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Stem Cell Therapy for Cartilage Defects

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Stem Cells: Basics and Clinical Translation

Part of the book series: Translational Medicine Research ((TRAMERE,volume 1))

Abstract

Cartilaginous defects within the articular cartilage present a treatment problem within the orthopaedic community. In cases of established osteoarthritis affecting large joints, arthroplasty is a good, well-established and predictable option. It is though a step too far for smaller and discrete lesions. Currently, surgical options include autologous chondrocyte implantation, microfracture, osteochondral autologous transplantation and even osteochondral allograft plugs. Tissue engineering techniques may prove to be the answer to this problem. There is plenty of interest in stem cell manipulation to induce chondrogenesis. The areas of research focus on the differentiation of multipotent mesenchymal stem cells but also more recently on the use of induced pluripotent stem cells. Furthermore, augmentation of repair can be facilitated by endogenous stimulants to these cells such as growth factors, gene therapy and scaffolds to maintain an optimum microenvironment. Endogenous stimulants aside, it does appear that exogenous methods of stimulation such as ultrasound and magnetic field applications can further augment and improve the reparative process. The aim of this chapter is to define the problem faced by the medical world due to the macro- and microscopic structure of cartilage and present data and reports showing the advances made in this field. The final section focuses on the current state of play surrounding the translation of these techniques to human subjects, presenting the up-to-date studies.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Orthopaedic Registrar, University College London Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK

    Philip S. Pastides

  2. Clinical Lecturer, University College London Institute of Orthopaedics and Musculoskeletal Sciences, Royal National Orthopaedic Hospital, Stanmore, Middlesex, HA7 4LP, UK

    Wasim S. Khan

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Correspondence to Philip S. Pastides .

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  1. Center of Excellence in Tissue Engineeri, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences School of Basic Medicine, Beijing, China

    Robert Chunhua Zhao

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Pastides, P.S., Khan, W.S. (2015). Stem Cell Therapy for Cartilage Defects. In: Zhao, R. (eds) Stem Cells: Basics and Clinical Translation. Translational Medicine Research, vol 1. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7273-0_17

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