The Americas and the Human Rights of Older Persons: Historical Overview and New Developments

Martin, Claudia; Rodriguez-Pinzon, Diego; Brown, Bethany

doi:10.1007/978-94-017-7185-6_4

Claudia Martin⁶,
Diego Rodriguez-Pinzon⁷ &
Bethany Brown⁸

Part of the book series: Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice ((IUSGENT,volume 45))

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Abstract

The region of North America, Latin America and the Caribbean has a number of interregional treaties and bodies that impact older people’s human rights. This chapter explores the human rights instruments adopted in the framework of the Organization of American States, a regional organization comprised of all states of the region, as they apply to older persons. Moreover, it extensively covers the interpretation of the regional bodies that have jurisdiction to apply those human rights treaties and discusses the case law and practice applicable to the protection of human rights of older persons. In addition, this chapter includes the relevant discussions regarding the current negotiations on the adoption of an Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons.

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Notes

1.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, Population Facts, Population ageing and sustainable development, August 2014, at 1, available at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/popfacts/PopFacts_2014-4.pdf (last visited Dec. 30, 2014).
2.
Id., at 2.
3.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, World Population Ageing: 1950–2050, at 16, available at http://www.un.org/esa/population/publications/worldageing19502050/ (last visited Dec. 30, 2014). Also, see overall, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, World Population Aging 2013, at 18, available at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeing2013.pdf (last visited Dec. 30, 2014).
4.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Ageing, 2009, at 39–40, available at http://www.un.org/en/development/desa/population/publications/pdf/ageing/WorldPopulationAgeingReport2009.pdf (last visited Dec. 30, 2014).
5.
Id., at 22. From 2009 to 2050, the ratio of persons aged 65 or over to those of working age is projected to grow from 10 to 31 per 100 in Latin America. Thus, it is expected that in 2050 there will 3 persons of working age for every older person in the region. See, in this regard, United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs Population Division, World Population Aging 2013, supra note 3, at 25.
6.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Ageing, 2009, supra note 4, at 34.
7.
Latin American and Caribbean Demographic Centre—Population Division of ECLAC, Demographic Change and its Influence on Development in Latin America and the Caribbean, at 26, available at http://www.eclac.org/publicaciones/xml/5/33225/2008-271-SES.32-CELADE-INGLES.pdf (last visited Dec. 30, 2014).
8.
United Nations Department of Economic and Social Affairs, Population Division, World Population Ageing, 2009, supra note 4, at 36.
9.
Expert Meeting on Population, Inequalities and Human Rights, Intersection of Population and Human Rights: Rights of Older Persons in the International Context, at 6–8, available at http://www.eclac.org/celade/noticias/paginas/6/27116/KellyP.pdf (last visited Dec. 30, 2014).
10.
See, in general, Israel Doron and Kate Mewhinney, The Rights of Older Persons—A Collection of International Documents, Jerusalem & Montreal: IFA & ESHEL, 2008. See, also, Working Group on Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons, Activities of the Working Group during the period 2013–2014, Report by the Chair of the Working Group presented to the Committee on Juridical and Political Affairs during the session held May 15, 2014, OEA/Ser.G CAJP/GT/DHPM-139/14, May 14, 2014.
11.
See in this regards, Sandra Huenchuan, Perspectivas globales sobre la protección de los derechos humanos de las personas mayores, 2007–2013, CEPAL, 2013, at 39–43.
12.
See, in general, Article 2 of the Charter of the OAS listing the purposes of this regional organization. Charter of the OAS, as amended by the Protocol of Buenos Aires in 1967, the Protocol of Cartagena de Indias in 1985, the Protocol of Washington in 1992, and the Protocol of Managua in 1993, available at http://www.oas.org/dil/treaties_A-41_Charter_of_the_Organization_of_American_States.pdf (last visited Dec. 30, 2014).
13.
Id.
14.
Id., Article 3(l).
15.
Id., Article 17.
16.
American Declaration on the Rights and Duties of Man, approved by the Ninth International Conference of American States, Bogota, Colombia, OAS Res. XXX.
17.
American Convention on Human Rights, O.A.S. Treaty Series No. 36, 1144 U.N.T.S. 123, entered into force on July 18, 1978.
18.
I/A Court H.R., Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights, Advisory Opinion OC-10/89 of July 14, 1989, Series A No. 10, 43, 45.
19.
Id.
20.
Article VI of the American Declaration.
21.
Article XI of the American Declaration.
22.
Article XII of the American Declaration.
23.
Article XIV of the American Declaration.
24.
Article XVI of the American Declaration.
25.
Article XXX of the American Declaration.
26.
Article XXXV of the American Declaration.
27.
See, for example, I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Office of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of July 1, 2009, Series C No. 198.
28.
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, “Protocol of San Salvador”, OAS Treaty Series No. 69, entered into force on November 16, 1999.
29.
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, OAS Treaty Series No. 67, entered into force on February 28, 1987.
30.
Inter-American Convention for the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of the Violence against Women, “Convention of Belém do Pará,” A-61, entered into force on March 5, 1995.
31.
Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities, A-65, entered into force on September 14, 2001.
32.
Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, A-69, opened for ratification on June 6, 2013.
33.
Inter-American Convention against Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Related Forms of Intolerance, A-69, opened for ratification on June 6, 2013.
34.
See AG/RES. 2455 (XXXIX-O/09), Human Rights and Older Persons, adopted on June 4, 2009 and AG/RES. 2562 (XL-O/10), Human Rights and Older Persons, adopted June 8, 2010.
35.
Id.
36.
See, also, Working Group on Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons, Activities of the Working Group during the period 2013–2014, Report by the Chair of the Working Group presented to the Committee on Juridical and Political Affairs during the session held May 15, 2014, supra note 10.
37.
Id.
38.
Id.
39.
The last Draft of the Convention of Older Persons was submitted for discussion by the Chair of the Working Group on Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons on November 2014. See, Note from the Chair of the Working Group submitting proposed new language for the Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, OEA/Ser.G CAJP/GT/DHPM/INF.34/14, November 17, 2014. Also, for more information on the history of the discussions see, in general, the website of the Working Group on Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons, http://www.oas.org/consejo/CAJP/personas%20mayores.asp (last visited Dec. 30, 2014).
40.
See, Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra, Preamble.
41.
Id.
42.
Id.
43.
Id., Article 1.
44.
Id.
45.
Id., Article 3.
46.
Id., Article 4.
47.
Id., Article 2.
48.
Id., Article 5.
49.
See Statute of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, OAS G.A. Res. 447, 9th Sess. (October 31, 1979), available at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/Basics/statuteiachr.asp (last visited Dec. 30, 2014).
50.
Id., Article 18.
51.
Id.
52.
IACHR, Third Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Paraguay, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.110, Doc. 52, 9 March 2001, 42–43.
53.
IACHR, Second Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Colombia, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.84, Doc. 39 rev., Oct. 14, 1993, Chapter VII, Section B, (chastising the Colombian government for its inability to protect the personal liberties of its citizens).
54.
IACHR, Fourth Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Guatemala, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.83, Doc. 16 rev., June 1, 1993, Chapter IX, Section II (discussing how the Guatemalan system has been ineffective in guaranteeing rights right to freedom of thought, expression, and assembly).
55.
Id., Article 20 (emphasizing particular attention to the following rights: life, liberty, and personal security (Article I); equality before the law (Article II); religious freedom (Article III); freedom of investigation, opinion, expression, and dissemination (Article IV); fair trial (Article XVIII); protection from arbitrary arrest (Article XXV); and due process of law (Article XXVI)).
56.
See IACHR, Tomas Eduardo Cirio v Uruguay, Case 11.500, Report No. 119/01, Admissibility, October 16, 2001, Annual Report 2001 (declaring the case admissible with respect to Articles of the American Declaration and of the American Convention). The case involved a retired Uruguayan military officer who was chastised for his comments opposing the government’s position. The government then stripped him of his pension, health insurance, and ability to obtain credit.
57.
Id., 36.
58.
Id.
59.
Even if the Inter-American Torture Convention does not expressly provide jurisdiction to the IACHR to review individual petitions, the IACtHR has interpreted Article 8 of that treaty to include jurisdiction of both the IACHR and the IACtHR to deal with breaches of that instrument. See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of the “Street Children” (Villagrán-Morales et al.) v. Guatemala, Merits, Judgment of November 19, 1999, Series C No. 63, 247–249.
60.
See Article 12 of the Belém do Pará Convention.
61.
See Article 15 of the Discrimination and Intolerance Convention.
62.
See Article 15 of the Racial Discrimination Convention.
63.
See Article 19(6) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
64.
See Article VI of the Disabilities Convention.
65.
See Article 62 of the American Convention.
66.
I/A Court HR, Case of Bueno Alves v Argentina, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of May 11, 2007, Series C no 164, 56–60.
67.
See Article 64 of the American Convention.
68.
Id.
69.
For a discussion on the jurisdiction of the Court regarding the Inter-American Torture Convention, see supra note 59.
70.
Even if Article 12 does not expressly provide that the IACtHR has jurisdiction to deal with breaches of Article 7, the IACtHR has concluded through interpretation that Article 12 ensures its power to review breaches to the Belém do Pará Convention. See, in this regard, I/A Court H.R., Case of González et al. (“Cotton Field”) v. Mexico, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of November 16, 2009, Series C No. 205, 38–77.
71.
See Article 15 of the Discrimination and Intolerance Convention.
72.
See Article 15 of the Racial Discrimination Convention.
73.
See Article 19(6) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
74.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 35.
75.
Id.
76.
Id.
77.
Id.
78.
Id., Article 34.
79.
Id.
80.
Id.
81.
Andean Charter for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 26 July 2002, available at http://www.refworld.org/docid/3de4f94a4.html (last visited Jan. 15, 2015).
82.
Id., Articles 46–47.
83.
Comprised of: Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Lucia, St. Kitts and Nevis, St. Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, and Trinidad and Tobago.
84.
See the Caribbean Charter on Health and Ageing, available at http://www.caricom.org/jsp/pressreleases/pres105_99.jsp (last visited Jan. 19, 2015).
85.
Permanent Mission of Argentina to the United Nations, “Temas Sociales 2010,” quoted in ECLAC, Huenchuan & Rodríguez-Piñero, Ageing and the protection of human rights: current situation and outlook, (2011), at 65, http://social.un.org/ageing-working-group/documents/ECLAC_Ageing%20and%20the%20protection%20of%20human%20rights_current%20situation%20and%20outlook_Project%20document.pdf (last visited Jan. 19, 2015).
86.
Sandra Huenchuan, Perspectivas globales sobre la protección de los derechos humanos de las personas mayores, supra note 11, at 39.
87.
The full text of the Regional Strategy for the Implementation in Latin America and the Caribbean of the Madrid International Plan of Action on Action may be reviewed at http://undesadspd.org/LinkClick.aspx?fileticket=RHZ2ZEsjCWY%3D&tabid=330 (last visited Jan. 19, 2015).
88.
Sandra Huenchuan, Perspectivas globales sobre la protección de los derechos humanos de las personas mayores, supra note 11, at 40.
89.
The full text of the Brasilia Declaration may be consulted at http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/documents/regional_review/Declaracion_Brasilia.pdf (last visited Jan. 19, 2015).
90.
Sandra Huenchuan, Perspectivas globales sobre la protección de los derechos humanos de las personas mayores, supra note 11, at 41.
91.
Id.
92.
The full text of the San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean may be consulted at http://www.un.org/esa/socdev/ageing/documents/Review_and_Appraisal/CR_Carta_ENG.pdf (last visited Jan. 19, 2015).
93.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra, at 11.
94.
Sandra Huenchuan, Perspectivas globales sobre la protección de los derechos humanos de las personas mayores, supra note 11, at 43–44.
95.
Id., at 44–46.
96.
For a text of the Declaration of Lima in Spanish, see http://www.gerontologia.org/noticia.php?id=240 (last visited Jan. 31, 2015).
97.
Luz Barreto, A Report on the Status of Older People’s Rights in Latin America, available at http://www.globalaging.org/elderrights/world/2009/rightslatinamerica.pdf (last visited Jan. 31, 2015).
98.
The Rights of Older Persons: Collection of International Documents, Israel Doron & Kate Mewhinney, editors (2007), Latin American and Caribbean Meeting of Leaders of Organizations of Older People, Declaration of Lima (2001).
99.
IACHR, Annual Report 1983–1984, OEA/Ser. P/L/II.63, doc. 10 (1984), Chapter IV, Section II, 2, available at http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/83.84.eng/toc.htm (last visited Jan. 31, 2015).
100.
Id.
101.
Id.
102.
OAS General Assembly, AG/RES. 619 (XII-O/82), Preliminary Draft Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San Jose), adopted on November 20, 1982, at 54, available at http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/agres/ag03796E01.PDF (last visited Jan. 15, 2015). See also AG/RES. 657 (XIII-O/83), Preliminary Draft Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights (Pact of San Jose), adopted on November 18, 1983, at 59, available at http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/agres/ag03797E01.PDF (last visited Jan. 15, 2015) (requesting the OAS Secretary General to submit the OAS State members and the IACHR the Draft Protocol and seek their comments and observations).
103.
Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, “Protocol of San Salvador”, supra note 28.
104.
Id.
105.
IACHR, Annual Report 1983–1984, supra note 99, 7.
106.
Id.
107.
Id. Also, please see IACHR, Annual Report 1985–1986, Chapter V, Section II, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.68 Doc. 8 rev. 1, September 16, 1986, available at http://www.cidh.org/annualrep/85.86eng/toc.htm (last visited Jan. 15, 2015).
108.
Report of the Permanent Council on the Draft Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, OEA/Ser.P, AG/doc.2189/87, October 30, 1987.
109.
Observations on the Preliminary Draft Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, Permanent Mission of Peru to the Organization of American States, OEA/Ser.G, CP/CAJP-622/85 add. 3, 9 July 1986; Observations on the Preliminary Draft of the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, Permanent Mission of Mexico to the Organization of American States, OEA/Ser. G, CP/CAJP-622/85 add. 6, 18 August 1986; Observations of the Government of the Argentine Republic on the Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights, OEA/Ser. G, CP/CAJP-622/85 add. 10, 1 October 1987.
110.
Article 18(d) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
111.
According to the Annual Report of the Working Group created to analyze the periodic reports under the Protocol of San Salvador, states were expected to submit their first reports before June 2014. However, there is no information available on the submission of those reports, so it is possible to assume that the monitoring of such reports has not started yet. See. Grupo de Trabajo encargado de analizar los Informes Nacionales Periódicos de los Estados Partes del Protocolo de San Salvador, Informe de Actividades, Período Enero-Diciembre, 2013, 28 Febrero 2014, OEA/Ser.L./XXV.2.1 GT/PSS/doc.10/13, 10 Marzo 2014, at 4, available at http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/2014/CP32419S.pdf (last visited Jan. 15, 2015).
112.
See in general Laura Pautassi, Monitoring Access to Information from the Perspective of Human Rights Indicators, Sur - International Journal on Human Rights, http://www.surjournal.org/eng/conteudos/getArtigo18.php?artigo=18,artigo_04.htm (last visited Jan. 20, 2015).
113.
AG/RES. 2074 (XXXV-O/05), Standards for the Preparation of Periodic Reports pursuant to Article 19 of the Protocol of San Salvador, adopted June 7, 2005, at 39, available at http://www.oas.org/en/sla/docs/AG02863E06.pdf (last visited Jan. 15, 2015). Article 15 protects the rights of the family, Article 16 protects the rights of the children, Article 17 protects the rights of the elderly, and Article 18 protects the rights of persons with disabilities.
114.
Id., Appendix, see in general at 43–46.
115.
Id. Appendix, at 45.
116.
Id., text of AG/RES. 2074 (XXXV-O/05), at 39–40.
117.
IACHR, Guidelines for Preparation of Progress Indicators in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.132 Doc. 14 19 July 2008, 45–47, available at http://www.cidh.org/pdf%20files/Guidelines%20final.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2015).
118.
Id., 55.
119.
Id., 58.
120.
Id., 64.
121.
AG/RES. 2262 (XXXVII-O/07), Protocol Of San Salvador: Composition and Functioning of the Working Group to Examine the Periodic Reports of the States Parties, adopted on June 5, 2007, OEA/Ser.P, AG/doc.4771/07 rev. 1, September 14, 2007, at 22.
122.
AG/RES. 2582 (XL-O/10), Protocol Of San Salvador: Composition and Functioning of the Working Group to Examine the Periodic Reports of the States Parties, adopted on June 8, 2010, OEA/Ser.P AG/doc.5124/10 rev. 1, February 3, 2011, at 314, 315.
123.
Grupo de Trabajo encargado de analizar los Informes Nacionales Periódicos de los Estados Partes del Protocolo de San Salvador, Informe de Actividades, Período Enero-Diciembre, 2013, supra note 111, at 2–6.
124.
Indicadores the Progreso para Medición de Derechos Contemplados en el Protocolo de San Salvador, Propuesta elevada por el Grupo de Trabajo para el análisis de los informes nacionales previstos en el Protocolo de San Salvador en cumplimiento del mandato previsto en la Resolución AG/RES 2582 (XL-0-10), OEA/Ser.L/XXXV.2.1., GT/PSSI/doc.2/11, 11 marzo 2011, 43–51.
125.
The first set of indicators was approved by AG/RES. 2713 (XLII-O/12), Adoption of Progress Indicators for Measuring Rights under the Protocol of San Salvador, adopted on June 4, 2012, OEA/Ser.P/XLII-O.2, February 1, 2013, at 56, available at http://www.oas.org/en/sla/docs/AG05796E04.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2015). The second group of indicators was approved in the OAS General Assembly in 2014. See, AG/doc.5422, http://scm.oas.org/ag/documentos/ (last visited Jan. 20, 2015).
126.
As stated above, the state reports regarding implementation of the first groups of rights were due before June 2014. However, there is no yet information available on whether these reports have been received and the Working Group has started the process of reviewing them. See supra note 111.
127.
See Diego Rodriguez-Pinzon & Claudia Martin, The International Human Rights Status of Elderly Persons, 18 Am. U Int’l L. Rev. 915, 969 (2002).
128.
Article 9 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
129.
Articles 10 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
130.
Article 11 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
131.
Article 13 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
132.
See, inter alia, IACHR, The Work, Education and Resources of Women: The Road to Equality in Guaranteeing Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.143, Doc.59, November 3, 2011, 29; I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27, 101.
133.
I/A Court H.R., Interpretation of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man within the Framework of Article 64 of the American Convention on Human Rights. supra note 18.
134.
Id.
135.
Mostly due to the language of Article 20 of the Statute of the IACHR, which provides in the pertinent part: In relation to those member states of the Organization that are not parties to the American Convention on Human Rights, the Commission shall have the following powers, in addition to those designated in Article 18: a. to pay particular attention to the observance of the human rights referred to in Articles I, II, III, IV, XVIII, XXV, and XXVI of the American Declaration of the Rights and Duties of Man. IACHR, Statute of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights, available at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/mandate/Basics/statuteiachr.asp (last visited Jan. 30, 2015).
136.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Third Report on the Situation of Human Rights in Paraguay, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.110, Doc.52, March 9, 2001; Human Rights of Migrant and Other Persons in the Context of Human Mobility in Mexico, OEA/Ser.L/V/II, Doc.48/13, December 30, 2013.
137.
I/A Court HR, Case of Bueno Alves v Argentina, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 66.
138.
Articles 3 and 24 of the American Convention; Peggy Kelly, UN Program on Ageing, Intersection of Population and Human Rights: Rights of Older Persons in the International Context (Oct. 15, 2006), available at http://www.eclac.org/celade/noticias/paginas/6/27116/KellyP.pdf (last visited Jan. 15, 2015).
139.
Specifically, Article XVII of the American Declaration states: Every person has the right to be recognized everywhere as a person having rights and obligations, and to enjoy the basic civil rights. On the other hand, Article 3 of the American Convention provides: Every person has the right to recognition as a person before the law.
140.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Bámaca Velásquez v. Guatemala, Merits, Judgment of November 25, 2000, Series C No. 70, 179; Case of the Girls Yean and Bosico v. Dominican Republican, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of September 8, 2005, Series C No. 130, 176.
141.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Anzualdo-Castro v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of September 22, 2009, Series C No. 202, 88.
142.
Id.
143.
Id., 89. Also, see Case of Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of March 29, 2006, Series C No. 146, 189.
144.
Working Group on Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons, “Views of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States (OAS)” regarding the Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons (Presented at the meeting held on November 8, 2013, in response to a request made by the Chair of the CAJP) OEA/Ser.G/CAJP/GT/DHPM 114/13, November 18, 2013, at 6, available at http://www.oas.org/consejo/CAJP/personas%20mayores.asp#Docs (last visited Jan. 20, 2015).
145.
Id., at 7–8.
146.
Id., at 7.
147.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 30.
148.
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, 13 December 2006, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 2515, p. 3, entered into force 3 May 2008.
149.
Id.
150.
Id.
151.
Id.
152.
Id.
153.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 11.
154.
Id.
155.
Id.
156.
IACHR, Access to Information on Reproductive Health from a Human Rights Perspective, OEA/Ser.L/V/II, Doc.61, November 22, 2011, 43–74.
157.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 12.
158.
Id.
159.
Id.
160.
See, Working Group on Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons, Articles Considered during the Meetings Held on April 28, 29, and 30, 2014, OEA/Ser.G/CAJP/GT/DHPM-37/12 add. 29, corr. 1, May 14, 2014, at 45.
161.
Article II of the American Declaration states: All persons are equal before the law and have the rights and duties established in this Declaration, without distinction as to race, sex, language, creed or any other factor.
162.
Article 1(1) of the American Convention provides: 1. The State Parties to this Convention undertake to respect the rights and freedoms recognized herein and to ensure to all persons subject to their jurisdiction the free and full exercise of those rights and freedoms, without any discrimination for reasons of race, color, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, economic status, birth, or any other social condition. Article 24 of the American Convention states: All persons are equal before the law. Consequently, they are entitled, without discrimination, to equal protection of the law.
163.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Atala Riffo and daughters v. Chile, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of February 24, 2012, Series C No. 239, 82.
164.
IACHR, The Situation of People of African Descent in the Americas, OEA/Ser.L/V/II.Doc. 62, December 5, 2011, 89; I/A Court H.R., Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants, Advisory Opinion OC-18/03 of September 17, 2003, Series A No.18, 109.
165.
I/A Court H.R., Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants, supra, 101.
166.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Atala Riffo and daughters v. Chile, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 163, 85.
167.
Id.
168.
Id., 91.
169.
I/A Court H.R., Juridical Condition and Human Rights of the Child, Advisory Opinion OC-17/02 of August 28, 2002, Series A No. 17, 46.
170.
IACHR, The Situation of People of African Descent in the Americas, supra note 164, 89.
171.
I/A Court H.R., Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants, supra note 164, 89.
172.
IACHR, Report Nº 51/01, Case 9903, Rafael Ferrer-Mazorra et al. v. United States, Annual Report 2000, April 4, 2001, 238. Also, I/A Court H.R., Proposed Amendments of the Naturalization Provisions of the Constitution of Costa Rica, Advisory Opinion OC-4/84 of January 19, 1984, Series A No. 4, 57.
173.
Id.
174.
IACHR, The Situation of People of African Descent in the Americas, supra note 164, 90.
175.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Atala Riffo and daughters v. Chile, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 163, 124.
176.
I/A Court H.R., Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants, at supra note 164, 101.
177.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Preamble.
178.
Id., Article 1.
179.
Id., Article 2.
180.
Id., Article 3(d).
181.
Id., Article 5.
182.
International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 660, p. 195, adopted on March 7, 1966, entered into force on January 4, 1969. Article 1 of CERD provides: In this Convention, the term “racial discrimination” shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction or preference based on race, colour, descent, or national or ethnic origin which has the purpose or effect of nullifying or impairing the recognition, enjoyment or exercise, on an equal footing, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural or any other field of public life.
183.
Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women, United Nations, Treaty Series, vol. 1249, p. 13, adopted on December 18, 1979, entered into force on September 3, 1981. Article 1 of CEDAW states: For the purposes of the present Convention, the term “discrimination against women” shall mean any distinction, exclusion or restriction made on the basis of sex which has the effect or purpose of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment or exercise by women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis of equality of men and women, of human rights and fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, social, cultural, civil or any other field.
184.
Inter-American Convention Against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, supra note 32, Article 1 states that “Discrimination shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference, in any area of public or private life, the purpose or effect of which is to nullify or curtail the equal recognition, enjoyment, or exercise of one or more human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the international instruments applicable to the States Parties.”
185.
Inter-American Convention against Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Related Forms of Intolerance, supra note 33. Article 1 states that “Racial discrimination shall mean any distinction, exclusion, restriction, or preference, in any area of public or private life, the purpose or effect of which is to nullify or curtail the equal recognition, enjoyment, or exercise of one or more human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the international instruments applicable to the States Parties. Racial discrimination may be based on race, color, lineage, or national or ethnic origin.”
186.
Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination Against Persons with Disabilities, supra note 31, Article 2(a) provides: The term “discrimination against persons with disabilities” means any distinction, exclusion, or restriction based on a disability, record of disability, condition resulting from a previous disability, or perception of disability, whether present or past, which has the effect or objective of impairing or nullifying the recognition, enjoyment, or exercise by a person with a disability of his or her human rights and fundamental freedoms.
187.
See, inter alia, European Commission Justice, The Prohibition of Discrimination under European Human Rights Law, Relevance for the EU non-discrimination directives—an update, Part I, Sect. 1.1.2. (2011).
188.
Id.
189.
Human Rights Public Policy Institute, Mercosur, The principle of equality and non-discrimination for the protection of the rights of older persons, Contribution to the discussion of an International Convention, OEA/Ser. G/CAJP/GT/DHPM/INF.1/11, October 28, 2011, at 6.
190.
Id.
191.
Id., at footnote 7.
192.
Inter-American Convention Against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, supra note 32, Article 1 provides that prohibited “[d]iscrimination may be based on nationality; age; sex; sexual orientation; gender identity and expression; language; religion; cultural identity; political opinions or opinions of any kind; social origin; socioeconomic status; educational level; migrant, refugee, repatriate, stateless or internally displaced status; disability; genetic trait; mental or physical health condition, including infectious-contagious condition and debilitating psychological condition; or any other condition.
193.
Andean Charter for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, 26 July 2002, supra note 81, Article 10.
194.
See, inter alia, IACHR, The Situation of People of African Descent in the Americas, supra note 164, 89.
195.
I/A Court H.R., Juridical Condition and Rights of the Undocumented Migrants, supra note 164, 104; Case of Atala Riffo and daughters v. Chile, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 163, 80.
196.
Id.
197.
See, IACHR, The Situation of People of African Descent in the Americas, supra note 164, 92; Jessica Lenahan (Gonzales) et al. v. United States, Report No. 80/11, Case 12.626, Merits, July 21, 2011, 109.
198.
Id.
199.
IACHR, Access to Maternal Health Services from a Human Rights Perspective, OEA/Ser.L/V/II, Doc. 69, June 7, 2010, 54; Access to Justice for Women Victims of Violence in the Americas, OEA/Ser.L/V//II, Doc. 68, January 20, 2007, 98–99.
200.
IACHR, The Situation of People of African Descent in the Americas, supra note 164, 97, 101–102.
201.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the Girls Yean and Bosico v. Dominican Republic, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of September 8, 2005, Series C No. 130, 172–174.
202.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of August 24, 2010, Series C No. 214, 273–274.
203.
IACHR, Human Rights of Migrants and Other Persons in the Context of Human Mobility in Mexico, OEA/Ser.L/V/II, Doc. 48/13, December 30, 2013, 347–361.
204.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Furlan and Family v. Argentina, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of August 31, 2012, Series C No. 246, 135.
205.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 5.
206.
Id., Article 3.
207.
Id., Article 4.
208.
Human Rights Public Policy Institute, Mercosur, The principle of equality and non-discrimination for the protection of the rights of older persons, supra note 189, at 7–8.
209.
Id., at 10–12.
210.
Id., at 12–18.
211.
Id., at 18–20.
212.
Id., at 20–21.
213.
Id., at 22–24.
214.
Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, supra note 32. Article 1 of the Discrimination and Intolerance Convention provides that “indirect discrimination shall be taken to occur, in any realm of public and private life, when a seemingly neutral provision, criterion, or practice has the capacity to entail a particular disadvantage for persons belonging to a specific group, or puts them at a disadvantage, unless said provision, criterion, or practice has some reasonable and legitimate objective or justification under international human rights law.” Inter-American Convention against Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Related Forms of Intolerance, supra note 33. Article 1 of the Racial Discrimination Convention states that “indirect racial discrimination shall be taken to occur, in any realm of public and private life, when a seemingly neutral provision, criterion, or practice has the capacity to entail a particular disadvantage for persons belonging to a specific group based on the reasons set forth in Article 1.1, or puts them at a disadvantage, unless said provision, criterion, or practice has some reasonable and legitimate objective or justification under international human rights law.”
215.
Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, supra note 32. Article 1 of the Discrimination and Intolerance Convention provides that “multiple or aggravated discrimination is any preference, distinction, exclusion, or restriction based simultaneously on two or more of the criteria set forth in Article 1.1, or others recognized in international instruments, the objective or result of which is to nullify or curtail, the equal recognition, enjoyment, or exercise of one or more human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the international instruments applicable to the States Parties, in any area of public or private life.” Inter-American Convention against Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Related Forms of Intolerance, supra note 33. Article 1 of the Racial Discrimination Convention provides that “multiple or aggravated discrimination is any preference, distinction, exclusion, or restriction based simultaneously on two or more of the criteria set forth in Article 1.1, or others recognized in international instruments, the objective or result of which is to nullify or curtail, the equal recognition, enjoyment, or exercise of one or more human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the international instruments applicable to the States Parties, in any area of public or private life.”
216.
Article 5 of the Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, supra note 32, and Article 5 of the Inter-American Convention against Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Related Forms of Intolerance, supra note 33.
217.
Article I of the American Declaration provides that “[e]very human being has the right to life, liberty and the security of his person.”
218.
Article 4(1) of the American Convention provides that “[e]very person has the right to have his life respected. This right shall be protected by law and, in general, from the moment of conception. No one shall be arbitrarily deprived of his life.”
219.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Ximenes Lopes v. Brazil, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of July 4, 2006, Series C No. 149, 124.
220.
IACHR, Jessica Lenahan (Gonzales) et al. v. United States, supra note 197, 112.
221.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Leydi Dayán Sánchez v. Colombia, Report Nº 43/08, Case 12.009,
Merits, July 23, 2008, 51; I/A Court H.R., Case of the Sawhoyamaxa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of March 29, 2006, Series C No. 146, 152.
222.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Ximenes Lopes v. Brazil, supra note 219, 125.
223.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the Plan de Sánchez Massacre v. Guatemala, Merits, Judgment of April 29, 2004, Series C No. 105, 42.
224.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the Massacres of El Mozote and neighboring locations v. El Salvador, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of October 25, 2012, Series C No. 252, 153.
225.
Id., 339.
226.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Ximenes Lopes v. Brazil, supra note 219, 112(4).
227.
Id., 112(5).
228.
Id., 112(11).
229.
Id., 100.
230.
Id., 128–129, 132.
231.
Id., 141.
232.
Id., 120, 142–143.
233.
Id., 121, 46.
234.
Id.
235.
Id., 144, 112(63)–112(64).
236.
Id., 147–149, 206.
237.
Id., 150.
238.
Id., 89.
239.
Id., 88–89.
240.
Id.
241.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of June 17, 2005, Series C No. 125, 162.
242.
Id.
243.
Id., 167.
244.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, supra note 241, 168; Case of the Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community. v. Paraguay, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of August 24, 2010, Series C No. 214, 215–216.
245.
Id., 176 and 217, respectively.
246.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, supra note 241, 175.
247.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the Xákmok Kásek Indigenous Community. v. Paraguay, supra note 244, 188.
248.
Id., 192.
249.
Article 4(5) of the American Convention provides: Capital punishment shall not be imposed upon persons who, at the time the crime was committed, were under 18 years of age or over 70 years of age; nor shall it be applied to pregnant women.
250.
See, inter alia, IACHR, The Death Penalty in The Inter‐American Human Rights System: From Restrictions to Abolition, OEA/Ser.L/V/II., Doc. 68, December 31, 2011, at 71–76.
251.
See Article 4(5), supra note 249.
252.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Michael Domingues v. United States, Report No. 62/02, Case 12.285, October 22, 2002, 85.
253.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 6.
254.
Id.
255.
Id.
256.
Id., Article 11.
257.
Id., Article 11 specifically provides in this regard: Older persons have the right to freely consent to, refuse, or voluntarily suspend treatment, including that provided by traditional, alternative, and complementary medicine, research or medical or scientific experiments, whether physical or psychological, and to be given clear and timely information about the potential consequences and risks of that decision.
258.
Id., Article 6.
259.
Id., Article 2.
260.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 10.
261.
Id.
262.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 2. Abuse is defined as a single or repeated act or omission to the detriment of an older person that harms their physical, mental, or moral integrity and infringes the enjoyment or exercise of their human rights and fundamental freedoms, regardless of whether or not it occurs in a relationship of trust.
263.
Id. Abandonment is defined as the lack of action, deliberate or not, to comprehensively care for an older person’s needs, which may jeopardize his or her life or physical, psychological or moral integrity.
264.
Id. Negligence is defined as involuntary error or unintentional fault, including, inter alia, neglect, omission, failure to protect, and defenselessness that causes harm or suffering to an older person, in either the public or private sphere, when necessary normal precautions in light of the circumstances have not been taken.
265.
Id., Article 4.
266.
Id., Article 9.
267.
Id.
268.
Id.
269.
Id.
270.
Id.
271.
Id.
272.
See Articles 1 and 2 of the Belém do Pará Convention, supra note 30.
273.
Id., Article 9.
274.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Access to Justice for Women Victims of Violence in the Americas, OEA/Ser.L/V//II, Doc. 68, January 20, 2007; Jessica Lenahan (Gonzales) et al. v. United States, supra note 197; I/A Court H.R., Case of González et al. (“Cotton Field”) v. Mexico, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of November 16, 2009, Series C No. 205; Case of Fernández Ortega et al. v. Mexico, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment of August 30, 2010, Series C No. 215.
275.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92.
276.
Id., at 13–14.
277.
Id., at 14.
278.
Id.
279.
OAS, Declaration of San Pedro Sula: Toward a Culture of Non-Violence, AG/DEC. 60 (XXXIX-O/09), adopted on June 4, 2009, 4, available at http://www.oas.org/sap/peacefund/resolutions/Declaration_of_San_Pedro_Sula_Culture_of_Non_Violence.pdf (last visited Jan. 20, 2015).
280.
Id., 7.
281.
Article 5 of the American Convention.
282.
Id.
283.
Inter-American Convention to Prevent and Punish Torture, supra note 29, Preamble.
284.
Id., Article 8.
285.
Id.
286.
Id.
287.
Id., Article 2.
288.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Bueno Alves v. Argentina, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of May 11, 2007, Series C No. 164, 78; Case of Maritza Urrutia v. Guatemala, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of November 27, 2003, Series C No. 103, 90–91.
289.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Bueno Alves v. Argentina, supra, 79.
290.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Cantoral Benavides v. Peru, Merits. Judgment of August 18, 2000. Series C No. 69, 100; Case of Maritza Urrutia v. Guatemala, supra note 288, 93.
291.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Bueno Alves v. Argentina, supra note 288, 76.
292.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Caesar v. Trinidad and Tobago, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of March 11, 2005, Series C No. 123, 67; Case of Loayza-Tamayo v. Peru, Merits, Judgment of September 17, 1997, Series C No. 33, 57.
293.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Bueno Alves v. Argentina, supra note 288, 83.
294.
Id.
295.
Id.
296.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Jailton Neri Da Fonseca v. Brazil, Report No. 33/04, Case 11.634, Annual Report 2004, March 11, 2004, 314; I/A Court H.R., Case of the Gómez Paquiyauri Brothers v. Peru, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of July 8, 2004, Series C No. 110, 101.
297.
IACHR, Horacio Anibal Schillizzi Moreno v. Argentina, Report Nº 22/00, Case 11.732, Annual Report 2000, March 7, 2000, 35.
298.
Id.
299.
As stated above, Article 5 explicitly states that “[a]ll persons deprived of their liberty shall be treated with respect for the inherent dignity of the human person.”
300.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Vera Vera et al. v. Ecuador, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment of May 19, 2011, Series. C no. 226, 42.
301.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Tibi v. Ecuador, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of September 7, 2004, Series C No. 114, 150.
302.
I/A Court H.R, Case of Vera Vera et al. v. Ecuador, supra note 295, 42.
303.
Id.
304.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Ximenes Lopes v. Brazil, supra note 219, 121–122.
305.
Id., 127.
306.
Id., 129.
307.
Id., 136.
308.
Id., 134.
309.
Id.
310.
Id., 135.
311.
Id., 131–132.
312.
Id., 141.
313.
Id., 142–146.
314.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Bayarri v. Argentina, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of October 30, 2008, Series C No. 187, 94; IACHR, Massacre of Corumbiara v. Brazil, Report 32/04, Case 11.556, Merits, March 11, 2004, 287.
315.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 2.
316.
Id., Article 12.
317.
Id.
318.
Id.
319.
Article 9 only provides that state parties commit to: establish or strengthen mechanisms for preventing any form of violence in the family or domestic unit, facilities in which older persons receive long-term care services, and in society, with a view to providing effective protection for the rights of older persons.
320.
IACHR, The Right of Girls and Boys to a Family, Alternative Care, Ending Institutionalization in the Americas, OEA/Ser.L/V/II., Doc. 54/13, October 17, 2013.
321.
Id., at 154–166.
322.
Id., at 179–226.
323.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 10.
324.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 10.
325.
Id.
326.
Id., Article 4.
327.
Id., Article 9.
328.
Id.
329.
Article XXV of the American Declaration, supra note 16.
330.
Id.
331.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Tibi v. Ecuador, supra note 301, 97.
332.
Article 7(2) of the American Convention.
333.
Article 7(3) of the American Convention.
334.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Bulacio v. Argentina, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of September 18, 2003, Series C No. 100, 125; IACHR, Ana, Beatriz and Celia González Pérez v. Mexico, Report No. 53/01, Case 11.565, April 4, 2001, 23.
335.
Id.
336.
IACHR, Karina Montenegro, et al. v. Ecuador, Report No. 48/07, Petitions 261-03, 397-03 and 1377-04, Admissibility, Annual Report 2007, July 23, 2007, 22, 42.
337.
Id., 64.
338.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Bulacio v. Argentina, supra note 334, 125; IACHR, Ana, Beatriz and Celia González Pérez v. Mexico, supra note 334, 23.
339.
IACHR, Rafael Ferrer-Mazorra et al. v. United States, Report Nº 51/01, Case 9903, Annual Report 2000, April 4, 2001, 210.
340.
IACHR, Principles and Best Practices on the Protection of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas, Resolution 1/08, General Provision, available at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/pdl/activities/principles.asp, (last visited Jan. 30, 2015).
341.
Article XXV of the American Declaration and Article 7 of the American Convention.
342.
Article 7 of the American Convention.
343.
Id.
344.
Article 27(2) of the American Convention.
345.
IACHR, Report on the Human Rights of Persons Deprived of Liberty in The Americas, OEA/Ser.L/V/II, Doc. 64, December 31, 2011, 244–246; I/A Court H.R., Case of Tibi v. Ecuador, supra note 301, 128–129.
346.
IACHR, Rafael Ferrer-Mazorra et al. v, United States, supra note 339, 212.
347.
IACHR, Karina Montenegro, et al. v. Ecuador, supra note 336, 23.
348.
Id.
349.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 13.
350.
Id.
351.
Id., Article 12.
352.
Id.
353.
Id., Article 9.
354.
The draft Convention on Older Persons only provides that the regulatory framework for long-term care service operations should ensure that older persons “are apprised of…their rights and of the legal framework and protocols governing long-term care services.” See Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 12.
355.
IACHR, Principles and Best Practices on the Protection of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas, supra note 340, Principles VI and VII.
356.
Id., Principle VII.
357.
Id. Also, see, IACHR, Report on the Human Rights of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas, supra note 345, 251.
358.
IACHR, The Right of Girls and Boys to a Family, Alternative Care, Ending Institutionalization in the Americas, supra note 320, at 166–176.
359.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 13.
360.
Id.
361.
IACHR, Principles and Best Practices on the Protection of Persons Deprived of Liberty in the Americas, supra note 340, Principles II.
362.
Id.
363.
Id., Principle III (3).
364.
Id., Principle III (4).
365.
IACHR, The Right of Girls and Boys to a Family, Alternative Care, Ending Institutionalization in the Americas, supra note 320, at 129–134.
366.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 12.
367.
Article VIII of the American Declaration.
368.
Article 22 of the American Convention.
369.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 15.
370.
Id.
371.
Id., Article 12.
372.
Article V of the American Declaration. The American Declaration also protects the inviolability of the home in Article IX and the inviolability of the correspondence in Article X.
373.
Article 11 of the American Convention.
374.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Escher et al. v. Brazil, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment of July 6, 2009, Series C No. 200, 113.
375.
Id., 116.
376.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Fernández Ortega et al. v. Mexico, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment of August 30, 2010, Series C No. 215, 129.
377.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Artavia Murillo et al. (in vitro fertilization) v. Costa Rica, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of November 28, 2012, Series C No. 257, 143.
378.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Escher et al. v. Brazil, supra note 574, 116.
379.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 16.
380.
Id.
381.
Id.
382.
Id.
383.
Id.
384.
Id., Article 12.
385.
Id.
386.
Id., see Preamble and Article 3 on General Principles.
387.
Id., Article 7 ensures the right of older persons to independence and autonomy as a separate right.
388.
Id.
389.
Id.
390.
Id. See also Article 25 on the right of older persons to accessibility and personal mobility.
391.
Article VI of the American Declaration.
392.
Article 17 of the American Convention.
393.
Article 15 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
394.
Article 17 of the American Convention.
395.
Working Group on Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons, “Views of the Inter-American Commission on Human Rights of the Organization of American States (OAS)” regarding the Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 144, at 3.
396.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 3.
397.
Id.
398.
Id., Article 7.
399.
Id., Article 9.
400.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 11.
401.
Id.
402.
Id., at 12.
403.
Id.
404.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Francisco Martorell v. Chile, Report No. 11/96, Case 11.230, Merits, Annual Report 1996, May 3, 1996, 53; I/A Court H.R., Compulsory Membership in an Association Prescribed by Law for the Practice of Journalism (Arts. 13 and 29 American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-5/85 of November 13, 1985, Series A No. 5, 30.
405.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Office of the Special Rapporteur on Freedom of Expression, The Inter-American legal framework regarding the right to freedom of expression, OEA Ser.L/V/II/ CIDH/RELE/INF, 2010, 13.
406.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Claude Reyes et al. v. Chile, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of September 19, 2006, Series C No. 151, 77.
407.
IACHR, Access to Information on Reproductive Health from a Human Rights Perspective, OEA/Ser.L/V/II., Doc. 61, November 22, 2011, 18.
408.
Id., 44.
409.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case Kimel v. Argentina, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of May 3, 2008. Series C No. 177, 54; Case of Palamara-Iribarne v. Chile, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of November 22, 2005, Series C No. 135, 79.
410.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 14.
411.
Id.
412.
Id. Also see Article 4(d).
413.
Id., Article 12(c)(i).
414.
Id., Article 4(h).
415.
Id., Article 9(b).
416.
Id., Article 11(a).
417.
Article XXI of the American Declaration and Article 15 of the American Convention protect the right to freedom of assembly.
418.
Article XXII of the American Declaration and 16 of the American Convention protect the right to association.
419.
Id.
420.
Article 16(2) of the American Convention.
421.
Article 17(c) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
422.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 27.
423.
Id.
424.
Id. Article 4(g).
425.
Article XXI of the American Declaration.
426.
Article 23 of the American Convention.
427.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Castañeda Gutman v. México, Preliminary Objections, Merits, Reparations, and Costs, Judgment of August 6, 2008, Series C No. 184, 146.
428.
Article 23(2) of the American Convention.
429.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Castañeda Gutman v. México, supra note 427, 155.
430.
Id.
431.
Article 29 of the CRPD.
432.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Furlan and Family v. Argentina, supra note 204, 124.
433.
Id., 139.
434.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Castañeda Gutman v. México, supra note 427, 156–157.
435.
Id., 157–159.
436.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Preamble.
437.
Id., Article 26.
438.
Id.
439.
Id.
440.
Id.
441.
Id., Article 1.
442.
Id., Article 3(e).
443.
Id., Article 4.
444.
Id., Article 8.
445.
Id.
446.
Id.
447.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the Yakye Axa Indigenous Community v. Paraguay, supra note 241, 175.
448.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 8.
449.
Id., at 17.
450.
Articles XVIII and XXVI of the American Declaration.
451.
Articles 8 and 25 of the American Convention.
452.
Article 27 of the American Convention states that this provision “does not authorize any suspension of the following articles: Article 3 (Right to Juridical Personality), Article 4 (Right to Life), Article 5 (Right to Humane Treatment), Article 6 (Freedom from Slavery), Article 9 (Freedom from Ex Post Facto Laws), Article 12 (Freedom of Conscience and Religion), Article 17 (Rights of the Family), Article 18 (Right to a Name), Article 19 (Rights of the Child), Article 20 (Right to Nationality), and Article 23 (Right to Participate in Government), or of the judicial guarantees essential for the protection of such rights."
453.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Judicial Guarantees in States of Emergency (Articles 27(2), 25 and (8) American Convention on Human Rights), Advisory Opinion OC-9/87 of October 6, 1987. Series A No. 9, 30.
454.
See, inter alia, Inter-American Convention for the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of the Violence against Women, supra note 30, Article 7(f) and (g); Inter-American Convention Against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, supra note 32, Article 10; and Inter-American Convention Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Related Forms of Intolerance, supra note 33, Article 10.
455.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Furlan and Family v. Argentina, supra note 204, 124.
456.
See, inter alia, Article 8 of the American Convention.
457.
Id.
458.
IACHR, Amilcar Menéndez, Juan Manuel Caride et al. (Social Security System) v. Argentina, Report No. 03/01, Case 11.670, Admissibility, Annual Report 2001, January 19, 2001, 25.
459.
Id.
460.
IACHR, Amilcar Menendez, Juan Manuel Caride et al. v. Argentina, Report No. 168/11, Petition 11.670, Friendly Settlement, Annual Report 2011, November 3, 2011.
461.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Furlan and Family v. Argentina, supra note 204, 152.
462.
Id., 194.
463.
Id., 197–202.
464.
Id., 203.
465.
Id., 204.
466.
Id., 195.
467.
IACHR, Agustina Alonso et al. v. Argentina, Report No. 14/14, Petition 265-00, Admissibility, Annual Report 2014, 23, 25.
468.
Id., 65, 67.
469.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27, 74–79.
470.
Id., 75.
471.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 3(n).
472.
Id., Article 9.
473.
Id., Article 11.
474.
Id., Article 12.
475.
Id., Article 22.
476.
Id., Article 31.
477.
Id.
478.
Id.
479.
Id.
480.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 8.
481.
Id., at 11.
482.
Id., at 14.
483.
Id.
484.
See Article 19(6) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
485.
IACHR, Jorge Odir Miranda Cortez, et al. v. El Salvador, Report No. 29/01, Case 12.249, Admissibility, Annual Report 2001, 36.
486.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Milton García Fajardo et al. v. Nicaragua, Report No. 100/01, Case 11.381, Merits, Annual Report 2001, 94–101.
487.
IACHR, Jorge Odir Miranda Cortez et al. v. El Salvador, Report No. 27/09, Case 12.249, Merits, Annual Report 2009, 139; I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27, 103.
488.
IACHR, Jorge Odir Miranda Cortez, et al. v. El Salvador, supra, 104.
489.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27, 103.
490.
IACHR, Jorge Odir Miranda Cortez et al. v. El Salvador, supra note 487, 103; I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27, 102.
491.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Jorge Odir Miranda Cortez et al. v. El Salvador, supra note 487, 141–147.
492.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 4.
493.
Id., Article 35.
494.
Article XII of the American Declaration.
495.
Id.
496.
Article 13(1) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
497.
Article 13(2) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
498.
Id.
499.
Article 13(3) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
500.
Id.
501.
Article 19 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
502.
Article XIII of the American Declaration.
503.
Article XV of the American Declaration.
504.
Article 14(1) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
505.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 20.
506.
Id., Article 21.
507.
Id., Article 20.
508.
Id.
509.
Id. Article 21.
510.
Id.
511.
Id. Article 28.
512.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 15.
513.
Id.
514.
Id.
515.
Id.
516.
Id.
517.
Id., and Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 20.
518.
Article 17(b) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
519.
Articles 6–7 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
520.
Article XIV of the American Declaration.
521.
Id.
522.
OAS, Inter-American Program for the Promotion and Protection of the Human Rights of Migrants, Including Migrant Workers and their Families, AG/RES. 2141 (XXXV-O/05), adopted on June 7, 2005, Section B, 37.
523.
The Program promotes the negotiation of bilateral on the social security benefits of migrants and their families, so that any social security contributions may be claimed in or transferred to the state in which the migrant worker lives. Id., 56.
524.
OAS, Report of the XIV Inter-American Conference of Ministers of Labor, AG/RES. 2205 (XXXVI-O/06), Appendix, adopted on June 6, 2006, 24, available at http://www.iin.oea.org/2006/Res_36_AG_OAS/AGRES_2205_ingles.htm (last visited Jan. 30, 2015).
525.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 18.
526.
Id.
527.
Id.
528.
Id.
529.
Id.
530.
Id.
531.
Id.
532.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 13.
533.
Id.
534.
Id.
535.
Id.
536.
Id.
537.
Article XXIII of the American Declaration.
538.
Article IX of the American Declaration.
539.
Article 12 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
540.
Article 17(a) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
541.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 22.
542.
Id.
543.
Id.
544.
Id.
545.
Id., Article 23.
546.
Id., Article 7.
547.
Id., Article 23.
548.
Id.
549.
Id.
550.
Id.
551.
Id., Article 25.
552.
Id.
553.
Id. This provision lists a number of measures necessary to eliminate obstacles and barriers of older persons to accessibility.
554.
Id., Article 24.
555.
See, inter alia, Preliminary Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, Article 21, OEA, Ser.G/CAJP/GT/DHPM-37/12, April 30, 2012.
556.
For a further discussion on this issue, see section on the right to life of older persons in this document.
557.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 11.
558.
Id.
559.
Id., at 14.
560.
Id.
561.
See, inter alia, Sandra Huenchuan, Perspectivas globales sobre la protección de los derechos humanos de las personas mayores, supra note 11, at 64–65.
562.
Progress Indicators in Respect of Rights Contemplated in the Protocol of San Salvador, Proposal Put Forward by the Working Group to Examine the National Reports Contemplated in the Protocol of San Salvador Pursuant to the Mandate Contained in Resolution Ag/Res. 2582 (Xl-O/10), OEA/Ser.GCP/CAJP-2943/11, March 14, 2011, 68–70, available at http://scm.oas.org/pdfs/2011/CP26772E-2.pdf (last visited Jan. 30, 2015).
563.
Report of the Working Group to Study the Draft Additional Protocol to the American Convention on Human Rights in the Area of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, Article 9, sec. B, 5, Inter-Am. C.H.R. OEA/Ser. G, CP/CAJP-728/88 corr. 1, 17 Oct. 1988 (including the right to social security to protect against the consequences of old age and to preserve a dignified and decent existence).
564.
Article IX of the American Declaration.
565.
Article 17 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
566.
Id.
567.
Article 9 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
568.
Id.
569.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Office of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27, 84.
570.
Id.
571.
I/A Court H.R., Case of the “Five Pensioners” v. Peru, Merits, Reparations and Costs, Judgment of February 28, 2003, Series C No. 98.
572.
Id., 102.
573.
Id.
574.
Id., 121.
575.
Id., 141.
576.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Office of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27, 90.
577.
IACHR, National Association of Ex-Employees of the Peruvian Social Institute et al. v. Peru, Report No. 38/09, Case 12.670, Admissibility and Merits, Annual Report 2009, 103.
578.
Id.
579.
Id., 112.
580.
Id., 130.
581.
Id., 132.
582.
Id., 131.
583.
Id., 133.
584.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27, 103.
585.
IACHR, National Association of Ex-Employees of the Peruvian Social Institute et al. v. Peru, supra note 572, 139; I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27, 102.
586.
IACHR, National Association of Ex-Employees of the Peruvian Social Institute et al. v. Peru, supra note 572, 126–127.
587.
Id., 141–147.
588.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Acevedo Buendía et al. (“Discharged and Retired Employees of the Comptroller”) v. Peru, Preliminary Objection, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 27.
589.
Id., 106.
590.
IACHR, Saccone v. Argentina, Report No. 8/98, Case 11.671, Admissibility, Annual Report 1998, 3.
591.
Id., 5.
592.
Id., 6–8.
593.
Id., 1, 12.
594.
Id., 25–26.
595.
Id.
596.
IACHR, Amilcar Menéndez, Juan Manuel Caride et al. (Social Security System) v. Argentina, supra note 458, 3.
597.
Id., 14.
598.
Id., 17.
599.
Id., 24–28.
600.
Id., 31.
601.
Id., 30–31.
602.
Id., 1.
603.
Id.
604.
Id., 40.
605.
Id., 41.
606.
Id.
607.
Id., 42.
608.
Id.
609.
IACHR, Amilcar Menendez, Juan Manuel Caride et al. v. Argentina, supra note 458.
610.
IACHR, Agustina Alonso et al. v. Argentina, supra note 467, 23.
611.
Id., 24–25.
612.
Id., 65.
613.
Id., 67.
614.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 17.
615.
Id.
616.
Id.
617.
Id.
618.
Id.
619.
For example, the preliminary draft submitted to discussion included a provision stating that “State parties should ensure that, within available resources, all older persons receive a permanent minimum income sufficient for a dignified life.” See, Preliminary Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 555, Article 15(c). This paragraph was eliminated from the current draft.
620.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 8.
621.
Id.
622.
Id.
623.
Id., at 8–9.
624.
Article XI of the American Declaration.
625.
Article 10 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
626.
Article 10(1) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
627.
Article 10(2) of the Protocol of San Salvador.
628.
Progress Indicators in Respect of Rights Contemplated in the Protocol of San Salvador, Proposal Put Forward by the Working Group to Examine the National Reports Contemplated in the Protocol of San Salvador, supra note 562, 8.
629.
Id., 72.
630.
Id., 73.
631.
Id.
632.
Id., 9.
633.
In this respect, Article 17 indicates that States will progressively provide specialized medical care for older persons who lack them and are unable to provide them for themselves.
634.
IACHR, Jorge Odir Miranda Cortez et al. v. El Salvador, supra note 487, 79.
635.
Id., 1105–106.
636.
Id., 108.
637.
Id.
638.
Id.
639.
See, inter alia, IACHR, Matter Nestora Salgado García concerning México, Resolution 2/2015, Precautionary Measure No 455/13, January 28, 2015; Matter of Julio César Cano Molina concerning Cuba, Resolution No. 24/2014, Precautionary Measure 307/14, September 10, 2014; I/A Court H. R., Matter of B. regarding El Salvador, Order of the Inter-American Court of Human Rights of May 29, 2013.
640.
IACHR, Matter Nestora Salgado García concerning México, supra, 21; I/A Court H.R., Matter of B. regarding El Salvador, supra, 17.
641.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 19.
642.
Id.
643.
Id.
644.
Id.
645.
Id.
646.
Id.
647.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 10.
648.
Id.
649.
Id.
650.
Id.
651.
See, inter alia, Presentación de Javier Vázquez, Asesor Regional en Derechos Humanos, Organización Panamericana de la Salud (OPS), during the meeting of the Working Group on Protection of the Human Rights of Older Persons held on November 4, 2011, OEA.Ser.G/CAJP/GT/DHPM/INF-8/12, April 5, 2012.
652.
PAHO, Regional Strategy and Plan of Action on Nutrition in Health and Development, 2006–2015, CD47/18, August 21, 2006.
653.
OAS, AG/RES. 2332 (XXXVII-O/07), The Importance of Nutrition for Achieving Healthier Populations and Integral Development, adopted on June 5, 2007.
654.
PAHO, Regional Strategy and Plan of Action on Nutrition in Health and Development, 2006–2015, supra note 652, at 9.
655.
PAHO, Plan of Action on the Health of Older Persons, Including Active and Healthy Aging, CD49/8, July 10, 2009.
656.
Id., Annex A, at 1.
657.
Id., at 3.
658.
Id., at 6.
659.
Id., at 7.
660.
IACHR, Human Rights of Migrants and Other Persons in the Context of Human Mobility in Mexico, supra note 203, 83.
661.
Id.
662.
Inter-American Convention Against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, supra note 32, Article 1 of the Discrimination and Intolerance Convention provides that “multiple or aggravated discrimination is any preference, distinction, exclusion, or restriction based simultaneously on two or more of the criteria set forth in Article 1.1, or others recognized in international instruments, the objective or result of which is to nullify or curtail, the equal recognition, enjoyment, or exercise of one or more human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the international instruments applicable to the States Parties, in any area of public or private life.” Inter-American Convention Against Racism, Racial Discrimination, and Related Forms of Intolerance, supra note 33. Article 1 of the Racial Discrimination Convention provides that “multiple or aggravated discrimination is any preference, distinction, exclusion, or restriction based simultaneously on two or more of the criteria set forth in Article 1.1, or others recognized in international instruments, the objective or result of which is to nullify or curtail, the equal recognition, enjoyment, or exercise of one or more human rights and fundamental freedoms enshrined in the international instruments applicable to the States Parties, in any area of public or private life.”
663.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 2.
664.
Preliminary Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 555, Articles 27–30.
665.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 5.
666.
Inter-American Convention for the Prevention, Punishment and Eradication of the Violence against Women, supra note 30, Article 9.
667.
ECLAC, Violence against women in couples: Latin America and the Caribbean. A proposal for measuring its incidence and trends, 2004. at 26, available at http://www.eclac.cl/publicaciones/xml/5/22695/lcl1744i.pdf (last visited Jan. 31, 2015).
668.
Aging and Financial Inclusion: An Opportunity, Helpage and the Center for Financial Inclusion at Accion, February 2015, at 5.
669.
See Ministry of Labour, Employment and Youth Development in collaboration with HelpAge International (2010). Achieving Income Security in Old Age For All Tanzanians: a study into the feasibility of a universal social pension. Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, at 22.
670.
Lloyd-Sherlock, Population Ageing and International Development, p. 79, The Policy Press, New York (2010) (noting that Kenya’s private pension assets are equal to about 18 % of the country’s GDP).
671.
Id.
672.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Preamble.
673.
Id., Article 3.
674.
Id., Article 9.
675.
Id.
676.
Id., Article 12.
677.
Id., Article 17.
678.
Id.
679.
Id.
680.
Id., Article 19.
681.
Id., Article 20.
682.
Id., Article 22.
683.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 15.
684.
Id.
685.
Id., at 16.
686.
Id.
687.
Article 18 of the Protocol of San Salvador.
688.
Id.
689.
Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities, supra note 31, Article II.
690.
Andean Charter for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, supra note 81, Article 49.
691.
Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, supra note 32, Articles 1 and 2.
692.
Id., Article 4.
693.
Id., Articles 5 and 6.
694.
Id. Article 11.
695.
OAS, AG/RES. 2339 (XXXVII-O/07) Program of Action for the Decade of the Americas for the Rights and Dignity of Persons with Disabilities (2006–2016), Mission Statement.
696.
Id., Section Objectives.
697.
Id., Section on Specific Measures, Welfare and Social Assistance (8b).
698.
See, inter alia, I/A Court H.R., Case of Furlan and Family v. Argentina, supra note 204, 134.
699.
Id.
700.
Id., 133–134.
701.
Id., 135.
702.
Id., 136.
703.
Inter-American Convention on the Elimination of all Forms of Discrimination against Persons with Disabilities, supra note 31.
704.
Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities, supra note 148. For information on OAS member states that have ratified the Convention, please see http://indicators.ohchr.org/ (last visited Ja. 30, 2015).
705.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 5.
706.
Id., Article 17.
707.
Id., Article 19.
708.
Id., Article 25.
709.
Id.
710.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 12.
711.
Id., at 14.
712.
Inter-American Convention against All Forms of Discrimination and Intolerance, supra note 32, Articles 1 and 2.
713.
Id., Article 4.
714.
Id., Articles 5 and 6.
715.
Id., Article 11.
716.
I/A Court H.R., Case of Atala Riffo and daughters v. Chile, Merits, Reparations and Costs, supra note 163, 93.
717.
Id., 91.
718.
OAS, AG/RES. 2653 (XLI-O/11), Human Rights, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity, adopted on June 7, 2011, 1; AG/RES. 2721 (XLII-O/12), Human Rights, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity, adopted on June 4, 2012, 1; AG/RES. 2807 (XLIII-O/13), corr. 1, Human Rights, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity and Expression, adopted on June 6, 2013, 1; AG/RES. 2863 (XLIV-O/14), Human Rights, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity and Expression, adopted on June 5, 2014, 1. It is important to note that since the term gender expression was added, many states from the Caribbean have not joined the resolution due to objections to this notion.
719.
OAS AG/RES. 2600 (XL-O/10), Human Rights, Sexual Orientation, and Gender Identity, adopted on June 8, 2010, 1.
720.
See the website of the Rapporteurship at http://www.oas.org/en/iachr/lgtbi/default.asp (last visited Jan. 30, 2015).
721.
Preliminary Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 555, Article 30.
722.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 5.
723.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, 14.
724.
See, inter alia, OAS, AG/RES. 2578 (XL-O/10), Internally Displaced Persons, adopted on June 8, 2010; AG/RES. 2667 (XLI-O/11), Internally Displaced Persons, adopted on June 7, 2011; AG/RES. 2716 (XLII-O-12), Internally Displaced Persons, adopted on June 4, 2012; AG/RES. 2850 (XLIV-O/14), Internally Displaced Persons, adopted on June 4, 2014.
725.
The 1951 Convention relating to the Status of Refugees, 189 U.N.T.S. 137, entered into force 22 April 1954.
726.
The 1967 Protocol relating to the Status of Refugees, 606 U.N.T.S. 267, entered into force 4 October 1967.
727.
See, inter alia, OAS, AG/RES. 2578 (XL-O/10), Internally Displaced Persons, supra note 724, 2; AG/RES. 2716 (XLII-O-12), Internally Displaced Persons, 2.
728.
See, inter alia, AG/RES. 2667 (XLI-O/11), Internally Displaced Persons, supra note 724, 2; AG/RES. 2850 (XLIV-O/14), Internally Displaced Persons, 2.
729.
Id.
730.
See, inter alia, OAS, AG/RES. 2047 (XXXIV-O/04) Protection of Refugees, Returnees, and Internally Displaced Persons in the Americas, adopted on June 8, 2004, 1.; AG/RES. 2511 (XXXIX-O/09), Protection of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in the Americas, adopted on June 4, 2009, 1.
731.
See, inter alia, AG/RES. 2758 (XLII-O/12), Protection of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in the Americas, adopted on June 5, 2012, 1; AG/RES. 2839 (XLIV-O/14), Protection of Asylum Seekers and Refugees in the Americas, adopted on June 4, 2014, 1.
732.
Draft Inter-American Convention on the Human Rights of Older Persons, supra note 39, Article 29.
733.
Id.
734.
San José Charter on the Rights of Older Persons in Latin American and the Caribbean, supra note 92, at 16.
735.
Id.

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Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian Law, American University Washington College of Law, Academy on Human Rights, Washington, DC, USA
Claudia Martin
Academy on Human Rights and Humanitarian, American University Washington College of Law, Washington, DC, USA
Diego Rodriguez-Pinzon
HelpAge USA, Washington, DC, USA
Bethany Brown

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Martin, C., Rodriguez-Pinzon, D., Brown, B. (2015). The Americas and the Human Rights of Older Persons: Historical Overview and New Developments. In: Human Rights of Older People. Ius Gentium: Comparative Perspectives on Law and Justice, vol 45. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-7185-6_4

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