production will be economically viable when fully integrated into complete bioproducts/biofuel processing strategy which will be covered in this paper.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
Adenle AA, Haslam GE, Lee L (2013) Global assessment of research and development for algae biofuel production and its potential role for sustainable development in developing countries. Energy Policy 61:182–195
Ahmed F, Li Y, Schenk PM (2012) Algal biorefinery: sustainable production of biofuels and aquaculture feed. In: Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology new volume (25): the science of algal fuel, pp 21–41. ISBN-978-94-007-5110-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5110-1_2
American Society for testing and Materials (ASTM) (2009) Standard specification for biodiesel fuel blend stock (B100) for middle distillate fuels. Web address: http://www.astm.org/SNEWS/JF_2009/nelson_jf09.html
Badger PC (2002) Ethanol from cellulose: a general review. Reprinted from: Trends in new crops and new uses. Janick J, Whipkey A (eds). ASHS Press, Alexandria, pp 17–21
Bastianoni S, Marchettini N (1996) Ethanol production from biomass: analysis of process efficiency and sustainability. Biomass Bioenergy 11(5):411–418
Beer LL, Boyd ES, Peters JW, Posewitz MC (2009) Engineering algae for biohydrogen and biofuel production. Curr Opin Biotechnol 20:264–271
Bird KT, Benson J (1987) Seaweed cultivation for renewable resources. Elsevier Science Ltd, Amsterdam, pp 1–381
BP (2014) BP statistical review of world energy. Web address: https://www.bp.com/content/dam/bp/pdf/Energy-economics/statistical-review-2015/bpstatistical-review-of-world-energy-2015-full-report.pdf
Brennan L, Owende P (2010) Biofuels from microalgae-a review of technologies for production, processing, and extractions of biofuels and co-products. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14(2):557–577
Butler MR (1931) Comparison of the chemical composition of some marine algae. Plant Physiol 6(2):295–305
Carpentier B, Festino C, Aubart C (1988) Anaerobic digestion of floatation sludges from the alginic acid extraction process. Biol Waste 23:269–278
Chynoweth DP, Owens JM, Legrad R (2001) Renewable methane from anaerobic digestion of biomass. Renew Energy 22(1–3):1–8
Davis TA, Ramirez M, Mucci A, Larsen B (2004) Extraction, isolation and cadmium binding of alginate from Sargassum spp. J Appl Phycol 16:275–284
Day JG, Stanley MS (2012) Biological constrains on the exploitation of microalgae for biofuel. In: Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology new volume (25): the science of algal fuel, pp 101–129. ISBN-978-94-007-5110-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5110-1_6
de la Jara A, Mendosa H, Martel A, Molina C, de la Nordstron L, Rosa V, Diaz R (2003) Flow cytometric determination of lipid content in a marine dinoflagellate Crypthecodinium cohnii. J Appl Phycol 15:433–438
Demirbas AH (2009) Inexpensive oil and fats feedstocks for production of biodiesel. Energy Educ Sci Technol Part A 23:1–13
Divakaran R, Pillai VNS (2002) Flocculation of algae using chitosan. J Appl Phycol 14(5):419–422
DuPont A (2013) Best practices for the sustainable production of algae-based biofuel in China. Mitig Adapt Strateg Glob Chang 18:97–111
Dumsday GJ, Jones K, Stanley GA, Pamment NB (1997) Recombinant organisms for ethanol production from hemicelluloseic hydrolyzates – a review of recent progress. Australas Biotechnol 7:285–295
Edwards M (2008) Green algae strategy. End oil imports and engineer sustainable food and fuel. ISBN 1440421846EAN-13 is 9781440421846 Tempe, Arizona. p 248
Ethanol Across America Summer (2007) The impact of ethanol production on food, feed and fuel, pp 1–8. Web address: http://www.cleanfuelsdc.org/pubs/documents/FoodFeedandFuel08.pdf
Faus RD, Powers S, Burken JG, Alvarez PJ (2009) The water footprint of biofuels: a drink or drive issue? Environ Sci Technol 43:3005–3010
Fischer G, Schrattenholzer L (2001) Global bioenergy potentials through 2050. Biomass Bioenergy 20:151–159
Gacesa P (1992) Minireview: enzymatic degradation of alginates. Int J Biochem 24:545–552
Galbe M, Zacchi G (2002) A review of the production of ethanol from softwood. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 59:618–628
Ge L, Wang P, Mou H (2011) Study on saccharification techniques of seaweed wastes for the transformation of ethanol. Renew Energy 36:84–89
Goh CS, Lee KT (2010) A visionary and conceptual macroalgae-based third-generation bioethanol (TGB) biorefinery in Sabah, Malaysia as an underlay for renewable and sustainable development. Renew Sus Energy Rev 14:842–848
Groenestijn JWV, Hazewinkel JHO, Bakker RR (2007) Pre-treatment of lignocellolose with biological acid recycling (the biosulfurol process). TNO, pp 1–6. Pre-treatment of lignocellolose with biological acid recycling (the biosulfurol process). TNO:1–6
Gunaseelan VN (1997) Anaerobic digestion of biomass for methane production: a review. Biomass Bioenergy 13:83–114
Haugen F, Kortner F, Larsen B (1990) Kinetics and specificity of alginate lyases: part I, a case study. Carbohydr Res 198:101–109
Hong JW, Jo SW, Yoon HS (2014) Research and development for algae-based technologies in Korea: a review of algae biofuel production. Photosynth Res. doi:10.1007/s11120-014-9974-y
Horn SJ, Østgaard K (2001) Alginate lyase activity and acidogenesis during fermentation of Laminaria hyperborea. J Appl Phycol 13:143–152
Horn SJ, Aasen IM, Østgaard K (2000) Production of ethanol from mannitol by Zymobacter palmae. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 24:51–57
Jones CS, Mayfield SP (2012) Algal biofuels: versatility for the future of bioenergy. Curr Opin Biotechnol 23(3):246–251
Kumar S, Sahoo D (2012) Seaweeds as a source of bioethanol. In: Algal biotechnology and environment. I. K. International Publication, New Delhi, pp 101–109
Kumar S, Gupta R, Kumar G, Sahoo D, Kuhad RC (2013) Bioethanol production from Gracilaria verrucosa, a red alga, in abiorefinery approach. Bioresour Technol 135:150–156
Lee AK, Lewis DM, Ashman PJ (2009) Microbial flocculation, a potentially low-cost harvesting technique for marine microalgae for the production of biodiesel. J Appl Phycol 21:559–567
Lin S, Teong LK (2010) Recent trends, opportunities and challenges of biodiesel in Malaysia: an overview. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:938–954
Markou G, Neraantzis E (2013) Microalgae for high-value compounds and biofuels production: a review with focus on cultivation under stress conditions. Biotechnol Adv 31(8):1532–1542
Martin P, Mair C, Kraan S (2010) Seaweeds for second generation bioethanol; can we compete with corn? XX International Seaweed Symposium, México, p 77
Mata TM, Martin AA, Caetano NS (2010) Microalgae for biodiesel production and other applications: a review. Renew Sustain Energy Rev 14:217–232
Matsumoto M, Hiroko Y, Nobukazu S, Hiroshi O, Tadashi M (2003) Sacchari of marine microalgae using marine bacteria for ethanol production. Appl Biochem Biotechnol 105:247–254
Metting B, Pyne JW (1986) Biologically active compounds from microalgae. Enzym Microb Technol 8(7):386–394
Moen E, Horn SJ, Østgaard K (1997) Alginate degradation during anaerobic digestion of Laminaria hyperborea stipes. J Appl Phycol 9:157–166
Nair S, Paulose H (2014) Emergence of green business models: the case of algae biofuel for aviation. Energy Policy 65:175–184
Pattarkine MV, Pattarkine VM (2012) Nanotechnology for algal biofuel. In: Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology new volume (25): the science of algal fuel, pp 147–163
Quain DE, Boulton CA (1987) Growth and metabolism of mannitol by strains of S. cerevisiae. J Gen Microbiol 133:1675–1684
Reznik A, Israel A (2012) Fuel from seaweeds: rationale and feasibility. In: Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology new volume (25): the science of algal fuel, pp 241–254. ISBN-978-94-007-5110-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5110-1_19
Sahoo D, Kumar S, Elangbam G, Devi SS (2012) Biofuel production from algae through integrated biorefinery. In: Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology new volume (25): the science of algal fuel, pp 215–230. ISBN-978-94-007-5110-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5110-1_12
Schenk PM, Thomas-Hall SR, Stephens E, Marx UC, Mussgnug JH, Posten C, Kruse O, Hankamer B (2008) Second generation biofuels: high-efficiency microalgae for biodiesel production. Bioenerg Res 1:20–43
Schumacher M, Yanik J, Sinağ A, Kruse A (2011) Hydrothermal conversion of seaweeds in a batch autoclave. J Supercrit Fluids 58:131–135
Shields R, Flynn K, Lovitt B, Greenwell C, Ratcliffe I, Facey P, Jarvis R (2008) A technology review and roadmap for microalgal biotechnology in Wales
Silva MTL, Reis A (2012) Biodiesel production from microalgal methods for microalgal lipid assessment with emphasis on the use of flow cytometry. In: Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology new volume (25): the science of algal fuel, pp 253–267. ISBN-978-94-007-5110-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5110-1_14
Singh J, Gu S (2010) Commercialization potential of microalgae for biofuel production. Renew Sus Energy Rev 14:2596–2610
Singh A, Nigam PS, Murphy JD (2011a) Renewable fuels from algae: an answer to debatable land based fuels. Bioresour Technol 102:10–16
Singh A, Nigam PS, Murphy JD (2011b) Mechanism and challenges in commercialization of algal biofuels. Bioresour Technol 102:26–34
Slade R, Bauen A (2013) Micro-algae cultivation for biofuels: cost, energy balance, environmental impacts and future prospects. Biomass Bioenergy 53:29–38
Spolaore P, Joannis CC, Duran E, Isambert A (2006) Commercial application of microalgae: a review. J Biosci Bioeng 101:87–96
Staff Angel Research (2007) The truth about oil: energy and capital. Retrieved from http://www.energyandcapital.com/reports/TruthAboutOil.pdf
Subhadra B, Grinson-George (2011) Algal biorefinery-based industry: an approach to address fuel and food insecurity for a carbon-smart world. J Sci Food Agric 91(1):2–13
Takeda H, Yoneyama F, Kawai S, Hashimoto W, Murata K (2011) Bioethanol production from marine biomass alginate by metabolically engineered bacteria. Energy Environ Sci 4:2575–2581
Torzillo G, Faraloni C, Giannelli L (2012) Biotechnology of hydrogen production with the microalga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii. In: Cellular origin, life in extreme habitats and astrobiology new volume (25): the science of algal fuel, pp 305–319. ISBN-978-94-007-5110-1, doi:10.1007/978-94-007-5110-1_17
Van Dijken JP, Scheffers WA (1986) Redox balances in metabolism of sugar by yeasts. FEMS Microbiol Rev 32:199–224
Vivekanand V, Eijsink VGH, Horn SJ (2012) Biogas production from the brown seaweed Saccharina latissima: thermal pretreatment and codigestion with wheat straw. J Appl Phycol 24(5):1295–1301
Vonshak A, Abeliovich A, Boussiba A, Arad S, Richmond A (1982) Production of Spirulina biomass: effects of environmental factors and population density. Biomass 2:175–185
Wheal AE, Basso LC, Alves DMG, Amorim HV (1999) Fuel ethanol after 25 years. Focus 17:482–487
Yokoyama S, Jonouchi K, Imou K (2007) Energy production from marine biomass: fuel cell power generation driven by methane produce from seaweed. Proc World Acad Sci Eng Technol 22:320–323
Yun EJ, Shin MH, Yoon JJ, Kim YJ, Choi IG, Kim KH (2011) Production of 3,6-anhydro-L-galactose from agarose by agarolytic enzymes of Saccharophagus degradans 2-40. Process Biochem 46:88–93
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Kumar, S., Sahoo, D., Levine, I.A. (2015). Algae as a Source of Biofuel. In: Sahoo, D., Seckbach, J. (eds) The Algae World. Cellular Origin, Life in Extreme Habitats and Astrobiology, vol 26. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7321-8_19
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7321-8_19
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-7320-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-7321-8
eBook Packages: Biomedical and Life SciencesBiomedical and Life Sciences (R0)