Abstract
The family Percidae exclusively is native to freshwaters of the Northern Hemisphere, with just two of its genera divided between Eurasia and North America. Percidae comprises 11 genera and an estimated 266–275 species, reaching tremendous species richness in the North American darters. We provide an up-to-date account relating the results of the latest DNA sequence and morphological analyses to resolve the relationships of the family Percidae, including its component genera and species. We provide newly assembled distribution maps for the taxa, and summarize their primary distinguishing morphological characters and life history. For each genus, the latest phylogenetic tree of species relationships is shown and explained. We relate these findings to historic biogeography and contemporary distributions. Just recently, tremendous inroads have been made using new molecular tools and analyses that allow us to begin to understand the tremendous evolutionary diversification of the Percidae, as well as the landscape and climate factors that have shaped these patterns. This information may provide an important indication of the future responses of percid taxa to continued anthropogenic influences.
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Acknowledgements
This is publication #2015–06 from the University of Toledo’s Lake Erie Research Center. Support for our research reported here came from the National Science Foundation NSF GK-12 DGE#0742395, the USEPA #CR-83281401-0, NOAA Ohio Sea Grant R/LR-013, and USDA ARS 3655-31000-020-00D funded to CAS. We greatly appreciate percid samples supplied to us by many collectors, including: the USGS (Bruce Manny, Patrick Kocovsky, Wendylee Stott, Edward Roseman, Jeffrey Williamson), Ohio DNR (Alexander Ford, Ann Marie Gorman, Kevin Kayle, Cary Knight, Roger Knight, Matthew Turner, Jeffrey Tyson, Christopher Vandergoot), Michigan DNR (David Clapp, Robert Haas, Michael Thomas), New York Department of Environmental Conservation (Brian Beckwith, Donald Einhouse), Pennsylvania Fish and Boat Commission (Roger Kenyon), Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources (Christopher Wilson, Timothy Johnson), and from various colleagues including Colin Adams, Louis Bernatchez, Neil Billington, Vasily Boldyrev, John Clay Bruner, Mary Burnham-Curtis, Thomas Busiahn, Igor Grigorovich, Daniel Grul’a, Jeffrey Gunderson, Eric Hallerman, Anjie Hintz, Shaig Ibrahimov, Wolfgang Jansen, Douglas Jensen, Vladimir Kovac, Brandon Kulik, Yuriy Kvach, Ellen Marsden, Christine Mayer, Gregory Moyer, Andrew Naffziger, Matthew Neilson, Douglas Nelson, Camille Nesbø, Vadim Panov, Alex Parker, Webb Pearsall, Lars Rudstam, Mariusz Sapota, Wayne Schaefer, Jim Selgeby, Predrag Simonovic, George Spangler, David L. Stein, Roy Stein, Matthew White, James Williams, Ian Winfield, and Christopher Yoder. The manuscript benefitted from careful critical reviews by John C. Bruner, Guillermo Orti, and William Leo Smith.
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Appendices
Appendices
1.1 Appendix 1
Locations sampled for the three species of Perca, including latitude (lat) and longitude (long), number of individuals (N), number of haplotypes (N H), and haplotypes recovered for mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 and cytochrome b, and for nuclear recombination activating gene 1.
COI | Cyt b | RAG 1 | ||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Species | Location | Lat. | Long. | N | N H | Haplotype | N H | Haplotype | N H | Haplotype |
P. flavescens | North America | – | – | 12 | 6 | – | 11 | – | 4 | – |
Chattahoochee R. AL USA | 32.6047 | 85.0808 | 1 | 1 | Pflacoi5 | 1 | Pflacb2 | 2 | Pflarag1,2 | |
Mobile Bay AL USA | 30.7223 | 87.8745 | 1 | 1 | Pflacoi3 | 1 | Pflacb5 | 1 | Pflarag3 | |
Morgan Cr. NC USA | 35.5336 | 79.1931 | 2 | 2 | Pflacoi2,4 | 2 | Pflacb3,4 | 1 | Pflarag1 | |
Muskegon L. MI USA | 43.2324 | 86.2945 | 2 | 1 | Pflacoi1 | 2 | Pflacb6,7 | 2 | Pflarag1,4 | |
Hudson R. NY USA | 43.1453 | 73.4946 | 2 | 2 | Pflacoi1,6 | 2 | Pflacb1,8 | 1 | Pflarag1 | |
L. Erie OH USA | 41.8060 | 81.4180 | 2 | 1 | Pflacoi1 | 2 | Pflacb1,11 | 1 | Pflarag1 | |
Bush R. MD USA | 37.2519 | 122.0506 | 2 | 1 | Pflacoi2 | 2 | Pflacb9,10 | 1 | Pflarag1 | |
P. fluviatilis | Europe | – | – | 8 | 4 | – | 6 | – | 4 | – |
Volga R. Vinovka RUS | 48.8708 | 44.6601 | 2 | 1 | Pflucoi3 | 2 | Pflucb2,3 | 2 | Pflurag1,2 | |
Volga R. Stupino RUS | 48.3103 | 45.7973 | 1 | 1 | Pflucoi1 | 0 | – | 0 | – | |
Dojran L. Doirani GRC | 41.1200 | 22.4500 | 1 | 1 | Pflucoi2 | 1 | Pflucb4 | 1 | Pflurag3 | |
Danube R. Vienna AUT | 48.1383 | 16.2211 | 2 | 1 | Pflucoi1 | 2 | Pflucb1,5 | 1 | Pflurag4 | |
Lake Baikal Ust-Barguzin RUS | 53.3000 | 108.0000 | 2 | 1 | Pflucoi4 | 1 | Pflucb6 | 2 | Pflurag1,2 | |
P. schrenkii | Europe | – | – | 8 | 3 | – | 5 | – | 3 | – |
Alakol L. KAZ | 46.1000 | 81.3500 | 4 | 3 | Psccoi1,2,3 | 4 | Psccb1,2,3,4 | 2 | Pscrag1,2 | |
1.2 Appendix 2
Comparison of Perca sequences from GenBank to those found in this study. NR=not recovered by us.
Gene/region | Species | Our haplotype | GenBank accession # |
|---|---|---|---|
mtDNA COI | P. flavescens | Pflacoi1 | KC819884 (Haponski and Stepien 2013), EU524238, EU524240-43 (Hubert et al. 2008), JX516851, JX516904, JX516930, JX516933, JX516938, JX516951, JX516977, JX516993, JX517139 (April et al. 2013) |
Pflacoi2 | EU524239, EU524244-45 (Hubert et al. 2008), HQ557132 (April et al. unpub.), JX516793, JX516848, JX517095, JX517165 (April et al. 2013) | ||
NR | JX516865 (April et al. 2013) | ||
P. fluviatilis | Pflucoi1 | KC819887 (Haponski and Stepien 2013), EF609432 (Ward and Holmes 2007), HQ600747-49 (Triantafyllidis et al. 2011), HQ960502-04, HQ960529, HQ960564, HQ960575, HQ960578-79, HQ960620, HQ960725-27, HQ960979-80, HQ961086-88 (iBOL unpub.), JN027875-76 (April et al. 2011) | |
Pflucoi2 | HQ600750-52 (Triantafyllidis et al. 2011) | ||
NR | HQ960464, HQ960510, HQ960557, HQ960863, HQ960865, HQ960925, HQ960944 (iBOL unpub.) | ||
NR | JN027871-74 (April et al. 2011) | ||
NR | HQ960866 (iBOL unpub.); KJ128570-71 (Zuccon and Noren unpub.) | ||
NR | HQ960653, HQ960670 (iBOL unpub.) | ||
NR | HQ600745 (Triantafyllidis et al. 2011) | ||
NR | HQ960864 (iBOL unpub.) | ||
NR | HQ600746 (Triantafyllidis et al. 2011) | ||
P. schrenkii | NR | JN027877 (April et al. 2011) | |
mtDNA cyt b | P. flavescens | NR | AF045357 (Song et al. 1998), AF546115 (Moyer et al. unpub.) |
NR | AY374280 (Sloss et al. 2004) | ||
NR | EU348833 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348834 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348835 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348836 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348837 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348838 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
P. fluviatilis | Pflucbh1 | KC819836 (Haponski and Stepien 2013), FJ788392-93, FJ788400-04, FJ788406-10 (Kalous et al. unpub.) | |
NR | AF546116 (Moyer et al. unpub.), AY374281 (Sloss et al. 2004) | ||
NR | AF045358 (Song et al. 1998) | ||
NR | AF546117 (Moyer et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | AY929376 (Noren unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348839 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348840 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348841 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348842 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348843 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348844 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348845 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348846 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | FJ788389 (Kalous et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | FJ788391 (Kalous et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | FJ788405 (Kalous et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | FJ788411 (Kalous et al. unpub.) | ||
P. schrenkii | NR | EU348848 (Hai et al. 2008) | |
NR | AF546118 (Moyer et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348847 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348849 (Hai et al. 2008) | ||
NR | EU348852 (Hai et al. 2008) | ||
NR | EU348851 (Hai et al. 2008) | ||
NR | AF546120 (Moyer et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | AF546119 (Moyer et al. unpub.) | ||
NR | EU348850 (Hai et al. unpub.) | ||
Nuclear RAG 1 | P. flavescens | Pflarag11 | KC819906 (Haponski and Stepien 2013), AY308768 (Holcroft 2004), FJ381301 (Bossu and Near 2009), JX189840 (Wainwright et al. 2012) |
NR | AY308768 (Holcroft 2004) | ||
P. fluviatilis | Pflurag11 | KC819904 (Haponski and Stepien 2013) |
1.3 Appendix 3
GenBank sequences used to build phylogenetic trees for a. Zingel spp. and b. Gymnocephalus spp. Sequences include mtDNA cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and NADH dehydrogenase 2 (ND2) for Zingel spp. and mtDNA control region and cytochrome (cyt) b and the nuclear DNA lactate dehydrogenase intron 6 (LdhA6) for Gymnocephalus.
a. Zingel spp.
b. Gymnocephalus spp.
Species | Control region | Cyt b | LdhA6 |
|---|---|---|---|
G. baloni | AF025360 (Faber and Stepien 1997) | AY374279 (Sloss et al. 2004) | AY034782 (Stepien et al. 2005) |
G. cernua | AF025355-56 (Faber and Stepien 1997) | AF045356 (Song et al. 1998) | AY034781 (Stepien et al. 2005) |
AF025357-58 (Faber and Stepien 1997) | AF386598 (Song et al. 1998) | ||
KC819863 (Haponski and Stepien 2013) | KC819833 (Haponski and Stepien 2013) | ||
U90620 (Faber and Stepien 1997) | |||
G. schraetser | AF025361 (Faber and Stepien 1997) | AF546114 (Moyer et al. unpub.) | AY034783 (Stepien et al. 2005) |
AF025362 (Faber and Stepien 1997) | HM049946 (Matschiner et al. 2011) |
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Stepien, C.A., Haponski, A.E. (2015). Taxonomy, Distribution, and Evolution of the Percidae. In: Kestemont, P., Dabrowski, K., Summerfelt, R. (eds) Biology and Culture of Percid Fishes. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7227-3_1
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