Introduction

Abstract

An earthquake is a sudden and transient motion of the earth’s surface, which is believed to be happening since the beginning of the earth. Earthquake has caused a significant amount of loss in lives and infrastructure , which is a predominant concern for the engineers in many cities of the world. The earthquake that took place earlier century in different cities of Japan and in the world, led to the significant changes in the practice of seismic design , particularly in the high risk seismic regions. Moreover, it also triggered changes in the codes in developed countries and the new codes were prepared with the provision of lateral loads .