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Human Rights of Older People pp 307–330Cite as

Africa: Regional Standards on the Protection of the Rights of Older Persons

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Part of the book series: Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice ((IUSGENT,volume 45))

Abstract

This chapter provides an overview of the international human rights standards as they apply to older people articulated at the African Union, and other relevant regional intergovernmental bodies. It also explores specific issues in international human rights case law, and ways forward.

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Notes

  1. 1.

    Magdalena Sepulveda, Report of the Independent Expert on Human Rights and Extreme Poverty (2010), 9.

  2. 2.

    Constitutional human rights law in Africa: current developments by Heyns, C.H. and Kaguongo, Waruguru http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5345 22 S Afr J Hum Right 673 (2006).

  3. 3.

    Angola, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, Egypt, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Madagascar, Mozambique, Namibia, Rwanda, Somalia, Sudan, Tanzania, Togo and Zambia. Id. at 708.

  4. 4.

    Constitutional human rights law in Africa: current developments by Heyns, C.H. and Kaguongo, Waruguru http://hdl.handle.net/2263/5345 22 S Afr J Hum Right 673 (2006), at 684.

  5. 5.

    Jody Kollapan: The Rights of Older People- African Perspectives (2008), at 2–3.

  6. 6.

    HelpAge Intl. Psychosocial support for older carers: a summary, 2011. 1.

  7. 7.

    Isabella Aboderin, Research on Ageing in Africa: The Need to Forge Directions http://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/research/regions/africa/afran/news/publications.

  8. 8.

    Nana Apt, 30 Years of African Research on Ageing: History, Achievements and Challenges for the Future http://www.ageing.ox.ac.uk/research/regions/africa/afran/news/publications.

  9. 9.

    Cape Verde’s Constitution establishes that it must provide older persons with special protection. Constitution of the Republic of Cape Verde, Article 72. Outdated English translation available here: http://landwise.landesa.org/record/835.

  10. 10.

    Statement of Ms. Reine Alapini Gansou, African Commission on Human and People’s Rights (April 20, 2011)  http://www.globalaging.org/agingwatch/convention/un/Alapini%20-PROTECTIONDPA%20AFRIQUE%5B1%5D.pdf.

  11. 11.

    Statement on Behalf of the NANHRI at the Opening Session of the African Commission on Human and Peoples Rights 50th Ordinary Session, 24 October to 7 November, 2011, Banjul, The Gambia. http://www.nanhri.org/index.php?option=content&task=view&id=236.

  12. 12.

    3rd Session of the AU Conference of Ministers of Social Development, Africa’s Common Position on Human Rights of Older Persons in Africa http://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/documents/africa-older-persons2012.pdf.

  13. 13.

    These include the African Union Framework and Plan of Action on Ageing, African Charter of Human and People’s Rights, and the United Nations Plan of Action on Ageing among others.

  14. 14.

    AU, Africa’s Common Position on Human Rights of Older Persons in Africa, 26–30 November, 2012. http://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/documents/africa-older-persons2012.pdf.

  15. 15.

    http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/index/index.htm.

  16. 16.

    The Constitutive Act of the AU, Article 3 http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAU/Constitutive_Act_en.htm.

  17. 17.

    The Constitutive Act of the AU, Article 23(2) http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAU/Constitutive_Act_en.htm.

  18. 18.

    African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Article 1 http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/charter_en.html.

  19. 19.

    African Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, Article 62 http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/charter_en.html.

  20. 20.

    International Human Rights in Context., at 504.

  21. 21.

    Kigali Declaration on Human Rights in Africa Adopted at Kigali, Rwanda on 8 May 2003 http://www.africa-union.org/Structure_of_the_Commission/Political%20Affairs/x/KIGALI%20DECLARATION%20as%20adopted%20in%20Kigali.pdf.

  22. 22.

    Id. at Preamble.

  23. 23.

    Id., 33.

  24. 24.

    41st Ordinary Session of the African Commission held in Accra, Ghana, from 16–30 May 2007. ACHPR/Res.106 (XXXXI) 07, APCHR/Res.118(XXXXII) 07: Resolution on the Establishment of a Focal Point on the Rights of the Older Persons in Africa, http://www.achpr.org/english/resolutions/resolution118_en.htm.

  25. 25.

    APCHR/Res.118(XXXXII) 07: Resolution on the Establishment of a Focal Point on the Rights of the Older Persons in Africa, http://www.achpr.org/english/resolutions/resolution118_en.htm.

  26. 26.

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights 23rd activity report, para. 191., p. 58. http://www.achpr.org/english/activity_reports/23rd%20and%2024th%20Activity%20Reports.pdf.

  27. 27.

    Report of Commissioner Yeung Sik Yuen, November 2008-May 2009 http://www.achpr.org/english/Commissioner%27s%20Activity/45th%20OS/Commissioners/Com%20Yeun.pdf.

  28. 28.

    APCHR/RES 143(XXXXV)09 adopted in May 2009, also in relation to Report on the Focal Point on the Rights of Older Persons in Africa.

  29. 29.

    Community Law Centre Newsletter, April 2009: http://www.communitylawcentre.org.za/achpr/newsletters/CLC%20ACHPR%20NEWSLETTER%20APRIL%202009.pdf/.

  30. 30.

    Resolution on the Transformation of the Focal Point on the Rights of Older Persons in Africa into a Working Group on the Rights of Older Persons in Africa, and the Appointment of a Working Group on the Rights of Older Persons http://www.achpr.org/english/resolutions/Resolution%20on%20WGOP.pdf.

  31. 31.

    Final Communique of the 51st Ordinary Session of the African Commission on Human and People’s Rights, May 2012, http://www.achpr.org/sessions/51st/info/communique51/.

  32. 32.

    Id., at 504.

  33. 33.

    International Human Rights In Context, at 501.

  34. 34.

    Id, at 506.

  35. 35.

    Id, at 505.

  36. 36.

    Id. Essay: Makau Mutua, Human Rights and the African Fingerprint (from Mutua, Human Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique (2002), at 71. from International Human Rights In Context, at 508.

  37. 37.

    Id. Essay: Makau Mutua, Human Rights and the African Fingerprint (from Mutua, Human Rights: A Political and Cultural Critique (2002), at 71. from International Human Rights In Context, at 508.

  38. 38.

    International Human Rights in Context, at 1081.

  39. 39.

    The Constitutive Act of the AU, Article 18 http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/AboutAU/Constitutive_Act_en.htm.

  40. 40.

    African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/mandate_en.html.

  41. 41.

    Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples Rights on the Establishment of an African Court on Human and Peoples Rights (Protocol for Establishment of an African Court), CAB/LEG/665, Adopted June 9, 1998 and entered into force January 1, 2004, at http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/court_en.html.

  42. 42.

    Id.

  43. 43.

    Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice and Human Rights, http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/text/Protocol%20on%20the%20Merged%20Court%20-%20EN.pdf.

  44. 44.

    Protocol on the Statute of the Court of Justice and Human Rights, http://www.africa-union.org/root/au/Documents/Treaties/text/Protocol%20on%20the%20Merged%20Court%20-%20EN.pdf.

  45. 45.

    Lyons, Scott, The African Court on Human and Peoples Rights, 10 The American Society of International Law 24 (2006).

  46. 46.

    See Udombana, Toward the African Court on Human and Peoples Rights: Better Late than Never, 46 Yale Hum. Rts and Development L.J. 3:45 (2000).

  47. 47.

    Id.

  48. 48.

    NEPAD: http://www.nepad.org/2005/files/home.php.

  49. 49.

    http://www.nepad.org/AboutNepad/sector_id/7/lang/en.

  50. 50.

    Framework Document, New Partnership for Africa’s Development http://www.nepad.org/images/framework.pdf.

  51. 51.

    African Union Policy Framework and Plan of Action on Ageing by HelpAge International and the African Union, December, 2003 http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/treaty/APRM-BaseDocument.pdf.

  52. 52.

    Id.

  53. 53.

    Objectives, Standards, Criteria and Indicators for the African Peer Review Mechanism, p. 1 http://www.afrimap.org/english/images/treaty/APRM-Objectives-Standards-Indicators.pdf.

  54. 54.

    Concept Note, p. 1, http://www.africa-union.org/root/ua/Conferences/2007/avril/SA/16-21%20avr/meeting.htm.

  55. 55.

    http://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/documents/africa-older-persons2012.pdf.

  56. 56.

    Article 22 Protocol to the African Charter on Human and Peoples' Rights on the Rights of Women in Africa http://www.achpr.org/instruments/women-protocol/#22.

  57. 57.

    Country Review Report No. 11: Mozambique, Published: 17-11-2009 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  58. 58.

    Id., at 136, 458.

  59. 59.

    US Department of State, Country Report on Human Rights Practices, 2012, http://www.refworld.org/topic,50ffbce4c9,50ffbce4fc,517e6e001c,0,,,MOZ.html.

  60. 60.

    CEDAW, Concluding comments of the Committee on the Elimination of Discrimination against Women: Mozambique 11 June 2007 CEDAW/C/MOZ/CO/2 para. 42. http://www.un.org/womenwatch/daw/cedaw/cedaw25years/content/english/CONCLUDING_COMMENTS/Mozambique/Mozambique-CO-2.pdf.

  61. 61.

    Edward Miguel, Poverty and Witch Killing, Review of Economic Studies (2005) 72, 1153–1172, at 1162.

  62. 62.

    See HelpAge International, Promo Femmes Dévelopment Solidarité and Association le TOCSIN, Joint NGO Submission for the Initial Universal Periodic Review of Burkina Faso in December 2008, available at http://www.upr-info.org/IMG/pdf/HAI_BFA_UPR_S3_2008_HelpAgeInternational_Etal_uprsubmission.pdf.

  63. 63.

    UNHCR, Witchcraft allegations, refugee protection and human rights: a review of the evidence, New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper No. 169, Jill Schnoebelen, 2009.

  64. 64.

    OHCHR, http://www.ohchr.org/EN/NEWSEVENTS/Pages/Witches21stCentury.aspx.

  65. 65.

    Legal and Human Rights Centre, Tanzania Human Rights Report, 2009, p. 98. http://www.humanrights.or.tz/wp-content/uploads/2010/10/Tanzania-Human-Rights-Report-2009.pdf.

  66. 66.

    HelpAge International, No Country for Old Women, http://www.helpage.org/newsroom/features/nocountry-for-old-women/.

  67. 67.

    Article 2, Banjul Charter. http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/z1afchar.htm.

  68. 68.

    Article 3, Banjul Charter, http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/instree/z1afchar.htm.

  69. 69.

    Sixteenth Annual Activity Report of the ACHPR 2002–2003, 241/2001—Purohit and Moore p. 68, para 49. http://www.achpr.org/english/activity_reports/activity16_en.pdf.

  70. 70.

    African Union, African (Banjul) Charter on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 1981, www.africa-union.org/official_documents/…/Banjul%20Charter.pdf.

  71. 71.

    Union Inter Africaine des Droits de l’Homme, Fédération Internationale des Ligues des Droits de l’Homme, Rencontre Africaine des Droits de l’Homme, Organisation Nationale des Droits de l’Homme au Sénégal and Association Malienne des Droits de I ‘Homme vs. Angola, 11th Annual Report of the African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights, 159/96 http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/comcases/159-96.html.

  72. 72.

    Id., 18.

  73. 73.

    347 U.S 483 (1954).

  74. 74.

    26th Activity Report, p. 28 http://www.achpr.org/english/activity_reports/26th%20Activity%20report.pdf.

  75. 75.

    10th Annual Report 27/89, 46/91, 49/91, 99/93, Organisation Mondiale Contre La Torture and Association Internationale des Juristes Democrates, Commission Internationale des Juristes (C.I.J) Union Interafricaine des Droits de l’Homme v. Rwanda, Merits, Par 25, 26 http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/comcases/27-89.html.

  76. 76.

    Country Review Report No. 1: Ghana, Published: 06-10-2005 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  77. 77.

    Country Review Report No. 5: Algeria Findings of the CRM, at 144.

  78. 78.

    Country Review Report No. 7: Uganda, Published: 21-08-2009 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21, P. 40.

  79. 79.

    Country Review Report No. 5: Algeria Findings of the CRM.

  80. 80.

    Country Review Report No. 6: Benin, Published: 05-06-2008 at 126.

  81. 81.

    Communication 155/96; Decision handed down at the 30th Ordinary session of the Commission held in The Gambia. For text, see University of Minnesota Human Rights Library website, online: <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/comcases/155-96b.html> (last accessed: March 16, 2010) [“Communication 155/96”].

  82. 82.

    Nwobike, Justice C., The African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Demystification of Second and Third Generation Rights under the African Charter: Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC) and the Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) v. Nigeria, 1 Afr. J. Legal Stud. 2 129–146 (2005).

  83. 83.

    Nwobike at 140.

  84. 84.

    Nigeria’s third periodic country report: 2005–2008, September 2008, 82. http://www.achpr.org/english/state_reports/Nigeria/3_Periodic%20Rpt.pdf.

  85. 85.

    Monica Ferreira & Sebastiana Kalula, Human Rights and Ageing in South Africa, International Longevity Centre, 2007. www.ilcsa.uct.ac.za/Human%20rights%20paper.doc.

  86. 86.

    Nigeria’s third periodic country report: 2005–2008, September 2008, 82. http://www.achpr.org/english/state_reports/Nigeria/3_Periodic%20Rpt.pdf.

  87. 87.

    Country Review Report No. 6: Benin, Published: 05-06-2008 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  88. 88.

    Country Review Report No. 6: Benin, Published: 05-06-2008 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  89. 89.

    Communication 155/96; Decision handed down at the 30th Ordinary session of the Commission held in The Gambia. For text, see University of Minnesota Human Rights Library website, online: <http://www1.umn.edu/humanrts/africa/comcases/155-96b.html> (last accessed: March 16, 2010) [“Communication 155/96”] 64.

  90. 90.

    Id.

  91. 91.

    Justice C. Nwobike, African Commission on Human and Peoples’ Rights and the Demystification of Second and Third Generation Rights Under the African Charter: Social and Economic Rights Action Center (SERAC) and the Center for Economic and Social Rights (CESR) v. Nigeria, African Journal of Legal Studies, 137, 2005.

  92. 92.

    Country Review Report No. 5: Algeria Findings of the CRM.

  93. 93.

    Country Review Report No. 5: Algeria Findings of the CRM, at 144.

  94. 94.

    Country Review Report No. 4: South Africa, Published: 19-10-2007 p. 119 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  95. 95.

    Country Review Report No. 4: South Africa, at 240.

  96. 96.

    ACHPR/Res.141 (XXXXIIII)08: Resolution on Access to Health and needed Medicines in Africa http://www.achpr.org/english/resolutions/resolution141_en.htm.

  97. 97.

    Para. 56 reads “…the Government has not taken such steps as would to protect the Ogoni population from harms done by the NNPC-Shell consortium. It has instead actively used its security forces to facilitate and compound the damage. Furthermore, it has not provided nor permitted studies of potential or actual environmental and health risks caused by oil operations in Ogoni Communities. Instead of warding off threats to the peaceful enjoyment by the Ogonis of their protected rights, the government has promoted an atmosphere of terror in a bid to silence the demand for observance of their rights.”

  98. 98.

    Articles 2, 3, 5, 7 (1)(a) and (c), 13(1), 16 and 18(4) of the Banjul Charter and.

  99. 99.

    Sixteenth Annual Activity Report of the ACHPR 2002–2003, 241/2001—Purohit and Moore, at 74 : http://www.achpr.org/english/activity_reports/activity16_en.pdf.

  100. 100.

    Country Review Report No. 6: Benin, Published: 05-06-2008 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  101. 101.

    Angola Constitution, Article 77, January 21, 2010.

  102. 102.

    CESCR, General Comment N° 14 (2000) on the right to health, adopted by the Committee on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights. U.N. Doc. E/C.12/2000/4, http://www.unhchr.ch/tbs/doc.nsf/%28symbol%29/E.C.12.2000.4.En.

  103. 103.

    A/HRC/12/2 Central African Republic’s Working Group Report.

  104. 104.

    A/HRC/12/5 Chad’s Working Group Report.

  105. 105.

    A/HRC/8/36 Ghana’s Working Group Report.

  106. 106.

    Country Review Report No. 5: Algeria Findings of the CRM: The authorities appear not to have paid adequate attention to this category because of other priorities and crises, and also because this section of the population represented only a very small proportion of the total population.

  107. 107.

    HelpAge International, Protecting Older People in Emergencies, a Good Practice Guide, 2012, www.helpage.org/download/4f2bcb851f1b4/‎.

  108. 108.

    Id., 17.

  109. 109.

    Resolution on the Human Rights Situation in Uganda, 20th Activity Report, 25–29 June 2006, http://www.achpr.org/english/activity_reports/20th%20Activity%20Report.pdf.

  110. 110.

    The African Commission Resolutions: Resolution on the Mandate of the Special Rapporteur on Refugees, Asylum Seekers and Internally Displaced Persons in Africa http://www.achpr.org/english/_doc_target/documentation.html?../resolutions/resolution77_en.html.

  111. 111.

    10th Annual Report 27/89, 46/91, 49/91, 99/93 Organisation Mondiale Contre La Torture and Association Internationale des Juristes Democrates) Commission Internationale des Juristes (C.I.J) Union Interafricaine des Droits de l’Homme/Rwanda.

  112. 112.

    http://www.africa-platform.org/sites/default/files/resources/Uganda%20Country%20Report.pdf.

  113. 113.

    Country Review Report No. 7: Uganda, Published: 21-08-2009 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  114. 114.

    Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s on the Rights of the Women in Africa, 2003: http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/women_en.html.

  115. 115.

    Article 22, Id.

  116. 116.

    Article 22, Id.

  117. 117.

    Article 22, Id.

  118. 118.

    Country Review Report No. 6: Benin, Published: 05-06-2008 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  119. 119.

    Poverty and Witch Killing by Edward Miguel in Review of Economic Studies, Vol. 72, No. 4, pp. 1153–1172, October 2005 at 1153.

  120. 120.

    Jill Schnoebelen, Witchcraft allegations, refugee protection and human rights: a review of the evidence, UNHCR, New Issues in Refugee Research, Research Paper No. 169, 2009.

  121. 121.

    Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Benin, U.N. Doc. No. A/HRC/22/9 http://daccess-ods.un.org/access.nsf/Get?Open&DS=A/HRC/22/9&Lang=E.

  122. 122.

    Article 20, Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s on the Rights of the Women in Africa, 2003: http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/women_en.html.

  123. 123.

    Article 21, Id.

  124. 124.

    Country Review Report No. 6: Benin, Published: 05-06-2008 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  125. 125.

    Country Review Report No. 6: Benin, Published: 05-06-2008, at 128.

  126. 126.

    Id.

  127. 127.

    Id., 20.

  128. 128.

    Algeria, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Ethiopia, Gabon, Guinea, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Mali, Mauritius, Morocco, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Republic of South Africa, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Sudan, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Tanzania and Zambia http://treaties.un.org/pages/ViewDetails.aspx?src=TREATY&mtdsg_no=IV-15&chapter=4&lang=en.

  129. 129.

    Id.

  130. 130.

    Article 23, Protocol to the African Charter on Human and People’s on the Rights of the Women in Africa, 2003: http://www.achpr.org/english/_info/women_en.html.

  131. 131.

    Country Review Report No. 7: Uganda, Published: 21-08-2009, 445, P. 177 http://aprm.krazyboyz.co.za/index.php?option=com_aprm_documents&Itemid=32&page=documents-category&cid=25&nid=21&id=21.

  132. 132.

    Country Review Report No. 1: Ghana.

  133. 133.

    UNICEF, Africa’s Orphaned and Vulnerable Generations, 2006. p. 15. http://www.unicef.org/publications/files/Africas_Orphaned_and_Vulnerable_Generations_Children_Affected_by_AIDS.pdf.

  134. 134.

    Report of the Working Group on the Universal Periodic Review, Burkina Faso, A/HRC/24/4. 8 July 2013, Para. 135.63. Senegal to Burkina Faso: “Strengthen the rights of vulnerable categories of the population, including the rights of the elderly” http://ap.ohchr.org/documents/dpage_e.aspx?si=A/HRC/24/4; Report of the Human Rights Council twenty-third session, A/HRC/23/2 27 August 2013, Para. 452., Gabon’s expression of appreciation of Botswana’s efforts to protect the rights of the elderly http://www.ohchr.org/EN/HRBodies/HRC/RegularSessions/Session23/Pages/23RegularSession.aspx.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, American University Washington College of Law, Academy on Human Rights, Washington, DC, USA

    Claudia Martin

  2. Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian, American University Washington College of Law, Washington, DC, USA

    Diego Rodriguez-Pinzon

  3. HelpAge USA, Washington, DC, USA

    Bethany Brown

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Martin, C., Rodriguez-Pinzon, D., Brown, B. (2015). Africa: Regional Standards on the Protection of the Rights of Older Persons. In: Human Rights of Older People. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 45. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7185-6_5

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