Abstract
The title of this chapter requires an explanation. ‘The Thaw’ was the title given by Ilya Ehrenburg to his 1956 socio-political analysis of life in Soviet society during the period of the Stalin cult. In society as in nature a thaw is not a simple, easy and harmonious process taking place uniformly and without conflicts. At times during the thawing period, heavy clouds appear and sudden storms blow up. In the light of the government statement announcing improvements and changes in the ghettos and camps, a thaw was expected in the situation of the Hungarian Jews. Without denying the positive aspects of this ‘thaw’, I nevertheless found it necessary to add a question mark to the title of the chapter, because heavy clouds darkened the scene in this case too.
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Endnotes
Secretary of State — Washington. 10 Aug. 1944, 10 o’clock. For Pehle, WRB, from Hirschmann, Ankara, No.127, WRB correspondence — NA New York.
Gilbert Simond’s report 16, 15 Aug. 1944, re: Jewish emigration, received ICRC 13 Sept. 1944, G. 59/5/65 (G. 3/40 a — G. 59/3/65) — ICRC Archives.
Secretary of State — Washington. 10 Aug. 1944,10 o’clock. For Pehle, WRB, from Hirschmann, Ankara, No.127, WRB correspondence — NA New York.
Ibid.
Report Jaeger to Pilet-Golaz, 8 Aug. 1944, signed P.G., received FPD, 12 Aug. 1944, E 2300 Budapest 4–6 — FAB.
Annex to letter of Jaeger of 3/8/44, Budapest, 8/8/44, E 2300 Budapest 4–6 — FAB.
Annex to letter from Jaeger of 7/8/44, Budapest 4/8/44, Betrifft: deutsche SS Truppen, control No. 68, E 2300 Budapest 4–6 — FAB.
Annex to letter from Jaeger to FPD, 7/8/44, re: ‘The situation on Carpathian front’, control No. 70, E 2300 Budapest, 4–6 — FAB.
Annex to letter from Jaeger, 7/8/44, control No. 72, E 2300 Budapest 4–6 — FAB.
Annex to letter from Jaeger, 7/8/44, control No. 74, E 2300 Budapest 4–6 — FAB.
Cable 283, Jaeger to FPD, 25/8/44, E 2001 (D) 3 172 — FAB.
Cable 285, from Jaeger, 27/8/44, received FPD 29 Aug. 1944, E 2001 (D) 3 172 —
Geza Lakatos, b. 30 May 1880 Budapest. Career officer, General, Military Attach in Prague 1936–8. Not charged with any crimes after the liberation of Hungary. D. 29 Jan. 1967 while visiting his family in Sydney, Australia.
Note Stucki to de Haller, 4/8/44, E 2001 (D) 3 172 — FAB. Transmitted by Press and Broadcasting Department official communication, No. 1311/48/G. 4/8/44, E 2001 (D) 3 172 — FAB.
For example: letter by G. Duttweiler, Zürich, to FPD, 5/8/44, received FPD 7/8/44, E 2001 (D) 3 172 — FAB.
Note annexed to note Stucki to de Haller, 4/8/44, dated 18/7/44, E 2001 (D) 3 172 —FAB.
Transmitted by the Press and Broadcasting Department No. 1311/48/G., 4/8/44, E 2001 (D) 3 172 — FAB.
Note to de Haller, 16/8/44, about the visit of Kahany, E 2001 (D) 1968/74/14 — FAB.
McClelland to Riegner, 1 Aug. 1944, — WJC Archives. Copy of this message sent to ICRC by McClelland, 4 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85 — G. 59/7/65) — ICRC Archives See also: German Embassy, Budapest, 24 July 1944: ‘Obersturmbannfhrer Grell sent a note about Jews of foreign nationality in Hungary, and transport of Jews abroad.’ — Pol. Archives, Inland II/G, No. 209 — AA Bonn.
Letter Riegner to Schwarzenberg, 3 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/7/65) — ICRC Archives.
Note signed by de Traz having been written by Bachmann, 8 Aug. 1944. Note passed on to Born by FPD, G. 85 (G. 59/3/65 — G. 3/48 e) — ICRC Archives.
Message Schwarzenberg to Born via FDP, 9 Aug. 1944, G. 85 — ICRC Archives.
Letter Ferrière to Riegner, No. II/a 42 492, 3 Aug. 1944, G. 59/7/65 — ICRC Archives.
Letter 4565 from N. Burckhardt to ICRC, 9 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 3 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 3/3 b — G. 59/5/65 — G. 59/2/65) — ICRC Archives.
Annex to letter Kubowitzki to Zollinger, 2 Aug. 1944, sent on by Zollinger on 3 Aug. received ICRC 31 Aug. 1944, G. 8/47 (G. 59/3/65) — ICRC Archives. The newspaper from which the article was taken is not named.
Ibid.
Correspondence of Aug. 1944 between Swiss Committee for Aid to the Jews in Hungary and ICRC, G. 59/2/65 — ICRC Archives.
Telegram 248 Schirmer to ICRC, 3 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 5 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/26 f) — ICRC Archives.
Communiqu from FPD to ICRC, 31 July 1944, Confidential, G. 59/5/65 (G. 59/2/65 — G. 85) — ICRC Archives.
Report de Haller Walter to ICRC, 7 Aug. 1944, G. 85 — ICRC Archives. See also RLB, The Politics of Genocide, p. 771. ‘Frustrated in his attempt to get the cooperation of the Hungarian authorities, Eichmann decided to continue to challenge Hungarians In an arrogant defiance directed against Horthy personally, he had arranged to deport the Jews from Kistara.’
Letter Burckhardt to de Tahy, 27 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85) — ICRC Archives.
Letter Burckhardt to von Bothmer, 9 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/5/65 — G. 85) — ICRC Archives.
Note 260 Schwarzenberg to Born, 31 Aug. 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/2/65 — G. 59/5/65 — G. 59/7/65) — ICRC Archives.
Minute of discussion, 16 Aug. 1944 at Hungarian Legation in Berne, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85) — ICRC Archives.
Minute of discussions, 16–18 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 85) — ICRC Archives.
Letter Burckhardt to von Bothmer, 18 Aug. 1944, G. 59/4/65 (G. 85 — G. 59/8/65) — ICRC Archives.
Telegram Schwarzenberg to Born, 21 Aug. 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 85 — G. 59/8/65) — ICRC Archives.
Minute of discussion with Minister Berber on 21 Aug. 1944, G. 59/2/65 — ICRC Archives.
Letter McClelland to ICRC, 19 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 22 Aug. G. 59/5/65 (G. 59/8/65 — G. 85) — ICRC Archives.
Telegram 309 ICRC to Born, 23 Aug. 1944, G. 85 — ICRC Archives.
Note Schwarzenberg to Born, 25 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48 e — G. 59/2/65) — ICRC Archives.
Note on meeting von Bothmer and Huber, 28 Aug. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/4/65 —G. 85) — ICRC Archives.
Note from Marti, Berlin to ICRC Secretariat, 28 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 11 Sept. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/2/65 — G. 3/26 f) — ICRC Archives.
Note Born to ICRC ‘re your telegram No. 309 of 23 August 1944 on deportations of Hungarian Jews from Kistara and Sarvar.’, received ICRC 18 Sept. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/2/65 — G. 3/48 e) — ICRC Archives.
Note Born to ICRC, 29 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 18 Sept. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/2/65 — G. 3/48 e) — ICRC Archives.
Letter Tait to Huber, 22 Aug. 1944, received ICRC 24 Aug., G. 59/8/65 (G. 85 — G. 59/12/65) — ICRC Archives.
Letter Schwarzenberg to USA Legation, 31 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 59/8/65 — G. 59/12/65) — ICRC Archives.
Letter from Guggenheim and Riegner, 22 Aug. 1944, II/a 42 556, received ICRC 1 Sept., G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/4/65 — G. 59/7/65) — ICRC Archives.
McClelland to Riegner, 25 Aug. 1944 — WJC Archives.
Note verbale from USA Foreign Service to Division of Foreign Interests, FPD, 28/8/44, E 2001 (D) 1968/74/7 — FAB.
Ibid.
In-house note on visit by Guggenheim and Riegner of 25 Aug. 1944, signed by Hans Bachmann, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/4/65 — G. 59/7/65) — ICRC Archives.
Ibid.
Note Schwarzenberg to Born and Thudicum via FDP, 25 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 3/48 e — G. 59/2/65) — ICRC Archives.
Note Schwarzenberg to Born, 29 Aug. 1944, via FPD, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/12/65 — G. 85) — ICRC Archives.
Minute of meeting between von Bothmer and Huber, 28 Aug. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/4/65 — G. 85) — ICRC Archives.
Letter Huber to von Bothmer (written by Schwarzenberg), 29 Aug. 1944, G. 85 (G. 59/12/65) — ICRC Archives.
Minutes of Bureau meeting, 28 Aug. 1944, procès-verbaux — ICRC Archives.
The interested reader will find a historical overview in Bugnion, The Emblem of the Red Cross.
Article 24, chapter VI, Geneva Convention of 1929 — ICRC publication.
Minutes of Bureau meeting, 28 Aug. 1944, procès-verbaux — ICRC Archives.
Note Schwarzenberg to de Haller, 29 Aug. 1944, G. 3/48 e (G. 59/12/65) — ICRC Archives.
Message 1, from Budapest delegation, 17 Oct. 1944, via the FPD, received ICRC 18 Oct., G. 85 — ICRC Archives.
Letter Schwarzenberg to Mayer, 11 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 69/65) — ICRC Archives.
Letter Schwarzenberg to Mayer, 13 July 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/4/65) — ICRC Archives.
Minute of a conversation between Saly Mayer and Leclerc on 4 Aug. 1944, written 7 Aug. 1944, signed Leclerc, G. 59/2/65 — ICRC Archives.
Note Schwarzenberg to Born and Schirmer, via FPD, 9 Aug. 1944, G. 85 — ICRC Archives. In this note, the delegates were also asked to ensure that Jews of non-Hungarian nationality were accorded the same protection as the Hungarian Jews.
Note on the situation of the Jews in Hungary as it appears from diverse information which reached ICRC, M. 953, Nov. 1944, annexed to the ‘Journal des Délégués’, p. 3 — ICRC Archives.
Foreign Office, 11/8/44 — WJC Archiyes.
A Letter Grossmann to the United Organization of Hungarian Jews in America, 31/8/44 — WJC Archives.
Letter Kilchmann to Bonna, 20/9/44, with an annexed report from Fontana to Masson, 13 Sept. 1944, Control No. 107, E 2300 Budapest 4–6 — FAB.
Ibid.
Another report to Masson on the situation of 15/9/44, Budapest, Ibid.
Kilchmann to Bonna, Ibid.
Telegram 325 from Budapest to FPD, 23/9/44, A.21.31 E 4731, Control No. 107, E 2300 Budapest 4–6 — FAB.
Letter Riegner to Kubowitzki, through USA Legation, 4 Sept. 1944 — WJC Archives.
Telegram 2655, 15 Sept. 1944, confidential, Foreign Office, Internal Department, signed Veesenmayer, Inland II.1962 g — AA Bonn.
Extract from letter Kullmann to Cellérier, 13 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8/65 — ICRC Archives.
Note 275 Born to ICRC, 17 Sept. 1944, received ICRC 2 Oct., G. 59/12/65 (G. 59/3/65 — G. 59/2/65 — G. 3/48 e) — ICRC Archives.
Telegram Goldin and Bader to Shertok, 29/9/44 — WJC Archives. Goldin and Bader were representative of the Jewish Agency delegation in Istanbul and Shertok was Head of the Political Department of the Jewish Agency in Jerusalem 1933–48. Later he was first Foreign Minister of Israel and second Prime Minister, 1955–56. D. 1965 in Israel.
Note 275 Born to ICRC, 17 Sept. 1944, received ICRC 28 Sept., G. 59/12/65 (G. 59/3/65 — G. 59/2/65 — G. 3/48 e) — ICRC Archives.
Letter Sznyi to ICRC, 12 Sept. 1944, received ICRC 18 Sept., G. 59/4/65 (G. 59/2/65) — ICRC Archives.
Letter Banyai to ICRC, 13 Sept. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 59/7/65) — ICRC Archives.
Letter Kahan to Schwarzenberg, via Lichtheim of the Jewish Agency for Palestine, 20 Sept. 1944, who supported Kahan’s request concerning the Jews in the provinces, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/7/65) — ICRC Archives. Kahan was a leader of the Zionist organization in Hungary, who came with the 318 Jews to Switzerland.
Telegram Kubowitzki to Huber, received ICRC 2 Oct., by Huber on 3 Oct. — ICRC Archives.
Cable 146 Kubowitzki to Riegner, 25 Sept. 1944 — WJC Archives. In his Address on the rescue attempts of the WJC at the emergency conference of 26 Nov. 1944, Kubowitzki again reported on the struggle to secure the status of civilian prisoners of war for the Jews confined in ghettos, labour camps and concentration camps, ‘which status would entitle them to the care of the International Red Cross, and could mean their physical deliverance. We have repeatedly urged the Red Cross to at least make a public statement, proclaiming its own attitude in this respect.’
Letter McClelland to Lichtheim, 28 Sept. 1944 — WJC Archives.
Note Schwarzenberg to Bachmann, 20 Sept. 1944, G. 59/12/65 — ICRC Archives.
Note Schwarzenberg to Ferrière and Bachmann, 27 Sept. 1944, G. 59/12/65 — ICRC Archives.
Letter Walther to de Haller, E 2001 (D)1968/74/6 — FAB.
Note Schwarzenberg to Lombard, 25 Sept. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e) — ICRC Archives.
Confidential report Schirmer to ICRC, via FPD, 18 Oct. 1944, G. 59/8/65 (G. 59/2/65) — ICRC Archives.
Note Schwarzenberg to Lombard, 25 Sept. 1944, G. 59/2/65 (G. 3/48 e) — ICRC Archives.
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Ben-Tov, A. (1988). The Thaw?. In: Facing the Holocaust in Budapest. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6935-8_9
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