Abstract
(12) The face of the landscape offers some singularly objective evidence on the institutional setting of the farming industry. The patterns of settlement and land layout are so closely connected with the socio-economic organization of land and labor in agriculture that a survey of land structure may well start with these physical features, clearly distinguishable on air photos or from a vantage point on the ground, and their bearing on economic and social facts and relationships.
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References
M. A. Lefèvre, L’habitat rural en Belgique (Liège 1926), pp 9 sqq and passim. Similar observations can be made in many other areas, as e.g. in southern Portugal and certain parts of Germany.
Out of date, though still frequently quoted, is M. Meitzen, Siedlung und Agrarwesen der Westgermanen und Ostgermanen, Kelten, Römer, Slawen (Berlin 1895–1905).
Variations of the same method in, e.g., A. Gradmann, “Das mitteleuropäische Landschaftsbild nach seiner geschichtlichen Entwicklung,” Geographische Zeitschrift (1901), pp 361–377, 435–477
R. Martiny, “Die Grundrissgestaltung der deutschen Siedlungen,” Petermann’s geographische Mitteilungen, Erg.-H. 197 (Gotha 1928).
Cf also P. Lauridsen, “Nogle Oplysninger og Bemaerkninger om danske Landsbyer,” Aarbøger for nordisk Oldhyndighed (Copenhagen 1896).
See, e.g., M. Le Lannou, Pâtres et paysans de la Sardaigne (Tours 1941), pp 271 sqq, and a number of modern French and Swedish studies in human geography.
One of the broadest collections of empirical material of this kind is in the Naselja-series published over a long period by the Serbian academy of science in Belgrade (still being continued). An individual example in P. Zryd, Grafenried zur Zeit der Dreifelderwirtschaft (Bern 1940).
W. Christaller, Die ländliche Siedlungsweise im Deutschen Reich (Berlin 1937), especially p. 7.
A. Demangeon, “La géographie de l’habitat rural,” Annales de géographie (Paris 1927), pp 1–23, 97–114. Bibliography of settlement studies in M. Terán, Habitat rural (Zaragoza 1951).
The formula, and one attempt to modify it, were applied to the settlement maps in the first edition of Atlas de France. Cf O. Ribeiro, Aglomeraçăo e dispersăo do povoamento rural em Portugal (Lisboa 1939), with criticism of the formula.
A Polish contribution was published in the Proceedings of the eighth International Congress of Geography (Amsterdam).
See for instance the settlement map in the Atlante fisico-economico ďItalia (Milano 1940), map prepared by R. Biasutti.
This approach is used in The Land of Britain, by L. Dudley Stamp and others (London 1936 et sqq).
It could not at all be applied to such forms of settlement as the cave dwellings which to some extent occur in the Mediterranean countries; see, for instance, R. Cabanás, “Notas por el estudio del ‘habitat’ en la provincia de Jaén,” Estudios geográficos (Madrid 1956), pp 373 sqq.
French village and hameau, German Dorf and Weiler, Russian seló and derevnia, Serbian selo and zaselak, Bulgarian selo and města, Spanish pueblo, lugar, lugarejo, casal, and quinta. For Italian research and terminology, see T. Storai de Rocchi, Guida bibliografica allo studio dell’abitazione rurale in Italia (Firenze 1950).
The separate Croatian edition of the population census of 1948 has predecessors in V. Sabljar, Miestopisni riečnik kraljevinah Dalmacije, Hèrvatske i Slavonie, Orts-Lexikon der Königreiche Dalmatien, Kroatien und Slawonien, (Agram 1872), referring to 1866; Pregled političkogo i subdenoga rezdielnenja Kraljevinah Hrvatske i Slavonije i uredjenja upravnih obcinah (Zagreb 1877), and analogous publications from 1889 and 1892. This tradition has laid down the terminology for classification of settled places.
An exception is in the early Bulgarian land statistics (see Appendix 1 under Bulgaria).
A similar classification in W. Christaller, Die ländliche Siedlungsweise im Deutschen Reich (Berlin 1937), pp 10 sqq.
See for instance M. Pécsi and B. Sárfalvi, Magyarország földrajza (Budapest 1960), pp 102, 192 sq, showing that dispersed settlements have survived to a great extent.
Early Soviet settlement policy appears to have been favorable to the creation of hamlets; see A. Kis’liakoŭ, Pasiolki (Minsk 1928). The decree on abolition of isolated settlements was commented upon (by N. S. Khrushchev) in Pravda, April 25, 1950. Cf also A. Pavlov, “Le regroupement des kolkhoz,” Etudes soviétiques (Paris 1950) No 28, pp 72 sqq.
See above all articles by S. A. Kovalev in Voprosy geografii 41 (1947), pp 134–176 (especially the plates, as on p. 155, showing a kolkhoz in Astrakhan district with 38 settled points), and ibid. 45 (1959), pp 8–22, with map examples (p. 21), showing, i.a., dispersed settlement in north-western Russia, hamlets near Smolensk, and also on the Kherson steppe.
See further article by B. S. Khorev in Voprosy geografii 56 (1962), volume with title “Geografia naseleniia SSSR”) pp 133–138 on Gor’kii district, and by A. A. Mints and S. L. Malaeva, ibid, pp 141–161 on the central black-soil region. Earlier testimony to the same effect in Ob ulushchenii sel’skokhoziaǐstvennogo ispol’zovaniǐa zemel’ nechernoziomnoi chasti SSSR (Moscow 1952), pp 122 sqq.
S. A. Udachin, Zemel’naia reforma v Sovetskoǐ Latvii (Riga 1948), pp 141, 322 sqq, 329.
A Demangeon, “La géographie de l’habitat rural,” Annales de géographie (Paris 1927), pp 1–23, 97–114.
M. W. Beresford, “The lost villages of Mediaeval England,” The geographical journal (London 1951, June), pp 129 sqq.
A. W. Ashby and I. L. Evans. The agriculture of Wales and Monmouthshire (Cardiff 1944), p. 7.
J. M. Mogey, Rural life in Northern Ireland (London 1947), p. 15;
C. S. Smith, “A new deal for the Irish farmer,” The Farmer’s Weekly (London 1952, Feb.), pp 55–57.
See for instance G. Lindgren, Falbygden och dess närmaste omgivning vid 1600-talets mitt (Uppsala 1939)
S. Dahl, Torna och Bara (Lund 1942).
S. A. Udachin, Zemel’naia reforma v Sovetskoǐ Latvii (Riga 1948), pp 141, 322 sqq;
H. Mortensen, Litauen, Grundzüge einer Landeskunde (Hamburg 1926), pp 104 sqq;
W. Essen, Die ländlichen Siedlungen in Litauen (Leipzig 1931), p. 83
W. Conze, Agrarverfassung und Bevölkerung in Litauen und Weissrussland (Leipzig 1940), pp 18, 53 sqq.
A. Demangeon, “Types de peuplement rural en France,” Annales de géographie (Paris 1939), pp 1–21, and idem, Problèmes de géographie humaine (Paris 1942), p. 191;
P. Veyret, Les pays de la moyenne Durance alpestre (Grenoble 1944), p. 524;
R. Livet, “Quelques origines de l’habitat rural dispersé en Provence,” Annales (é.s.c.) (Paris 1959, No 9), pp 101–105, and idem, Habitat rural et structures agraires en basse Provence (Gap, Hautes-Alpes, 1963).
M. Rochefort, “La pénétration des capitaux bourgeois dans la campagne autunoise: ses conséquences sur l’habitat et la structure agraire,” Etudes rhodaniennes (Lyon 1950), pp 249–266;
A. Durand, La vie rurale dans les massifs volcaniques des Dores, du Cézallier, du Cantal et de l’Aubrec (Aurillac 1946), pp 434 sq,
M. Le Lannou, Pâtres et paysans de la Sardaigne (Tours 1941), pp 222 sqq, 271 sqq.
J. Keilling, Les conséquences du progrès technique dans le milieu agricole (Paris 1950).
In the opposite sense, showing maintenance of village settlement, J. Nicod, “Problèmes de structure agraire en Lorraine,” Annales de géographie (Paris 1951), pp. 337–348.
See for instance Y. Bravard, “Le dépeuplement des hautes vallées des Alpes-Maritimes,” Revue de géographie alpine Vol 49:1, 1961, pp 5–127
G. Veyret-Verner, “Quelques principes de démographie et d’économie alpine,” Revue de géographie alpine, Vol. 46:1, 1958, pp 21–46.
H. J. Keuning, “L’habitat rural aux Pays-Bas,” Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk aardrijkskundig genootschap (Leiden 1938)
Fr. Dussart, “Geographie der ländlichen Siedlungsweise in Belgien und Luxemburg,” Geographische Rundschau, Vol. 9 (1957), p. 16.
See, e.g., G. Medici, Land property and land tenure in Italy (Bologna 1952).
M. Le Lannou, Pâtres et paysans de la Sardaigne (Tours 1941), pp 141 sqq.
A. de Amorim Girǎo, Geografia humana (Coimbra 1946), pp 194 sqq
O. Ribeiro, Aglomeraçǎo do povoamento rural em Portugal (Lisboa 1939).
H. Hopfner, Die ländlichen Siedlungen der altkastilischen Meseta (Hamburg 1939), pp 106 sqq, especially p. 115.
Cf also G. Niemeier, Siedlungsgeographische Untersuchungen in Niederandalusien (Hamburg 1935) pp 25 sqq
B. de Quirós, Los reyes y la colonización interior de España desde el siglo XVI al XIX (Madrid 1929)
O. Quelle, “Densidad de población y tipos de poblamiento de distintos regiones españolas,” Estudios geográficos (Madrid 1952), pp 699–717.
A. de Amorim Girăo, Geografía de Portugal (Porto 1941), pp 258 sqq.
J. Pawlowski and A. Csekalski, “L’habitat rural en Pologne,” Comptes rendus du Congrès International de Géographie (Warsaw 1934), Vol. 3.
The evidence is in the population census. See note 25c below, and Appendix 1 under Hungary, and also note 19a above.
Above all, the Serbian Naselja-seires. See also J. Cvijić, Balkansko poluostrvo (Zagreb 1922), pp 316 sqq
O. Jaranof, “Die Siedlungstypen der östlichen und zentralen Balkanhalbinsel,” Zeitschrift der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde (Berlin 1934), H. 5/6, pp 186 sqq, especially the map, p. 189
I. Batakliev, “Geschichte der Besiedlung und die Siedlungsformen in Bulgarien,” Die sozialökonomische Struktur der bulgarischen Landwirtschaft hrsg v. J. St. Molloff (Berlin 1938), pp 37–47
M. Urban, Die Siedlungen Südalbaniens (Öhringen 1938)
A. Melik, “Kmetska naselja na Slovenskom,” Geografski vestnik (Ljubljana 1933), pp 129–165.
I. Batakliev, op. cit. (see preceding note), especially the maps, Tafel 5–6.
L. Thirring, Struktur und Verfassung der ungarischen Landwirtschaft (Budapest 1937), p. 67; idem, article in Statisztikai szemle (Budapest 1932), pp 12 sqq;
T. Takács, “Die wirtschaftlichen und sozialen Folgen der Wiederbesiedlung der ungarischen Tiefebene im 18. Jahrhundert. Tanyasiedlung,” Ungarische Jahrbücher (Berlin 1933), p. 106
N. J. den Hollander, “Het ontstaan der “tanya”-vestiging in de Groote Hongaarsche laagvlakte,” Tijdschrift van het Koninklijk Nederlandsche aardrijkskundig genootschap (Leiden 1946), pp 146–203, and idem, “Landelijke reconstructie in de Hongaarsche Alföld,” ibid, R. 2, Vol. 76 (1959), pp 26–30.
Thus, S. A. Udachin, ZemeVnaia reforma v Sovetskoi Latvii (Riga 1948), pp 322 sqq.
A. Rothenberg, The Austrian military border in Croatia (Urbana, Illinois, 1961).
See above under 16a.
The settlement in Western Flanders is essentially dispersed; in most of Eastern Flanders there are, formally, large villages but these consist of strings of farmsteads along the roads so that the distance factor becomes very similar to that of dispersed settlement. The Atlas du survey national (1955) accounts for communities, not villages.
Cf M. Pécsi and B. Sárfalvi, Magyarország földrajza (Budapest 1960), p. 191, a map showing several parts of the Alföld to have village territories above 9000 hectares.
Systematic work on this problem is done, i.a., by the Institut für Raumforschung in Vienna; see E. Bernleitner, “Raumordnungsplan Marchfeld,” Mitteilungen der österreichischen geographischen Gesellschaft 1959:2, pp 243–247.
A. P. Takes, “The settlement patterns in the Dutch Zuiderzee reclamation scheme,” Tijdschrift van het K. Nederl. aardrijkskundig genootschap 2 R, Vol. 77 (1960), pp 347–353; idem “Een structuurplan voor de zuidelijke I Jsselmeerpolders,” ibid., Vol. 79 (1962), pp 14–20, and A. K. Constandse, Het dorp in de I Jsselmeerpolders (Zwolle 1960).
G. Larsson, Inflytandet av avståndet från brukningscentrum till inägojorden på arbetsbehov, driftsformer och driftsresultat (Stockholm 1947)
H. Priebe, “Zur Frage der Gestaltung und Grösse des zukünftigen bäuerlichen Familienbetriebes,” Berichte über Landwirtschaft (Hamburg & Berlin 1942), pp 485–592f.
See note 29a above.
N. E. Ai’valiotakis, Okampos tēs Messenias kai ai oreinai lekanai avtou (Athens 1942), p. 93, and idem, Ai oreinai lekanai Feneou-Stymfalias (Athens 1941), p. 39.
Cf also N. Altsizoglos, Oi Giakades kai o kampos tēs Xanthēs (Athens 1941), p. 372.
D. Bajalica, “Reorganizacija pasivnih zadruga Bosne i Hercegovine,” Socijalistička poljoprivreda (Beograd 1952), Mar, p. 61.
Cf D. Xenos, To agrotikon ktēmatologion tēs Ellados (Athens 1935), pp 10 sq.
N. Mazzocchi-Alemanni, “Il ‘borgo’ e la riforma agraria,” Italia agricola (Rome 1948), recommends dispersed settlement in combination with two kinds of centers: “borghi di servizio” and “borghi residenziali.”
For instance, the settlement of Pègoes, south of Lisbon, established by the Junta de colonizaçăo interna.
A. P. Takes, Bevolkingscentra in het oude en het nieuwe land (Alphen aan den Rijn 1948); cf note 32a above.
H. Farner, “Betriebswirtschaftliche Auswirkungen der Umsiedlung bei Güterzusammenlegungen,” Agrarpolitische Revue (Zürich 1949), pp 192–194
H. Hochstetter, “Flurbereinigung und Landtechnik,” Landtechnik (1951, Nov.) pp 711 sqq.
H. Frank, “Das Bauen von Dörfern,” Neues Bauerntum (1940), pp 225–233.
H. Priebe, “Der neue Hof im neuen Dorf,” Neues Bauerntum (1940), pp 220 sqq. Cf also Was kostet das moderne Dorf? (Schriftenreihe für ländliche Sozialfragen 35) mit Beiträgen von W. Abel
Smallholdings. First report of the Smallholdings Advisory Council (London 1949), § 53, p. 15 sq.
O. E. Heuser, “Entwicklungsmöglichkeiten der landwirtschaftlichen Betriebsorganisation,” Berichte über Landwirtschaft (Hamburg & Berlin 1952), pp 86 sq.
Cf M. Blažek, “Esquisse des problèmes de géographie de la population en Tchécoslovaquie,” Annales de géographie (Paris 1960), pp 477–483.
Model statutes of the Bulgarian co-operative farms, in V. Chervenkov, Tasks of the co-operative farms (Sofia 1950); cf Chapter 7 and Appendix 7).
P. George, “Les transformations des campagnes hongroises,” Annales de géographie (Paris 1951), pp 199–209, especially p. 208 sq.
F. Erdei, “Az Alföldi mezóvárosok városfejlesztési problemai,” Földrajzi közlemények 9 (Budapest 1961):3, pp 201 sqq., and note 25c above.
S. A. Udachin, Zemel’naia reforma v Sovetskoǐ Latvii (Riga 1948), pp 322 sqq. 336 sq.
For instance, Sbornik rukovodiashchikh materialov kolkhoznomu stroitelstva (Moscow 1948), pp 680 sq.
M. Gendel’man, “Vnutrikhoziaǐstvennoe semleustroǐstvo kolkhozov s neskol’kimi naselennymi punktami (Na primere kolkhozov stepnykh raionov USSR)”, Sotsialisticheskoe sel’skoe khoziaǐstvo (Moscow 1952, Mar), pp 36–46.
Much smaller distance maxima were discussed in an earlier phase, see for instance M. Kis’liakoǔ, Pasiolki (Minsk 1928), pp 119–121. Cf also note 19c above, and Vestnik statistiki 1963:9, pp 94 sqq.
G. V. Cheshikhin & V. P. Troitskiǐ, Sel’skaia raǐonnaia planirovka i ispol’zovanie zemel’ (Moscow 1962), pp 15 sqq quoting, i.a., the minutes of the 1961 party conference.
Statistiques et études financières, Supplément statistique No 4 (Paris 1949), pp 648 sqq, and J. Chombart de Lauwe, “Le cadastre et la statistique agricole,” Revue du Ministère de l’agriculture (Paris 1947, May), pp 109–114.
L. Einaudi, La terra e l’imposta (Torino 1942), especially pp 293–306, “proposta di una immaginaria unità catastale di stima”; articles by G. Boaga in the Rivista del catasto e dei servizi tecnici erariali (Rome 1951), pp 12–25, and by M. Marchi, ibid., 1958:2/3, pp 139 sqq.
Ministerio de hacienda. Dirección general de propriedades y contribución territorial. Servicios de riqueza rústica y de valoración forestal. Memoria sobre los trabajos (Madrid 1949 and following years). Cf also Z. Salazar Molina, Valoración agricola y catastro (Madrid 1950).
Cadastro geométrico da propriedade rústica. Elementos de informaçăo economica. Vol. 1. Provincia de Beja. (Lisbon 1959). Cf also A. Viriato da Fonseca, “O cadastro predial rústica no Baixo-Alentejo,” Boletím do Instituto Geográfico e Cadastral (Lisbon 1934).
Güthes Grundbuchordnung für das Deutsche Reich 5. Aufl., Vol. 1 (Berlin 1929), pp 80 sqq; cf also the separate Grundbuchordnung (for eastern Germany) (Berlin 1950).
H. Demelius, Österreichisches Grundbuchsrecht (Vienna 1948); cf also Der österreichische Grundkataster (Vienna 1948).
L. Kamilo, “Osvt narzvitak katastra u Jugoslaviji,” Geometarski i geodetski glasnik (Belgrade 1935).
G. Xenos, To agrotikon ktēmatologion tēs Ellados (Athens 1935), with maps and examples of cadastre documents. Cf also Agrotikos kodix, art 190, pp 118 sq.
L. Dikoff, “Die rechtliche Lage des Landbesitzes vom Standpunkt des Erb- und Sachenrechtes,” Die sozialökonomische Struktur der bulgarischen Landwirtschaft, hrsg v. J. St. Molloff (Berlin 1936), p. 96.
Model statutes for the Bulgarian co-operative farms, in V. Chervenkov, Tasks of the co-operative farms (Sofia 1950), art. 6.
Before 1917 only very incomplete land registers existed; see E. S. Poliuta, Osnovy zemel’nogo katastra (Voronezh 1926), pp 24 sqq. On the present shnurovaia kniga, see Decree No 1192, 19/10 1939, Sobranie postanovlenii i rasporiadenii (Moscow 1939, Dec. 4), N. 57, text nr 577; Spravochnik predsedateV ia kolkhoza 3 ed. (Moscow 1948), and the Bol’shaia Sovetskaia entsiklopediia, 2 ed., under zemel’naia registratsiia and zemel’naia shnurovaia kniga.
V. Pedersen, Matrikelvaesen (Copenhagen 1951), especially p. 166 on the concepts of “main holding” and “free land.” Th. Grendal, “Utskiftningen,” Tidsskrift for skogbruk (Oslo 1947), pp. 145–148.
J. J. Wontner, A guide to land registration practice, 6 ed. (London 1951)
E. Dowson, “Land surveying: the conversion of the fiscal into a proprietary register,” Royal Institute of Chartered Surveyors, Journal (London 1949), pp 408–429; I. Finlay, Scotland (London 1945).
J. Chombart de Lauwe, “le cadastre et la statistique agricole,” Revue du Ministère de l’agriculture (Paris 1947, May), pp 109–114.
G. Garcia-Badell, “Estudio sobre la distribución de la extensión superficial de la propiedad agrícola en España entre las diferentes categorías de fincas,” Estudios geográficos (Madrid 1946), pp 171 sqq, especially p. 176.
Wijhe. Een economisch-sociographisch onderzoek, door het Economisch-Technologisch Instituut voor Overijssel en het Landbouw-Economisch Instituut (1951, Sep., processed), p. 7.
The table was also published, based on a preliminary draft for this book, in: European Agriculture, A Statement of Problems, E/ECE/175 (Geneva 1954, Feb.), p. 20. A few details were changed for the present version. Sources, see Appendix 2.
M. P. Vitanov, “A study of the relation of labor to distance of fields from farmsteads in Bulgaria,” Bulletins of the Department of Agricultural Economics, Faculty of Agriculture and Forestry, University of Sofia (Sofia 1936), especially p. 35 and p. 55 (Table 17), and idem, Der Wert der Arbeit die man für die Überwindung der Parzellenentfernung vom Wirtschaftshofe bei gewissen Getreidekulturen Bulgariens gebraucht (Sofia 1937), p. 14.
See also G. Larsson, Inflytandet av avståndet från brukningscentrum (Stockholm 1947)
F. Laur, Landwirtschaftliche Betriebslehre (Aarau 1938), p. 124
M. Tcherkinsky, “The problem of the consolidation of agricultural holdings in Europe,” Monthly Bulletin of Agricultural Economics and Sociology (Rome, IIA, 1942, Mar), pp 59 E sq.
Revue de l’agriculture (Bruxelles 1953), p. 542.
E. Grass & A. Münzinger, “Die Flurbereinigung in Süddeutschland, ihre Geschichte und ihr Stand am 1. Januar 1935,” Berichte über Landwirtschaft, Sonderh. 123 (Hamburg & Berlin 1936), pp 25 sqq.
Especially interesting is the case of Yugoslav Vojvodina, where the rectangular land layout from the 18th century has proved useful as a framework for modern large-scale agriculture.
National Farm Survey of England and Wales. A Summary Report (London 1946), pp. 35 sqq.
See e.g. F. Dovring, “Etudes sur le cadastre médiéval en Suisse romande,” Revue d’histoire suisse (Zürich 1950); idem, “Contribution à l’étude des villages Normands au Moyen âge” Annales de Normandie (Caen 1952); idem, “Le problème du manse dans le Sundgau,” L’Alsace et la Suisse à travers les siècles (Strasbourg 1952); P. Zryd, Grafenried zur Zeit der Dreifelderwirtschaft (Bern 1940)
E. W. Hofstee & A. W. Vlam, “Opmerkingen over de ontwikkeling van de perceelsvormen in Nederland,” Boor en spade (1952), pp 194–235. Cf also Anneliese Krenzlin, “Die Entwicklung der Gewannflur als Spiegel kulturlandschaftlicher Vorgänge,” Berichte zur deutschen Landeskunde (Bad Godesberg 1961, June) vol. 27:1, pp 19 sqq, and literature cited there.
Fr. Osthoff, Die älteren Flurbereinigungen im Rheinland und die Notwendigkeit von Zweitbereinigungen (Bonn 1956, Schriftenreihe für Flurbereinigung, 11)
L. Neckermann & Th. Bergmann, Die Wiederaufsplitterung nach der Flurbereinigung in Unterfranken (Bonn 1958, Schriftenreihe für Flurbereinigung, 18). Cf also “Resultaten van ruilverkaveling in gevaar?”, De Landbode (Meppel 1950, Apr).
See Die Flurbereinigung in den Ländern der Bundesrepublik Deutschland, Jahresbericht 1960, (Bonn 1961), pp 8 sq: 3 million ha definitively consolidated, nearly 12 million ha in need of consolidation, of which 3.4 million in need of second consolidation; 9.4 million ha not in need of action (to a large extent not agricultural area), of a total economically used surface of 24.35 million hectares.
F. Passino, “Frazionamento della proprietà e colonizzazione in Sardegna,” Bonifica integrale (Rome 1932, May), pp 45–49.
Cf also U. Sorbi, “Catasto e patologia fondiaria,” Rivista del catasto (Rome rd), 1–3, pp 165 sqq
C. Schifani, “Aspetti della polverizzazione e dispersione della proprietà fondiaria e dell’impresa,” Bollettino della Società geografica italiana Ser. 8, Vol. 11 (1958), pp. 372–381.
K. Skovgaard, “Consolidation of agricultural land in Denmark,” International Journal of Agrarian Affairs (Oxford 1952, May), pp 9 sqq; cf idem article in FAO Agricultural Studies, 11 (Rome 1950), pp 43 sqq.
H. Deck, Die Entwicklung der Grundstückszusammenlegung seit der Stein-Hardenberg’schen Reform (Bleicherode am Harz 1939), especially the tables, p. 51, and the comments, pp 57 sqq.
E. Grass & A. Münzinger, “Die Flurbereinigung in Süddeutschland,” Berichte über Landwirtschaft, Sonderh. 123 (Hamburg & Berlin 1936) K. Sperber, “Stand und Entwicklung der wirtschaftlichen Umlegung der Grundstücke in der Rheinprovinz,” ibid
See above, note 49c.
See the Swiss contribution to FAO Agricultural Studies, 11 (Rome 1950), pp 79 sqq, an official study based on the agricultural census of 1939.
A. Rienks, “Reallocation of land in the Netherlands,” International Journal of Agrarian Affairs (Oxford 1952, May), pp 33 sqq; A priority scheme for Dutch land consolidation projects (Wageningen 1960).
F. vanden Abeele, “Le projet de loi belge sur le remembrement,” Revue de l’agriculture (Bruxelles 1948), pp 871–889.
“Situation des opérations de remembrement au 31 décembre 1960,” Géomètre (Paris 1961), pp 422–431.
E. di Cocco, Provvedimenti per impedire l’estendersi della polverizzazione e della frammentazione e per stimolare la ricomposisizione spontanea dell’unità coltivatrice, (Rome 1960).
El parcelamiento de la propiedad rústica en España (Madrid 1952). Cf. also T. Lynn Smith, “Fragmentation of agricultural land in Spain,” Rural Sociology (1959, Jun) 24:2.
See the statute in the Ephēmeris tēs kyvernēseos tou Vasiliou tēs Ellados, 30/9 1949, No 234 and 31/12 1949, No 364.
V. Brdlík Die sozialökonomische Struktur der Landwirtschaft in der Tschechoslowakei (Berlin 1938), pp 98 sqq
A. Krčmár, “La ricomposizione della proprietà fondiaria nella repubblica Cecoslovacca,” Rivista del catasto (Rome 1938).
Cf also V. Fábry, Agricultural laws of the Czechoslovak Republic (Prague 1949).
C. A. Kofoed, Comasareă proprietatiei agricole (Iasi 1939).
See for instance D. I. Toscheff, “Grundstückszusammenlegung und Siedlung in Bulgarien,” Die sozialökonomische Struktur der bulgarischen Landwirtschaft (Berlin 1936), pp 191–196.
Ob ulushcheniiu sel’skokhoziastvennogo izpol’zovaniia zemel’ nechernoziomnoi polosy evropeǐskoǐ chasti SSSR (Moscow 1952), pp 121 sqq, with instructive map examples. Other examples in S. G. Skoropanov, B. M. Rozenblium & A. P. Van’kevich, Tselinnye i zalezhnye zemli BSSR i ikh osvoenie (Minsk 1956), pp 114 sqq.
J. Röhner & J. F. Wander, “Die Hälfte der Arbeitszeit unproduktiv,” Landtechnik (Wolfratshausen b. München 1951), pp 564 sqq; Confédération générale de l’agriculture. Division de rentabilité. Bulletin 13 (Paris 1951, Nov.) p. 34.
A. Hüni, “Der Einfluss der Landverteilung auf die Betriebsergebnisse,” Schweizerische landwirtschaftliche Zeitschrift (Zürich 1941), pp 713 sqq
A. Studier, Güterzusammenlegungen im Kanton Aargau,” Festgabe Ernst Laur (Brugg 1937), p. 302
Ch. Gay, “Etude de l’influence du remembrement sur l’économie d’une région agricole,” Géomètre (Paris 1960) pp 341 sqq, 451 sqq.
W. C. Visser, “Gedachten en getallen over de geldelijke gevolgen van ruilverkavelingen,” Landbouwkundig tijdschrift (The Hague 1950), Dec, p. 12.
Verslag van de Centrale cultuurtechnische commissie 1950 (processed), pp 9 sq. Also L. H. Bouwman, Ruilverkaveling (Utrecht 1951).
Land consolidation. Cheaper and more simplified methods. (Paris, OEEC 1957). Cf. also K. Beilner, “Neue Wege der Grundstückszusammenlegung,” Agrarische Rundschau (Vienna 1952, Sep)
O. Schiller, Mittel und Wege einer beschleunigten Flurbereinigung (Stuttgart 1949)
Ch. Gay in Géomètre (Paris 1960), pp 470 sq.
M. Kühner, “Feldbereinigung oder Raumgestaltung, insbesondere bei Grossgemarkungen?”, Zeitschrift für Raumforschung (Bielefeld 1950); idem (ed.) Landesgestaltung (Minden-Westf. 1950)
K. D. Myrbeck, “Den förvandlade byn,” Lantmannen (Stockholm 1946), pp 739 sqq
E. Carlegrim, Om sambandet mellan fastighetsstruktur och arbetskostnad (Stockholm 1956); Effekten av varierande fältutformning. Betänkande avgivet av Arronderingsutredningen (Stockholm 1963, processed).
P. Moral-López, Principles of land consolidation legislation (Rome 1962, F.A.O. Legislative Series, No 3).
“Flurbereinigungsgesetz vom 14. Juli 1953” Bundesgesetzblatt I Nr 37; cf also Ministerialblatt des Bundesministeriums für Ernährung, Landwirtschaft und Forsten (Bonn 1953, 22/7).
The basic French consolidation statute is in a law of March 9, 1941, and a decree of January 7, 1942, both validated by an ordinance of July 7, 1945; see Le remembrement rural en France (Paris 1951). Cf also J. Auboyer-Treuille, “Remembrement rural,” Revue de législation agricole (Paris 1950, Nov-Dec), pp 218 sq.
On the Austrian statute, see K. Beilner, “Neue Wege zur Grundstückszusammenlegung,” Agrarische Rundschau (Vienna 1952), pp 57–66; the Dutch statute is the Ruilverkavelingswet of 1951, Jan 19; the Belgian statute, see Revue de l’agriculture (Bruxelles 1948) pp 871–889.
Greek statute, see note 52e above; cf E. Papageorgiou, “Fragmentation of land holdings and measures of consolidation in Greece,” Conference on World Land Tenure Problems, Proceedings (Madison, Wis., 1951), Vol. 1, pp 350–355. Spanish consolidation statute of 1952, see Concentración parcelaria (Madrid 1952).
F. H. v. Babo, Betriebswirtschaftliche Grundlagen der Flurbereinigung (Stuttgart 1951)
articles by C. Morel in Génie rural (Paris 1950), pp 144–146
K. Beilner in Agrarische Rundschau (Vienna 1952), pp 57–66
H. Hochstetter in Landtechnik (Wolfratshausen b. München 1951), pp 711–715.
IA. Lovkov & M. Gumerov, “Ukrupnenie melkikh kolkhozov i rabota MTS ” Sotsialisticheskoe sel’skoe khoziaǐstvo (Moscow 1950, Dec), pp 32–41, especially pp 34 sq.
See note 56b above; also articles by A. P. Takes in Tijdschrift van het K. Nederlandsch aardrijkskundig genootschap, 1960, pp 347–353, and 1962, pp 14–20, and (with A. J. Veenstra) in Tijdschrift voor economische en sociale geografie (1960), pp 162–167.
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Dovring, F. (1965). Agricultural Settlement and the Layout of Land. In: Land and Labor in Europe in the Twentieth Century. Studies in Social Life. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6525-1_2
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