Abstract
The Sino-Indian treaty of 1954 stated in its preamble that the two governments being desirous of promoting trade and cultural intercourse between the Tibet region of China and India, and of facilitating pilgrimage and travel by the peoples of China and India based their agreement on the following principles:
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1.
Mutual respect for each other’s territorial integrity and sovereignty.
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2.
Mutual non-aggression.
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3.
Mutual non-interference in each other’s internal affairs.
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4.
Equality and mutual benefit.
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5.
Peaceful co-existence.
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References
Lok Sabha Debates, Vol. V, No. 70, col. 7496 ff.
As reported in The Hindu, May 19, 1954.
Speech at Calcutta, Nov. 30, 1955. Panchsheel, Publications Division, New Delhi, p. 13.
Speech at banquet for the Indonesian Premier, Sept. 23, 1954.
Sen, Chanakya, Tibet Disappears, p. 127–128.
June 20, 1954.
Panchsheel, op. cit., p. 40.
The Hindu, Madras, April 16, 1955. Fisher and Bondurant, Indian views of Sino-Indian relations, p. 17. The Indonesian Pantjasila was less concerned with international relations and consisted of belief in God, humanitarianism, nationalism, democracy and social justice. The Buddhist “sheels” imposed the duty to avoid destruction of life, theft, unchastity, lying and the use of intoxicating liquor. In this study we shall use the term Panchsheel to denote the Indian principles rather than Panchshila or Pancha Shila, mainly to avoid confusion with the Indonesian or Buddhist concepts.
See Bozemann, Adda B., “India’s foreign policy today: reflections upon its sources,” World Politics, Vol. X, No. 2, p. 265–6.
The first principle in Art. 2, par. 1 and par. 4; the second in Art. 2, par. 4 and Art. 1, par. 1 ; the third in Art. 2, par. 7 ; the fourth in Art. 2, par. 1 and peaceful coexistence in Art. 1, par. 1 and par. 3.
Rajan, M. S., “Indian Foreign Policy in action,” India Quarterly, XVI (1960) 203–236.
The Hindu, April 15, 1956.
Fifield, R. H., “The Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence,” A.J.I.L., 52 (1958) 504–510.
Karunakaran, K. P., India in World Affairs, p. 67–68. The words “mutual benefit” occurred in Patel’s presidential address to the 45th session of the Congress party : independence did not exclude the possibility of equal partnership for mutual benefit, dissolvable at the will of either party. Bimla Prasad, op. cit., p. 100.
Point 14 of the 17-point agreement of May 23, 1951, The Question of Tibet and the Rule of Law, p. 141.
Keeton, G. W., China, the Far East and the Future, p. 283.
Ibidem, p. 288.
Zinkin, Taya, “Indian foreign policy: an interpretation of attitudes”, World Politics, VII (1955) 203–4.
Poplai and Talbot, India and America, p. 132.
The Economist, May 17, 1956; Daily Telegraph, Dec. 24, 1954; Sharma, S. R., India’s foreign policy, p. 126.
New York Times, Feb. 15, 1956, “Krutshev mentions coexistence principles.”
Krylov, Prof. Serge B., “Les notions principales du droit des gens.” Académie de Droit International, Recueil des Cours, 1947, p. 407.
New York Times, Feb. 11, 1954.
Note of Nov. 16, 1933. Thayer, Ph. W. (ed.), Nationalism and Progress in Free Asia, p. 314.
“On Peaceful Coexistence,” Foreign Affairs, 38 (1959) 1–18.
Durdenewski, W. N. and Lasarew, M. L., Für den Frieden zwischen den Volkeren. Die fünf Prinzipien der friedlichen Koexistenz, p. 24.
Ibidem, p. 38, 44, 48.
Ibidem, p. 50, 54.
Ibidem, p. 66. Mikojan before 20th Congress of the C.P.S.U.
Times of India, March 4, 1955.
Ambassador Sherman Cooper, Sept. 27, 1955. Panchsheel, op. cit., p. 8.
Oct. 22, 1955. Panchsheel, Its Meaning and History, p. 25.
Helsinki, Aug. 29, 1955. Ibidem, p. 23.
Sir Roger Makins in Foreign Affairs, 33 (1954) 1–16; he preferred “modus vivendi”, as it more closely expressed the idea of a balance resting on peace through strength.
Statement of April 16, 1957 signed by Jawaharlal Nehru and Oswaldo Sainte Marie. Panchsheel, op. cit., p. 35.
Declaration of the Heads of State or Government of non-aligned countries. Belgrade, Sept. 6, 1961.
Chacko, C. J., “Peaceful coexistence as a doctrine of current international affairs,” I.Y.I.A., p. 35.
Conference of Heads of State or Government of non-aligned countries, p. 111, 113.
“De Bandoung à Belgrade,” Etudes Méditerranénnes, No. 10 (1961) 44–78.
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Van Eekelen, W.F. (1967). Five Principles of Peaceful Coexistence. In: Indian Foreign Policy and the Border Dispute with China. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6555-8_3
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