Abstract
During recent years there have been notorious advances in the development of organic molecules and π-conjugated polymers with two-photon activity, i.e., emission of fluorescence promoted by the molecular absorption of two photons. Novel organic materials have reached very large two-photon activity, and many of them have been processed successfully into nanostructured platforms. In contrast to their inorganic counterpart, organic nanoparticles with photonic properties is a topic that so far has not been well explored, although deserves big potential in biomedical applications. This chapter presents recent advances in this field, particularly, in the use of organic nanoparticles as contrast agents to obtain bioimages.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsReferences
W. Denk, J.H. Strickler, W.W. Webb, Two-photon laser scanning fluorescent microscopy. Science 248(6), 73–76 (1990)
H.H. Fang, Q.D. Chen, J. Yang, H. Xia, Y.-G. Ma, H.-Y. Wang, H.-B. Sun, Two-photon excited highly polarized and directional upconversion emission from slab organic crystals. Opt. Lett. 35(3), 441–443 (2010)
H. Guang, Y. Lixiang, P.N. Prasad, A. Abbotto, A. Facchetti, G.A. Pagani, Two-photon pumped frequency-upconversion lasing of a new blue-green dye material. Opt. Commun. 140(1–3), 49–52 (1997)
J.E. Ehrlich, X.L. Wu, I.-Y.S. Lee, Z.-Y. Hu, H. Röckel, S.R. Marder, J.W. Perry, Two-photon absorption and broadband optical limiting with bis-donor stilbenes. Opt. Lett. 22(24), 1843–1845 (1997)
P. Wei, O.F. Tan, Y. Zhu, G.H. Duan, Axial superresolution of two-photon microfabrication. Appl. Opt. 46(18), 3694–3699 (2007)
N.S. Makarov, A. Rebane, M. Drobizhev, H. Wolleb, H. Spahni, Optimization two-photon absorption for volumetric storage. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 24(8), 1874–1885 (2007)
S.J. Pond, O. Tsutsumi, M. Rumi, O. Kwon, E. Zojer, J.L. Brédas, S.R. Marder, J.W. Perry, Metal-ion sensing fluorophores with large two-photon absorption cross sections: Aza-crown ether substituted donor-acceptor-donor distyrylbenzenes. Development of highly fluorescent silica nanoparticles chemically doped with organic dye for sensitive DNA microarray detection. J Am Chem Soc. 126(30), 9291–9306 (2004)
S. Kim, T.Y. Ohulchanskyy, H.E. Pudavar, R.K. Pandey, P.N. Prasad, Organically modified silica nanoparticles co-encapsulating photosensitizing drugs and aggregation-enhanced two-photon absorbing fluorescent dye aggregates for two photon therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(9), 2669–2675 (2007)
M. Khurana, H.A. Collins, A. Karotki, H.L. Anderson, D.T. Cramb, B.C. Wilson, Quantitative in vitro demonstration of two-photon photodynamic therapy using photofrin and visudyne. Photochem. Photobio. 83(6), 1441–1448 (2007)
M. Göppert-Mayer, Über Elementarakte mit zwei Quantensprüngen. Ann. Phys. (Leipzig) 9, 273 (1931)
M.C. Rumi, J.W. Perry, Two-photon absorption: an overview of measurements and principles. Adv. Opt. Photon. 2(4), 451–518 (2010)
M. Sheik-Bahae, A.A. Said, T.H. Wei, D.J. Hagan, E.W. Van Stryland, Sensitive measurement of optical nonlinearities using a single beam. IEEE LEOS NEWSLETTER 21(1), 17–26 (2007). (Special 30th Anniversary Feature)
L. Antonov, K. Kamada, K. Ohta, Estimation of two-photon absorption characteristic by a global fitting procedure. Appl. Spectrosc. 56(11), 1508–1511 (2002)
K. Kamada, K. Ohta, Y. Iwase, K. Kondo, Two-photon absorption properties of symmetric substituted diacetylene: drastic enhanced of the cross section near the one-photon absorption peak. Chem. Phys. Lett. 372(3–4), 386–393 (2003)
C. Xu, W.W. Webb, Measurement of two-photon excitation cross section of molecular fluorophores with data from 690 to 1050 nm. J. Opt. Soc. Am. B 13(3), 481–491 (1996)
A. Taouri, H. Derbal, J.M. Nunzi, R. Mountasser, M. Sylla, Two-photon absorption cross-section measurement by thermal lens and nonlinear transmission methods in organic materials at 532 and 1064 nm laser excitation. J. Optoelectronic Adv. Mater. 11(11), 1696–1703 (2009)
C.V. Bindhu, S.S. Harilal, V.P.N. Nampoori, C.P.G. Vallabhan, Investigation of nonlinear absorption and aggregation in aqueous solution of rhodamine B using thermal lens technique. PRAMANA-J. Phys. 52(4), 435–442 (1999)
C.V. Bindhu, S.S. Harilal, R.C. Issac, G.K. Varier, V.P.N. Nampoori, C.P.G. Vallabhan, Pulsed photoacoustic technique to study nonlinear processes in liquids: results in toluene. PRAMANA-J. Phys. 44(3), 231–235 (1995)
M.A. Albota, C. Xu, W.W. Webb, Two-photon fluorescence excitation cross section of biomolecular probes from 690 to 960 nm. App. Opt. 37(31), 7352–7356 (1998)
G.S. He, L.-S. Tan, Q. Zheng, P.N. Prasad, Multiphoton absorbing materials: molecular design, characterizations and applications. Chem. Rev. 108(4), 1245–1330 (2008)
M. Pawlicki, H.A. Collins, R.G. Denning, H.L. Anderson, Two-photon absorption and the design of two-photon dyes. Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 48(18), 3244–3266 (2009)
M. Rumi, J.E. Ehrlich, A.A. Heikal, J.W. Perry, S. Barlow, Z. Hu, D. McCord-Maughon, T.C. Parker, H. Röckel, S. Thayumanavan, S.R. Marder, D. Beljonne, J.-L. Brédas, Structure-property relationship for two-photon absorbing chromophores: bis-donor diphenylpolyene and bis(styrylbenzene derivatives). J. Am. Chem. Soc. 122(39), 9500–9510 (2000)
B.A. Reinhardt, L.L. Brott, S.J. Clarson, A.G. Dillard, J.C. Bhatt, R. Kannan, L. Yuan, G.S. He, P.N. Prasad, Highly active two-photon dyes: design, synthesis, and characterization toward application. Chem. Mater. 10(7), 1863–1874 (1998)
H.M. Kim, B.R. Cho, Two-photon materials with large two photon cross section. Structure property relationship. Chem. Commun. 2, 153–164 (2009)
F. NicoudJ, F. Bolze, X.-H. Sun, A. Hayek, P. Baldeck, Boron-containing two-photon absorbing chromophores. 3(1) one- and two-photon photophysical properties of p-carborane-containing fluorescent bioprobes. Inorg. Chem. 50(10), 4272–4278 (2011)
H.Y. Woo, B. Liu, B. Kholer, D. Korystov, A. Mikhailovsky, G.C. Bazan, Solvent effects on the two-photon absorption of distyrylbenzene chromophores. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127(42), 14721–14729 (2005)
P. Sharma, S. Brown, G. Walter, S. Santra, B. Moudgil, Nanoparticles for bioimaging. Adv. Colloid Interface Sci. 123–126, 471–485 (2006)
H. Kasai, H.S. Nalwa, H. Oikawa, S. Okada, H. Matsuda, N. Minami, A. Kakuta, K. Ono, A. Mukoh, H. Nakanishi, A novel preparation method of organic microcrystals. Jpn. J. Appl. Phys 3l, L1132 (1992)
S. Kim, Q. Zheng, G.S. He, D.J. Bharali, H.E. Pudavar, A. Baev, P.N. Prasad, Aggregation-enhanced fluorescence and two-photon absorption in nanoaggregates of a 9,10-bis[4′-(4″-aminostyryl)styryl]anthracene derivative. Adv. Funct. Mater. 16, 2317–2323 (2006)
J. Rodríguez-Romero, L. Aparicio-Ixta, M. Rodríguez, G. Ramos-Ortíz, J.L. Maldonado, A. Jiménez-Sánchez, N. Farfán, R. Santillan, Synthesis, chemical-optical characterization and solvent interaction effect of novel fluorene-chromophores with D-A-D structure. Dyes Pigm. 98(1), 31–41 (2013)
Y. Tian, C.-Y. Chen, Y.-J. Cheng, A.C. Young, N.M. Tucker, A.K.-Y. Jen, Hydrophobic chromophores in aqueous micellar solution showing large two-photon absorption cross sections. Adv. Funct. Mater. 17(10), 1691–1697 (2007)
K. Baba, T.Y. Ohulchanskyy, Q. Zheng, T.C. Lin, E.J. Bergey, P.N. Prasad, Infrared emitting dye and/or two photon excitable fluorescent dye encapsulated in biodegradable polymer nanoparticles for bioimaging. Mater. Res. Soc. Symp. Proc. 845, 209–214 (2005)
Q. Zheng, T.Y. Ohulchanskyy, Y. Sahoo, P.N. Prasad, Water-dispersible polymeric structure co-encapsulation a novel hexa-peri-hexabenzocoronene core containing chromophore with enhanced two-photon absorption an magnetic nanoparticles for magnetically guided two-photon cellular imaging. J. Phys. Chem. C 111(45), 16846–16851 (2007)
W.-C. Wu, C.-Y. Chen, Y. Tian, S.-H. Jang, Y. Hong, Y. Liu, R. Hu, B.Z. Tang, Y.-T. Lee, C.-T. Chen, W.-C. Chen, A.K.-Y. Jen, Enhancement of aggregation-induced emission in dye-encapsulating polymeric micelles for bioimaging. Adv. Funct. Mater. 20, 1413–1423 (2010)
T.T. Morgan, H.S. Muddana, Eİ. Altinoğ, S.M. Rouse, A. Tabaković, T. Tabouillot, T.J. Russin, S.S. Shanmugavelandy, P.J. Butler, P.C. Eklund, J.K. Yun, M. Kester, J.H. Adair, Encapsulation of organic molecules in calcium phosphate nanocomposite particles for intracellular imaging and drug delivery. NanoLett. 8(12), 4108–4115 (2008)
T.Y. Ohulchanskyy, I. Roy, K.-T. Yong, H.E. Pudavar, P.N. Prasad, High-resolution light microscopy using luminescent nanoparticles. WIREs Nanomed. Nanobiotechnol. 2(2), 162–175 (2010)
M. Gary-Bobo, Y. Mir, C. Rouxel, D. Brevet, I. Basile, M. Maynadier, O. Vaillant, O. Mongin, M. Blanchard-Desce, A. Morère, M. Garcia, J.-O. Durand, L. Raehm, Mannose-functionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for efficient two-photon photodynamic therapy of solid tumors. Angew. Chem. 123(48), 11627–11631 (2011)
C. Rouxel, M. Charlot, Y. Mir, C. Frochot, O. Mongin, M. Blanchard-Desce, Banana-shaped biophotonics quadrupolar chromophores: from fluorophores to biophotonic photosensitizers. New J. Chem. 35, 1771–1780 (2011)
S. Kim, H.E. Pudavar, A. Bonoiu, P.N. Prasad, Aggregation-enhanced fluorescence in organically modified silica nanoparticles: a novel approach toward high-signal-output nanoprobes for two-photon fluorescence bioimaging. Adv. Mater. 19(22), 3791–3795 (2007)
Z. Zhao, B. Chen, J. Geng, Z. Chang, L. Aparicio-Ixta, H. Nie, C.C. Goh, L.G. Ng, A. Qin, G. Ramos-Ortiz, B. Liu, B. Zhong, Red emissive biocompatible nanoparticles from tetraphenylethene-decorated BODIPY luminogens for two-photon excited fluorescence cellular imaging and mouse brain blood vascular visualization. Part. Part. Syst. Charact. 31(4), 481–491 (2014)
L. Aparicio-Ixta, G. Ramos-Ortiz, J.L. Pichardo-Molina, J.L. Maldonado, M. Rodríguez, V.M. Tellez-Lopez, D. Martinez-Fong, M.G. Zolotukhin, S. Fomine, M.A. Meneses-Nava, O. Barbosa-García, Two-photon excited fluorescence of silica nanoparticles loaded with a fluorene-based monomer and its cross-conjugated polymer: their application to cell imaging. Nanoscale 4, 7751–7759 (2012)
S. Krol, R. Macrez, F. Docagne, G. Defer, S. Laurent, M. Rahman, M.J. Hajipour, P. Kehoe, M. Mahmoudi, Therapeutic benefits from nanoparticles: the potential significance of nanoscience in diseases with compromise to the bold brain barrie. Chem. Rev. 113(3), 1877–1903 (2013)
P.T.C. So, C.Y. Dong, B.R. Masters, K.M. Berland, Two-photon excitation fluorescence microscopy. Annu. Rev. Biomed. Eng. 2, 399–429 (2000)
P. HermannJ, J. Ducuing, Dispersion of the two-photon cross section in rhodamine dyes. Opt. Commun. 6(2), 101–105 (1972)
N.S. Makarov, M. Drobizhev, A. Rebane, Two-photon absorption standards in the 550–1600 nm excitation wavelength range. Opt. Express 16(6), 4029–4047 (2008)
J.R. Lakowicz, Principles of Fluorescence Spectroscopy, 3rd edn. (Springer, Berlin, 2010). 2010
K. Svoboda, R. Yasuda, Principles of two-photon excitation microscopy and its applications to neuroscience. Neuron 50, 823–839 (2006)
S.S. Agasti, S. Rana, M.-H. Park, C. Kim, C.-C. You, V. Rotello, Nanoparticles for detection and diagnostic. Adv. Drug Delivery Rev. 62(3), 316–328 (2010)
M.-Q. Zhu, G.-F. Zhang, C. Li, M. Aldred, E. Chang, R. Drezek, A.D.Q. Li, Reversible two-photon photoswitching and two-photon imaging of immunofunctionalized nanoparticles target to cancer cells. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 133(2), 365–372 (2011)
X. Diao, W. Li, J. Yu, X. Wang, X. Zhang, Y. Yang, F. An, Z. Liu, X. Zhang, Carrier-free, water dispersible and highly luminescent dye nanoparticles for targeted cell imaging. Nanoscale 4, 5373–5377 (2012)
K. Li, Y. Jiang, D. Ding, X. Zhang, Y. Liu, J. Hua, S.S. Feng, B. Liu, Folic acid-functionalized two-photon absorbing nanoparticles for targeted MCF-7 cancer cell imaging. Chem. Commun. 47, 7323–7325 (2011)
N.A. Abdul, W. McDaniel, K. Bardon, S. Srinivasan, V. Vickerman, P.T.C. So, J. Ho, Conjugated polymer nanoparticles for two-photon imaging of endothelial cells in a tissue model. Adv. Mater. 21, 3492–3496 (2009)
J. QianYao, K.-T. Yong, I. Roy, T.Y. Ohulchanskyy, E.J. Bergey, Imaging pancreatic cancer using surface-functionalized quantum dots. J. Phys. Chem. B 111, 6969–6972 (2007)
M. Nyk, R. Kumar, T.Y. Ohulchanskyy, E.J. Bergey, P.N. Prasad, High contrast in vitro and in vivo photoluminescence bioimaging using near infrared to near infrared up-conversion in TM3+ and Yb3+ doped fluoride nanophosphors. NanoLett. 8, 3834–3838 (2008)
S. Santra, P. Zhang, K.M. Wang, R. Tapec, W.H. Tan, Conjugation of biomolecules with luminophore-doped silica nanoparticles for photostable biomarkers. Anal. Chem. 73, 4988–4993 (2001)
J.E. Smith, C.D. Medley, Z.W. Tang, D. Shangguan, C. Lofton, W.H. Tan, Aptamer-conjugated nanoparticles for the collection and detection of multiple cancer cells. Anal Chem 79, 3075–3082 (2007)
G. Yao, L. Wang, Y.R. Wu, J. Smith, J.S. Xu, W.J. Zhao, E.J. Lee, W.H. Tan, FloDots: luminescent nanoparticles. Anal. Bioanal. Chem. 385, 518–524 (2006)
S.H. Kim, H. Huang, H.E. Pudavar, Y.P. Cui, P.N. Prasad, Intraparticle energy transfer and fluorescence photoconversion in nanoparticles: an optical highlighter nanoprobe for two-photon bioimaging. Chem. Mater. 19, 5650–5656 (2007)
X. Wang, S. Yao, H.-Y. Ahn, Y. Zhang, M.V. Bondar, J.A. Torres, K.D. Belfield, Folate receptor targeting silica nanoparticles probe for two-photon fluorescence bioimaging. Biomed. Opt. Express 1(2), 453–462 (2010)
X. Wang, A.R. Morales, T. Urakami, L. Zhang, M. Bondar, M. Komatsu, K.D. Belfield, Folate receptor-target aggregation-enhanced near-IR emitting silica nanoprobe for one-photon in vivo and two-photon ex vivo fluorescence bioimaging. Bioconjugate Chem. 22(7), 1438–1450 (2011)
J. Park, A. Estrada, K. Sharp, K. Sang, J. Schwartz, D. Smith, C. Coleman, J.D. Payne, B.A. Korgel, A. Dunn, J.W. Tunell, Two-photon-induced photoluminescence imaging of tumors using near-infrared excited gold nanoshells. Opt. Express 16(3), 1590–1599 (2008)
W.-C. Law, K.-T. Yong, I. Roy, G. Xu, H. Ding, E.J. Bergey, H. Zeng, P.N. Prasad, Optically and magnetically doped modified silica nanoparticles as efficient magnetically guide biomarker for two-photon imaging of live cells. J. Phys. Chem. C. 112(21), 7972–7977 (2008)
J.P. Celli, B.Q. Spring, I. Rizvi, C.L. Evans, K.S. Samkoe, S. Verma, B.W. Pogue, T. Hasan, Imaging and photodynamic therapy: mechanisms, monitoring and optimization. Chem. Rev. 110(5), 2795–2838 (2010)
M. Triesscheijn, P. Baas, J.H.M. Schellens, F. Stewart, Photodynamic therapy in oncology. Oncologist 11, 1034–1044 (2006)
N. He, B. Li, H. Zhang, J. Hua, S. Jiang, Synthesis, two-photon absorption and optical limiting properties of new linear and multi-branched bithiazole-based derivatives. Synth. Met. 162, 217–224 (2012)
X. Shen, L. Li, A.C.M. Chan, N. Gao, S.Q. Yao, Q.-H. Xu, Water-soluble conjugated polymers for simultaneous Two-photon cell imaging and Two-photon photodynamic therapy. Adv. Opt. Mater. 1, 92–99 (2013)
L. Kelbauskas, W. Dietel, Internalization of aggregated photosensitizer by tumor cells: subcellular time-revolved fluorescence spectroscopy on derivatives of pyropheophorbide-a ethers and chlorin e6 under femtosecond one- and two-photon excitation. Photochem. Photobiol. 76(6), 686–694 (2002)
S. Kim, T.Y. Ohulchanssky, H.E. Pudavar, R.K. Pandey, P.N. Prasad, Organically modified silica nanoparticles coencapsulating photosensitizing drug and aggregation-enhanced two photon absorbing fluorescent dye aggregates for two-photon photodynamic therapy. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129, 2669–2675 (2007)
W.R. Dichtel, J.M. Serin, C. Edder, J.M.J. Fréchet, M. Matuszewski, L.-S. Tang, T.Y. Ohulchanskyy, P.N. Prasad, Singlet oxygen generation via two-photon excited FRET. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 126(17), 5380–5381 (2004)
M.A. Oar, J.M. Serin, W.R. Dichtel, J.M. Fréchet, Photosensitization of singlet oxygen via two-photon-excited fluorescence resonance energy transfer in water-soluble dendrimer. Chem. Mater. 17, 2267–2275 (2005)
X. Shen, F. He, J. Wu, G.Q. Xu, S.Q. Yao, Q.-H. Xu, Enhanced two-photon singlet oxygen generation by photosensitizer-doped conjugate polymer nanoparticles. Langmuir 27(5), 1739–1744 (2011)
K.S. Samkoe, A.A. Clancy, A. Karotki, B.C. Wilson, D.T. Cramb, Complete blood vessel occlusion in the chick chrioallantonic membrane using two-photon excitation photodynamic therapy: implications for treatment of wet age-related macular degeneration. J. Biomed. Opt. 12(3), 034025-1–034025-14 (2007)
S.-H. Cheng, C.-C. Hsieh, N.-T. Chen, C.-H. Chu, C.-M. Huang, P.-T. Chou, F.-G. Tseng, C.-S. Yang, C.-Y. Mou, L.-W. Lo, Well-defined mesoporous nanostructure modulates three-dimensional interface energy transfer for two-photon activated photodynamic therapy. Nano Today 6, 552–563 (2011)
M. Gary-Bobo, Y. Mir, C. Rouxel, D. Brevet, O. Hocine, M. Maynadier, A. Gallud, A. Silva, O. Mongin, M. Blanchard-Desce, S. Richeter, B. Loockd, P. Maillard, A. Morère, M. Garcia, L. Raehm, J.-O. Durand, Multifuntionalized mesoporous silica nanoparticles for the in vitro treatment of retinoblastoma: drug deliver, one and two-photon photodynamic therapy. Int. J. Pharm. 432, 99–104 (2012)
J. Qian, D. Wang, F. Cai, Q. Zhan, Y. Wang, S. He, Photosensitizer encapsulated organically modified silica nanoparticles for direct two-photon photodynamic therapy and in vivo functional imaging. Biomaterials 33(19), 4851–4860 (2012)
C. Huang, C. Lin, A. Ren, N. Yang, Dicyanostilbene-derived two-photon fluorescence dyes with large two-photon absorption cross sections. J. Mol. Struct. 1006(1–3), 91–95 (2011)
Y. Tan, Q. Zhang, J. Yu, X. Zhao, Y. Tian, Y. Cui, X. Hao, Y. Yang, G. Qian, Solvent effect on two-photon absorption (TPA) of three novel dyes with large TPA cross-section and red emission. Dyes Pigm. 97(1), 58–64 (2013)
D. Xu, Z. Yu, M. Yang, Z. Zheng, L. Zhu, X. Zhang, L. Ye, J. Wu, Y. Tian, H. Zhou, 2,20-Bipyridine derivatives containing aza-crown ether: structure, two-photon absorption and bioimaging. Dyes Pigm. 100, 142–149 (2014)
C. Huang, X. Peng, D. Yi, J. Qu, H. Niu, Dicyanostilbene-based two-photon thermo-solvatochromic fluorescence probes with large two-photon absorption cross sections: detection of solvent polarities, viscosities, and temperature. Sens. Actuators B 182, 521–529 (2013)
F. Hao, Z. Liu, M. Zhang, J. Liu, S. Zhang, J. Wu, H. Zhou, Y.-P. Tian, Four new two-photon polymerization initiators with varying donor and conjugated bridge: Synthesis and two-photon activity. Spectrochim. Acta Part A Mol. Biomol. Spectrosc. 118, 538–542 (2014)
H.A. Collins, M. Khurana, E.H. Moriyama, A. Mariampillai, E. Dahlstedt, M. Balaz, M.K. Kuimova, M. Drobizhev, V.X.D. Yang, D. Phillips, A. Rebane, B.C. Wilson, H.L. Anderson, Blood-vessel closure using photosensitizers engineered for two-photon excitation. Nature Photonics 2, 420–424 (2008)
A.R. Morales, G. Luchita, C.O. Yanez, M.V. Bondar, O.V. Przhonska, K.D. Belfield, Linear and nonlinear photophysics and bioimaging of an integrin-targeting water-soluble fluorenyl probe. Org. Biomol. Chem. 8(11), 2600–2608 (2010)
N. Aratani, D. Kim, A. Osuka, π-conjugation enlargement toward the creation of multi-porphyrinic systems with large two-photon absorption properties. Chem. Asian J. 4(8), 1172–1182 (2009)
T.K. Ahn, K.S. Kim, D.Y. Kim, S.B. Noh, N. Aratani, C. Ikeda, A. Osuka, D. Kim, Relationship between two-photon absorption and the π-conjugation pathway in porphyrin arrays through dihedral angle control. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 128(5), 1700–1704 (2006)
J.E. Raymond, A. Bhaskar, T. Goodson III, N. Makiuchi, K. Ogawa, Y. Kobuke, Synthesis and two-photon absorption enhancement of porphyrin macrocycles. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 130(51), 17212–17213 (2008)
M. Velusamy, J.-Y. Shen, J.T. Lin, Y.-C. Lin, C.-C. Hsieh, C.-H. Lai, C.-W. Lai, M.-L. Ho, Y.-C. Chen, P.-T. Chou, J.-K. Hsia, A new series of quadrupolar type two-photon absorption chromophores bearing 11, 12-dibutoxydibenzo[a, c]-phenazine bridged amines; their applications in two-photon fluorescence imaging and two-photon photodynamic therapy. Adv. Funct. Mater. 19(15), 2388–2397 (2009)
C. Wu, C. Szymanski, Z. Cain, J. McNeill, Conjugated polymer dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 129(43), 12904–12905 (2007)
Q. Zheng, G. Xu, P.N. Prasad, Conformationally restricted dipyrromethene boron difluoride (BODIPY) dyes: highly fluorescent, multicolored probes for cellular imaging. Chem. Eur. J. 14, 5812–5819 (2008)
S. Zeng, X. Ouyang, H. Zeng, W. Ji, Z. Ge, Synthesis, tunable two and three-photon absorption properties of triazine derivatives by branches. Dyes Pigm. 94(2), 290–295 (2012)
T.-C. Lin, Y.-H. Lee, B.-R. Huang, C.-L. Hu, Y.-K. Li, Two-photon absorption and effective optical power-limiting properties of small dendritic chromophores derived from functionalized fluorene/oxadiazole units. Tetrahedron 68(25), 4935–4949 (2012)
Y. Jiang, Y. Wang, J. Hua, J. Tang, B. Li, S. Qian, H. Tian, Multibranchedtriarylamine end-capped triazines with aggregation induced emission and large two-photon absorption cross-sections. Chem. Commun. 46, 4689–4691 (2010)
R. Castro-Beltran, G. Ramos-Ortiz, C.K.W. Jim, J.L. Maldonado, M. Häußler, D. Peralta-Dominguez, M.A. Meneses-Nava, O. Barbosa-Garcia, B.Z. Tang, Optical nonlinearities in hyperbranched polyyne studied by two-photon excited fluorescence and third-harmonic generation spectroscopy. Appl. Phys. B 97, 489–496 (2009)
Y. Wan, L. Yan, Z. Zhao, X. Ma, Q. Guo, M. Jia, P. Lu, G. Ramos-Ortiz, J.L. Maldonado, M. Rodríguez, A. Xia, Gigantic two-photon absorption cross sections and strong two-photon excited fluorescence in pyrene core dendrimers with fluorene/carbazole as dendrons and acetylene as linkages. J. Phys. Chem. B 114, 11737–11745 (2010)
H. Xiao, C. Mei, B. Li, N. Ding, Y. Zhang, T. Wei, Synthesis, solvatochromism and large two-photon absorption cross-sections of water-soluble dipicolinate-based pyridinium salts. Dyes Pigm. 99, 1051–1055 (2013)
M. Drobizhev, A. Karotki, A. Rebane, Dendrimer molecules with record large two-photon absorption cross section. Opt. Lett. 26(14), 1081–1083 (2001)
N. Rendón, A. Bourdolle, P.L. Baldeck, H. Le, C. Andraud, S. Brasselet, C. Copéret, O. Maury, Bright luminescent silica nanoparticles for two-photon microscopy imaging via controlled formation of 4,4′-diethylaminostyryl-2, 2′-bipyridine Zn(II) surface complexes. Chem. Mater. 23, 3228–3236 (2011)
A. Narayanan, O. Varnavski, O. Mongin, J.-P. Majoral, M. Blanchard-Desce, T. Goodson III, Detection of TNT using a sensitive two-photon organic dendrimer for remote sensing. Nanotechnology 19, 115502 (2008). (6 p)
H. Wang, T.B. Hufft, D.A. Zweifelt, W. Het, P.S. Lowt, A. Weit, J.-X. Cheng, In vitro and in vivo two-photon luminescence imaging of single gold nanorods. PNAS 102(4), 15752–15756 (2005)
D.R. Warren, R. Zipfel, R. Williams, S. Clark, M. Bruchez, F. Wise, W. Webb, Water-soluble quantum dots for multiphoton fluorescence imaging in vivo. Science 30, 1434–1436 (2003)
Acknowledgements
G. Ramos-Ortiz thanks financial support from the National Mexican Agency for Science and Technology (Conacyt).
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2016 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Aparicio-Ixta, L., Rodriguez, M., Ramos-Ortiz, G. (2016). Organic Nanomaterials with Two-Photon Absorption Properties for Biomedical Applications. In: Shulika, O., Sukhoivanov, I. (eds) Contemporary Optoelectronics. Springer Series in Optical Sciences, vol 199. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7315-7_2
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7315-7_2
Published:
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-7314-0
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-7315-7
eBook Packages: Physics and AstronomyPhysics and Astronomy (R0)