Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Taming Food Security Through Wastewater Irrigation Practices

  • Chapter
Plants, Pollutants and Remediation

Abstract

Water scarcity, deteriorating water quality and wastewater irrigation is a regional as well as global problem affecting human livelihood and economic prosperity in developing countries. Pakistan’s economy is based on agriculture, which supports livelihood of more than 50 % people relying heavily on available fresh water supplies. Around 90 % of the food and fiber requirements of the country are met from irrigated areas (86.25 % of the total cultivated area) and remaining 10 % from rain-fed areas (13.75 % of the area under cultivation). Water availability is maximum in the Kharif (summer) season and lowest in the Rabi (winter) season. Since Pakistan’s creation water availability has reduced from 5600 m3 to <1000 m3 placing immense pressure on the domestic, industrial and agricultural sectors. Reduction in available fresh water supplies has attracted farmers in rural, urban and peri-urban areas to harvest untreated wastewater in agriculture. Wastewater is a complicated mixture of chemical pollutants in which heavy metals are of significant concern. Heavy metals laden wastewaters have adverse impacts on the plants, soils, humans and livestock health. Grave food safety issues arise from the consumption of metal polluted agricultural produce leading to serious clinical conditions. Around 4369 million m3 of wastewater is generated per annum in Pakistan, which is roughly equivalent to standing wheat crop water requirements. Wheat is grown in the Rabi season (November to May), the season, which is already facing serious water deficit. Voluminous amounts of wastewater generated from municipal and industrial sectors can be efficiently utilized in safer crop (wheat) production on treatment. As raw wastewater irrigation can result in serious toxicological conditions in the wheat crop therefore diverse wheat genetic makeup (different wheat varieties/advanced lines) may be used to determine the extent of adverse impacts of heavy metal containing municipal/industrial wastewater on growth/metabolism of different Pakistani wheat cultivars. Identified tolerant wheat varieties then can be recommended for areas where wastewater irrigation is common or fresh water is scarce that will also minimize contaminants (metals) exposure to human and livestock through wheat consumption. Related information on wastewater antagonistic impacts on different wheat varieties is not available from Pakistan. Food safety issues arising from consumption of metal contaminated wheat grains/flour irrigated with municipal/industrial wastewater have only been explored on one of the most commonly growing wheat varieties in various studies. Wheat is the conduit to food security, so harvesting precious wastewater with its potential reuse in wheat irrigation can be of great competitive advantage in achieving food security in rapidly populating country i.e. Pakistan, where growing population needs continuous food supplies with an ever growing water needs. Future research endeavors if focused on gauging impact of wastewater irrigation practices on different wheat cultivars, information generated would be helpful in combating water scarcity, food safety and food security related issues in Pakistan.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

References

  • Abbas ST, Sarfras M, Mehdi SM, Hassan G, Rehman OU (2007) Trace element accumulation in soil and rice plants irrigated with the contaminated water. Soil Tillage Res 94:503–509

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan (2005–2006) different issues, Ministry of Food, Agriculture & Livestock, Government of Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Agricultural Statistics of Pakistan (2011) 43rd edition, Ministry of Food and Agriculture (economic wing). Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, p 273

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad N (1993) Water resources of Pakistan and their utilization. Shahid Nazir publications, Lahore, pp 20–100

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad M, Yasin M (2006) Low quality water management for sustainable irrigation and crop production. Pak J Water Res 10:23–31

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmad Z, Ashraf A, Fryar A, Akhter G (2011) Composite use of numerical groundwater flow modeling and geo-informatics techniques for monitoring Indus basin aquifer, Pakistan. Environ Monit Asses 173:447–457

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed AB, Bouhadjera K (2010) Assessment of metals accumulated in Durum wheat (Triticum durum desf), pepper (Capsicum annuum) and agricultural soils. Afr J Agric Res 5:2795–2800

    Google Scholar 

  • Ali Z, Malik RN, Shinwari ZK, Qadir A (2015) Enrichment, risk assessment and statistical apportionment of heavy metals in tannery-affected areas. Int J Environ Sci Technol 12(2):537–550

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali A, Ali Z, Qureshi UM, Kazi AG, Malik RN, Sher H, Kazi AM (2014) Integrating physiological and genetic approaches for improving drought tolerance in crops. In: Ahmed P (ed) Emerging technologies and management of crop stress tolerance: vol. 2 a sustainable approach. Elsevier, Burlington, pp 315–345

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Ali Z, Malik RN, Qadir A (2013a) Heavy metals distribution and risk assessment in soils affected by tannery effluents. Chem Ecol 29:676–692

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ali Z, Ali B, Mohammad A, Ahmad M, Ahmad I, Napar AA, Kazi AG, Ali A, Shah SS, Mujeeb-Kazi A (2013b) Combating water scarcity for global food security. In: Raza A (ed) Agricultural systems in the 21st century. Nova Science Publishers, Inc, Hauppauge, New York, USA

    Google Scholar 

  • Ashraf S, Abbas F, Ibrahim M, Rashid U, Khalid S, Raza HA, Hakeem KR (2015) Application of Geographical Information System (GIS) for the identification and demarcation of selective heavy metal concentrations in the groundwater of a metropolitan city. J Geogr Sci 25(2):225–235

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Assche FV, Cardinaels C, Clijsters H (1988) Induction of enzyme capacity in plants as a result of heavy metal toxicity: dose-response relation in Phaseolus vulgaris L, treated with zinc and cadmium. Environ Pollut 52:103–115

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Barman SC, Sahu RK, Bhargava SK, Chaterjee C (2000) Distribution of heavy metals in wheat, mustard, and weed grown in field irrigated with industrial effluents. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 64:489–496

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bastiaanssen WGM, Ahmad MD, Chemin Y (2002) Satellite surveillance of evaporative depletion across the Indus Basin. Water Resour Res 38:1273–1282

    Google Scholar 

  • Bermudez GMA, Jasan R, Pla R, Pignata ML (2011) Heavy metal and trace element concentrations in wheat grains: assessment of potential non-carcinogenic health hazard through their consumption. J Hazard Mater 193:264–271

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Bhatti AM, Suttinon P, Nasu S (2009) Agriculture water demand management in Pakistan: a review and perspective. Society for Social Management Systems (SSMS), Kochi, Japan

    Google Scholar 

  • Bose S, Bhattacharyya AK (2008) Heavy metal accumulation in wheat plant grown in soil amended with industrial sludge. Chemosphere 70:1264–1272

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Chandra R, Bharagava RN, Yadav S, Mohan D (2009) Accumulation and distribution of toxic metals in wheat (Triticum aestivum L) and Indian mustard (Brassica campestris L) irrigated with distillery and tannery effluents. J Hazard Mater 162:1514–1521

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Cuadrado C, Kumpulainens J, Carbajal A, Moreiras O (2000) Cereals contribution to the total dietary intake of heavy metals in Madrid, Spain. J Food Compos Anal 13:495–503

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Darvishi H, Farahani A (2010) Economical value of irrigation with wastewater instead of agronomical water at Iran. Curr Res J Econ Theory 2:8–10

    Google Scholar 

  • Delgado C, Rosegrant M, Steinfeld H, Ethui S, Courbois C (1999) Livestock to 2020: the next food revolution. J Food Agric Environ discussion paper 228. IFPRI, FAO and ILRI IFPRI, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Drechsel P, Evans AEV (2010) Wastewater use in irrigated agriculture. Irrig Drain Syst 24:1–3

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ensink JHJ, van der Hoek W, Matsuno Y, Munir S, Aslam MR (2002) Use of untreated wastewater in peri-urban agriculture in Pakistan: risks and opportunities. IWMI research report no 64. International Water Management Institute (IWMI), Colombo, Sri Lanka

    Google Scholar 

  • Ensink JHJ, Mahmood T, van der Hoek W, Raschid-Sally L, Amerasinghe FP (2004) A nationwide assessment of wastewater use in Pakistan: an obscure activity or a vitally important one? Water Policy 6:197–206

    Google Scholar 

  • Farid M, Irshad M, Fawad M, Ali Z, Eneji AE, Aurangzeb N, Mohammad A, Ali B (2014) Effect of cyclic phytoremediation with different wetland plants on municipal wastewater. Int J Phytorem 16(6):572–581

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Farooq U, Iqbal M (2000) Attaining and maintaining self-sufficiency in wheat production: institutional efforts and farmers limitations. Pak Dev Rev 39:487–514

    Google Scholar 

  • Frost HL, Ketchum H (2000) Trace metal concentration in durum wheat from application of sewage sludge and commercial fertilizer. Adv Environ Res 4:347–355

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • GoP (2008) Economic survey of Pakistan (2007–08). Ministry of Finance, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Gupta AK, Sinha S (2007) Phytoextraction capacity of the plants growing on tannery sludge dumping sites. Bioresour Technol 98:1788–1794

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Habbari K, Tifnouti A, Bitton G, Mandil A (2000) Geohelminthic infections associated with raw wastewater use for agricultural purposes in beni-mellal. Prasitol Int 48:249–254

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Halliwell B (1987) Oxidative damage, lipid peroxidation and antioxidant protection in chloroplasts. Chem Phys Lipids 44:327–340

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hassan NU, Mahmood Q, Waseem A, Irshad M, Faridullah PA (2013) Assessment of heavy metals in wheat plants irrigated with contaminated wastewater. Pol J Environ Stud 22:115–123

    Google Scholar 

  • Hsiao TC, Steduto P, Fereres E (2007) A systematic and quantitative approach to improve water use efficiency in agriculture. Irrig Sci 25:209–231

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huang M, Zhou S, Sun B, Zhao Q (2008) Heavy metal in wheat grain: assessment of potential health risk for inhabitants in Kunshan, China. Sci Total Environ 405:54–61

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain SS, Mudasser M (2004) Prospects for wheat production under changing climate in mountain areas of Pakistan-an econometric analysis. Water Int 29:189–200

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hussain I, Khan MA, Ali J (2011) Comparative study of heavy metals in of wheat crops growing in different environmental conditions. J Chem Soc Pak 33:499

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • IUCN (2010) Pakistan water apportionment accord for resolving inter-provincial water conflicts–policy issues and options. IUCN Pakistan, Karachi, pp 1–11

    Google Scholar 

  • Jamali MK, Kazi TG, Arain MB, Afridi HI, Jalbani NJ, Kandhro GA, Shah AQ, Baig JA (2009) Heavy metal accumulation in different varieties of wheat (Triticum aestivum L) grown in soil amended with domestic sewage sludge. J Hazard Mater 164:1368–1391

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabata-Pendias A (2001) Trace elements in soils and plants, 3rd edn. CRC Press, Boca Raton

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahlown MA, Majeed A (2001) Presentation during COMSATS 1st meeting on water resources in the south: present scenario and future proposals, 1–2 November 2001, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahlown MA, Tahir MA, Sheikh AA (2004) Water quality status in Pakistan second report 2001–2003, Pakistan Council of Research in Water Resources, Ministry of Science & Technology, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Kahlown MA, Raoof A, Zubair M, Kemper WD (2007) Water use efficiency and economic feasibility of growing rice and wheat with sprinkler irrigation in the Indus basin of Pakistan. Agric Water Manage 87:292–298

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kamal A (2008) Environmental flows Indus river system in Pakistan In: Proceedings of 3rd international conference on water resources and arid environments and the 1st Arab Water Forum Riyadh, Saudi Arbia, 16–19 November

    Google Scholar 

  • Karami M, Afyuni M, Rezainejad Y, Schulin R (2009) Heavy metal uptake by wheat from a sewage sludge-amended calcareous soil. Nutr Cycl Agroecosyst 83:51–61

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Karatas M, Dursun S, Guler E, Ozdemir C, Argun E (2006) Heavy metal accumulation in wheat plants irrigated by waste water. Cellul Chem Technol 40:575–579

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lacatusu R, Răuţă C, Cârstea S, Ghelase I (1996) Soil–plant–man relationships in heavy metal polluted areas in Romania. Appl Geochem 11:105–107

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lamhamdi M, Bakrim A, Aarab A, Lafont R, Sayah F (2011) Lead phytotoxicity on wheat (Triticum aestivum L) seed germination and seedlings growth. C R Biol 334:118–126

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Mantovi P, Baldoni G, Toderi G (2005) Reuse of liquid, dewatered, and composted sewage sludge on agricultural land: effects of long-term application on soil and crop. Water Res 39:289–296

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Martin P, Nishida J, Afzal J, Akbar S, Damania R, Hanrahan D (2006) Pakistan strategic country environmental assessment, South Asia Region, vol I, 36946-PK. World Bank, Washington D.C., United States

    Google Scholar 

  • Muchuweti M, Birkett JW, Chinyanga E, Zvauya R, Scrimshaw MD, Lester JN (2006) Heavy metal content of vegetables irrigated with mixture of wastewater and sewage sludge in Zimbabwe: implications for human health. Agric Ecosyst Environ 112:41–48

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mujeeb-Kazi A (2006) Utilization of genetic resources for bread wheat improvement. In: Singh RJ, Jauhar PP (eds) Genetic resources, chromosome engineering, and crop improvement cereals, vol 2. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 61–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Mujeeb-Kazi A, Gul A, Farooq M, Rizwan S, Ahmad I (2008) Rebirth of synthetic hexaploids with global implications for wheat improvement. Aust J Agric Res 59:391–398

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mujeeb-Kazi A, Kazi AG, Dundas I, Rasheed A, Ogbonnaya F, Kishi M, Bonnett D, Wang RRC, Xu S, Chen P, Mahmood T, Bux H, Farrakh S (2013) Genetic diversity for wheat improvement as conduit to food security. Adv Agron 122:179–258

    Google Scholar 

  • Mutengu S, Hoko Z, Makoni FS (2007) An assessment of the public health hazard potential of wastewater reuse for crop production; A case of Bulawayo city, Zimbabwe. Phys Chem Earth 32:1195–1203

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nan Z, Zhao C, Li J, Chen F, Sun W (2002) Relations between soil properties and selected heavy metal concentrations in spring wheat (Triticum aestivum L) grown in contaminated soils. Water Air Soil Pollut 133:205–213

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • National Water Policy (NWP-2003), Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Nolan AL, Zhang H, Mclaughlin MJ (2005) Prediction of zinc, cadmium, lead, and copper availability to wheat in contaminated soils using chemical speciation, diffusive gradients in thin films, extraction, and isotopic dilution techniques. J Environ Qual 34:496–507

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Ozturk M, Gucel S, Sakcali S, Guvensen A (2011) An overview of the possiblities for wastewater utilization for agriculture in Turkey. Isr J Plant Sci 59:223–234

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pakistan Country Water Resources Assistance Strategy, Water Economy: Running Dry (PCWRAS 2005) South Asia region agriculture and rural development unit, South Asia region, report no: 34081-PK

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakistan Economic Survey (2010) 2009–10; finance division, EA Wing, Government of Pakistan, Printing Corporation, Pakistan Press, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakistan Statistical Yearbook (2001) Federal Bureau of Statistics, Statistics Division, Government of Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakistan Water Partnership (1999) Pakistan country report: vision for the 21st century, first draft (Global Water Partnership South Asia Technical Advisory Committee), Islamabad, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Pakistan Water Sector Strategy (2002) National water sector profile, Ministry of water and power, national water sector profile, vol-5, Government of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Qadir M, Boers TM, Schubert S, Ghafoor A, Murtaza G (2003) Agricultural water management in water-starved countries: challenges and opportunities. Agric Water Manage 62:165–185

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Qadir A, Malik RN, Husain SZ (2008) Spatio-temporal variations in water quality of Nullah Aik-tributary of the river Chenab Pakistan. Environ Monit Assess 140:43–59

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Qadir M, Wichelns D, Raschid-Sally L, McCornick PG, Drechsel P, Bahri A, Minhas PS (2010) The challenges of wastewater irrigation in developing countries. Agric Water Manage 97:561–568

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rajaram S, Hobbs PR, Heisey PW (1998) Review of Pakistan’s wheat and maize research systems. Report submitted to PARC by a multidisciplinary team of CIMMYT Scientists visited Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Rattan RK, Datta SP, Chhonkar PK, Suribabu K, Singh AK (2005) Long-term impact of irrigation with sewage effluents on heavy metal content in soils, crops and groundwater-a case study. Agric Ecosyst Environ 109:310–322

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Saeed M, Ashrif M, Bruen M (2002) Diagnostic analysis of framers skimming well technologies in the Indus basin of Pakistan. Irrig Drain Syst 16:139–160

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Santos EE, Lauria DC, Porto da Silveira CL (2004) Assessment of daily intake of trace elements due to consumption of foodstuffs by adult inhabitants of Rio de Janeiro city. Sci Total Environ 327:69–79

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Shaheen A, Baig MA (2011) Drought severity assessment in arid area of Thal doab using remote sensing and GIS. Int J Water Res Arid Environ 1:92–101

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakir AS, Qureshi M (2007) Irrigation water management on canal command level: a case study of lower Bari doab canal system. In: Proceedings of international conference on water and flood management. Institute of Water and Flood Management, Dhaka, pp 215–222

    Google Scholar 

  • Shakir AS, Rehman H, Khan NM, Qazi AU (2011) Impact of canal water shortages on groundwater in the lower Bari doab canal system in Pakistan. Pak J Eng Appl Sci 9:87–97

    Google Scholar 

  • Shuval HI, Adir A, Fattal B, Rawitz E, Yekutel P (1986) Wastewater irrigation in developing countries: health effects and technical solutions, Technical paper no: 51. The World Bank, Washington, DC

    Google Scholar 

  • Singh A, Sharma RK, Agrawal M, Marshall FM (2010) Health risk assessment of heavy metals via dietary intake of foodstuffs from the wastewater irrigated site of a dry tropical area of India. Food Chem Toxicol 48:611–619

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • State of the Environment Report (2005) Ministry of Environment, Government of Pakistan

    Google Scholar 

  • Trethowan RM, Mujeeb-Kazi A (2008) Novel germplasm resources for improving environmental stress tolerance of hexaploid wheat. Crop Sci 48:1255–1265

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ullah R, Malik RN, Qadir A (2009) Assessment of groundwater contamination in an industrial city, Sialkot, Pakistan. Afr J Environ Sci Technol 3(12):429–446

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • UNCCD (2013) Information accessed from the URL: http://www.unccd.int/en/programmes/Thematic-Priorities/water/Pages/defaultaspx. 30 Sept 2013

  • UNEP, FAO, WHO (1988) Assessment of chemical contaminants in food Report on the results of the UNEP/FAO/WHO programme on health-related environmental monitoring

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang QR, Cui YS, Liu XM (2003) Soil contamination and plant uptake of heavy metals at polluted sites in China. J Environ Sci Health Part A-Tox/Hazard Subst Environ Eng 38:823–838

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Wang S, Nan Z, Liu X, Li Y, Qin S, Ding H (2009) Accumulation and bioavailability of copper and nickel in wheat plants grown in contaminated soils from the oasis, northwest China. Geoderma 152:290–295

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Yadav RK, Goyal B, Sharma RK, Dubey SK, Minhas PS (2002) Post-irrigation impact of domestic sewage effluent on composition of soils, crops and ground water-a case study. Environ Int 28:481–486

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zheng N, Wang Q, Zhang X, Zheng D, Zhang Z, Zhang S (2007) Population health risk due to dietary intake of heavy metals in the industrial area of Huludao city, China. Sci Total Environ 387:96–104

    Article  CAS  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Zhu YE, Zhao Y, Sun K, Chen ZF, Qiao JJ, Yan-Qin JI (2011) Heavy metals in wheat grain and soil; assessment of the potential health risk for inhabitants in sewage irrigated area of Beijing, China. Fresen Environ Bull 20:1109

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Zuberi FA (1999) Integrated surface and groundwater management programme for Pakistan: groundwater resource study, IWASRI international report no 99/7, pp 6–12

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Plant Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan

    Zeshan Ali

  2. Environmental Biology and Ecotoxicology Laboratory, Department of Environmental Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, PO 45320, Pakistan

    Riffat Naseem Malik

  3. Atta-ur-Rahman School of Applied Biosciences, National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Alvina Gul

  4. Wheat Wide Crosses, National Institute of Biotechnology & Genetic Engineering (NIBGE), Faisalabad, Pakistan

    A. Mujeeb-Kazi

Authors
  1. Zeshan Ali
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. Riffat Naseem Malik
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Alvina Gul
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  4. A. Mujeeb-Kazi
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Riffat Naseem Malik .

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Botany Department and Center for Environmental Studies, Ege University Bornova, Bornova, Izmir, Turkey

    Münir Öztürk

  2. Pakistan Academy of Science, Islamabad, Pakistan

    Muhammad Ashraf

  3. Department of Biology, Akdeniz University, Antalya, Turkey

    Ahmet Aksoy

  4. University of Agriculture, Faisalabad Dept. Botany, Faisalabad, Pakistan

    M. S. A. Ahmad

  5. Universiti Putra Malaysia Faculty of Forestry, Serdang, Selangor, Malaysia

    Khalid Rehman Hakeem

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2015 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Ali, Z., Malik, R.N., Gul, A., Mujeeb-Kazi, A. (2015). Taming Food Security Through Wastewater Irrigation Practices. In: Öztürk, M., Ashraf, M., Aksoy, A., Ahmad, M., Hakeem, K. (eds) Plants, Pollutants and Remediation. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7194-8_6

Download citation

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation