Abstract
Plants normally aquatic, floating, occasionally exposed by recession of the water, also on tree trunks and shrub axes in very humid atmosphere; stems up to 90 cm long, 0.2–0.5 mm in diameter; leaves tristichous, plane, subconcave, concave, subcanaliculate, canaliculate, subtubular, convolute-tubulose, subcarinate, subcarinate-conduplicate, carinate-conduplicate, keels straight to strongly curved, plane leaves sometimes asymmetrically longitudinally folded, occasionally with faint vertical ridges, ecostate, plane or unfolded blades subulate, sublanceolate, lanceolate, oblong-lanceolate, ovate-lanceolate, oval-lanceolate, subelliptic-lanceolate, subovate, ovate, suboval, oval, suborbicular, subrhomboidal, or rhomboidal, margins occasionally narrowly to broadly involute, apices short to long acuminate, subacute, acute, subobtuse, or obtuse, sometimes subcucullate to cucullate, occasionally subcymbiform, entire, sinuolate, subserrulate, or serrulate, margins of apices sometimes narrowly to broadly involute, blades 2–8 mm long, occasionally up to 10 mm in length, 0.35–6.5 mm wide, occasionally up to 8.5 mm in width, 1–8 : 1, sometimes 1–10 : 1, uncommonly 1 : 1–2; median cells of leaves subrhomboidal, rhomboidal, linear-rhomboidal, linear, ends attenuate or obtuse, frequently cells subflexuous or flexuous;
Fontinalis [Dill.] Hedw., Sp. Muse, p. 298. 1801.
Pilotrichum, Sect. 2. Fontinalis C. Müll., Syn. Musc. 2: 148. 1850 (excl. P. fontinaloides C. Müll, and P. gymnostomum C. Müll.)
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
All references concerning leaves are applicable to the majority of median cauline blades unless otherwise stated. The leaf shapes are those of unfolded blades. Statements in keys refer to the usual or most common conditions, exceptions and variations being recorded in the description.
Cardot in his monograph on Fontinalaceae arranged the species of Fontinalis under six sections: Section 1. Tropidophyllae Card., Section 2. Heterophyllae Card., Section 3. Lepidophyllae Card., Section 4. Malacophyllae Card., Section 5. Stenophyllae Card., and Section 6. Solenophyllae Card. In the opinion of the writer these groups do not appear to merit sectional rank. But, having been established, the author used them in a previous publication. However, because of the overlapping of sectional characteristics, necessitating the placement of some species in more than one section, it is now considered better to replace Cardot’s sections by the groupings as used in this study.
Some authors give this citation as Fontinalis laxa Milde; others use F. anti-pyretica var. laxa Milde. It is difficult to ascertain Milde’s meaning. He refers to a third remarkable form from Sagan and from Hamburg. It may be assumed that the word, form, in this instance, is a general reference to the plants and is not of taxonomic significance. Milde suggests that this form may become a species after the fruits are found and proposes for it the name of Fontinalis laxa, indicating specific rank of laxa, but does not number it as is his custom with regard to species. Also, one may infer from the position of the description and from his introductory statement that laxa might be a variety of i7. antipyretica. The author interprets F. laxa in this reference to indicate specific rank.
Cardot, in Rev. Bryol. 18: 82–83. 1891, ranked F. Kindbergii, F. arvernica, F. neo-mexicana, F. columbica, F. Delamarei, F. dalecarlica, F. Cardoti, F. nitida, and F. tenella as subspecies. In the same publication, pp. 84–86, these plants were treated as species. Perhaps he regarded it unnecessary to repeat the indication of subspecies. In Mon. Font., pp. 23–24. 1892, Cardot listed the members of Fontinalis in places of first, second, third, and fourth order. Since those listed above were not in first rank, one could assume that this use of subspecies was indicative of subordinate position. However, he listed others in lower rank which were not designated as subspecies in Rev. Bryol. 18: 82–83. 1891. In Cardot’s Monographie des Fontinalacées, in 1892, all of the above subspecies were treated as species with the exception of F. columbica which was reduced to a variety of F. neo-mexicana. In consideration of the above data, the author has given Cardot’s subspecies a literal interpretation.
See page 22, note 1.
The author saw a manuscript description of var. Corsica Card, in Cardot’s Herbarium on a label with plants which are F. antipyretica Hedw.
The author assumes that the specimens from the herbarium of H. N. Dixon, those indicated as “Original Specimen,” as “Type Specimen,” and as “sp. nova” are portions of the type, as Cardot states with the original description, “Angleterre: In aqua stagnante ad ligna submersa. Limbury, Bedfordshire. (Leg. James Saunders; comm. H. N. Dixon).”
See page 22, note 1.
In observation of the synoecious condition in F. androgyna, numerous clusters of reproductive structures have been examined. The following results were recorded: the majority of the clusters contained both antheridia and archegonia, but some had only antheridia and others had only archegonia.
The plants of Faurie 8621 and 8623, Aug. 25, 1892, Japan, are difficult to determine with accuracy because of the absence of complete median cauline leaves. The leaf fragments are badly lacerated. The median branch leaves compare favorably in all characteristics with those of F. antipyretica var. gracilis. Occasional leaves are carinate-conduplicate and others are concave or subconcave, which is frequently true in plants known to belong to var. gracilis. On the basis of these comparisons the author assumes that these plants may be F. antipyretica var. gracilis.
The type of F. perfida should be in Cardot’s herbarium in the Paris Museum. The author was unable to locate it in the herbarium in 1938. Faurie 374 occurs in the herbaria of Theriot in the Paris Museum, Brotherus in the Botanisches Museum, Helsingfors, Boissier in Geneva, and the New York Botanical Garden. All, according to the labels, are from “Herb. J. Cardot.” In the absence of a designated type, the writer has assumed to be the Type the plants in Cardot’s herbarium in the Paris Museum under the label: “Fontinalis perfida Cardot. Corée: Tjyang-Tjyen, ruisseaux. 1906. Faurie 374.” In a letter, Aug. 12, 1947, Mrs. Pierre Allorge stated that F. perfida does not exist in Cardot’s Herbarium in the Paris Museum; that it is possible that Cardot’s type was lost during World War I, 1914–1918, and did not reach the Paris Museum Herbarium; and that Cardot and Thériot corresponded and exchanged mosses, and in that way F. perfida may have been deposited in the Paris Museum in Thériot’s Herbarium. In case the assumed type is not located, the writer has selected to substitute for the type the plants under a comparable label in the I. Thériot Herbarium in the Paris Museum, France.
The type, or, if not so designated, the assumed type, should be in Roth’s Herbarium. It is the author’s understanding from conversation with Hj. Möller in 1938 that many bryologists shared their types with him for his research and publications concerning mosses. There are numerous packets in Möller’s Herbarium from Roth’s Herbarium. Not being able to locate Roth’s types, and under the assumption that Roth sent a portion of his type material to Hj. Möller, the writer has assumed that this is a portion of Roth’s type. The information on the label is in accord with that in Roth’s original description. In case Roth’s type is non-existent, this portion in Hj. Möller’s Herbarium has been chosen to substitute for the type.
The type, or, if not so designated, the assumed type, of F. seriata var. dentata should be in Roth’s Herbarium but has not been available. The author has studied several collections made by Von Bock in the type locality, Rahezama not far from Fellin in Livland, in August 1907, August 1908, and August 1911, from the Herbarium of Georg Roth in other herbaria. According to the original description, the type was collected in September 1907. All specimens examined have been determined to be F. antipyretica var. gracilis. There are no conflicting characteristics between those of var. gracilis and those given in the original description of F. seriata var. dentata.
The author is not certain that the type of F. seriata var. penicillata has been available. The original description does not give the date of the type collection but states that the var. penicillata was collected in the same vicinity as var. dentata, Rahezama not far from Fellin in Livland. The specimens examined by the writer bear habitat data comparable to those of var. dentata, were collected by Von Bock, August 1908, and July 1913, and were distributed by Georg Roth. All specimens examined have been determined to be F. antipyretica var. gracilis. There are no conflicting characteristics between those of var. gracilis and those given in the original description of F. seriata var. penicillata.
The type has not been available. The writer has assumed to be the type the collection in the Limpricht Herbarium, bearing the label herein cited. If not in the Herbarium of Limpricht, the collection with comparable data in the N. Bryhn Herbarium in the Bergens Museum, Norway, has been chosen to substitute for the type.
The type should be in the Herbarium of Georg Roth, which has not been available. Since the data on these labels are identical with those in the original description, these specimens are considered to be from the collection which the author has assumed to be the type of F. livonica.
According to maps, Astoria is in Oregon, on the Columbia River. Perhaps the specimens were collected in Washington, across the Columbia river from Astoria, Oregon.
Although the name of the state is spelled Oregon, Renauld and Cardot were consistent in spelling the name of the variety as oreganensis and citing the state as Oregon. Some bryologists have spelled the varietal name as oregonensis.
This name was erroneously published as F. rigens Ren. and Card, in Welch, in Grout, Moss Fl. N. Am. 3: 237. 1934.
Roll 453 was collected as Enumclaw, Washington. Roll 83 was collected at Victoria, Vancouver Island, British Columbia. Both were cited by Renauld and Cardot, no. 453 in first place, with the original description of F. antipyretica var. rigens. The author regards Roll 83 as F. patula.
In the herbaria of the University of California, New York Botanical Garden, Boissier, and Kew, there is a collection from Mexico, without locality and date, made by Lesquereux. In the British Museum of Natural History there is a label which reads, “Lesquereux no. 42, in Mexico.” Cardot’s note with the specimens in the Boissier Herbarium states when translated, “Probably comes from New Mexico and not Mexico.” In Icones Muscorum, Supplement, p. 4, it is stated that Lesquereux collected in the mountainous parts of the Southern States. In the absence of proof that the specimens were collected in Mexico, the author assumes that the collections were made in New Mexico. To date, no collections made in Mexico have been seen unless the ones discussed above were collected in that country.
On labels for Canadian Musci 229, Nova Scotia and Vancouver Island are given as the localities. Since neo-mexicana is not otherwise cited from Nova Scotia and since the author has seen no other specimens of neo-mexicana collected in Nova Scotia, it has been assumed that the Nova Scotia reference is an error with regard to F. neo-mexicana.
See page 79, note 1.
In the Herbarium of the Botanisches Museum, Berlin-Dahlem, the original description of F. maritima is pasted beneath the packet of plants from the Herb. C. Müller-Hai. This material is assumed to be the type or a portion of the type of F. maritima C. Müll.
See page 77, note 1.
The plants in Cardot’s Herbarium in Laboratoire de Cryptogamie, Muséum d’Histoire Naturelle, Paris, were given to Cardot by C. Warnstorf. The specimens in the Herbarium of the Paris Museum were from the Herbarium of Loeske. The material in the Herbarium of Hj. Möller in Stockholm had been sent to Möller by Roth.
Observations have been made regarding the occurence of the antheridia and archegonia in the same cluster. Numerous groups of reproductive structures on plants of F. Bryhnii have been examined. The majority contained mature antheridia and archegonia, some had immature antheridia and mature archegonia, and a few had mature archegonia and no visible antheridia. Ten clusters were removed from one stem. Six contained both antheridia and archegonia. Four had archegonia but no evident antheridia.
The type material is sterile. The two fruits available for study were in the collection made by Cuervo, in Hampe’s Herbarium, in the British Museum of Natural History, London, England.
Branches, although tristichous, appear to be distichous in herbarium specimens because of the twisting of the stem to the right and then to the left, or vice versa, and occasionally in a long, complete twist. However, when the plants remain in water a short time, the tristichous arrangement becomes evident.
The two localities cited on labels of No. 339 are Alabama, near Mobile, and southern Kentucky. According to Cardot, Mon. Font., p. 15, the plants of F. disticha were collected in Alabama and those of F. filiformis in Kentucky.
See page 165, note 1.
With regard to whether C(arl) J(ohan) Hartman or R(obert Wilhelm) Hartman described Fontinalis hypnoides, the author was referred by Dr. Herman Persson to Dr. Olle Mårtensson, Uppsala, Sweden. Dr. Mårtensson replied that C. J. Hartman (1790–1849) described several bryophytes. He was the author of the first five editions of Handbok i Skandinaviens. Since F. hypnoides was described in the fourth edition (1843), the writer has concluded that the correct citation is F. hypnoides C. J. Hartm. R. W. Hartman lived from 1827–1891. (Also, see Krok, Bib. Bot., 1925.)
Fontinalis seriata Lindb. var. pseudo-fasciculata P. de la Varde, in Gatte-fosse et Werner, Catalogus Bryophytum Maroccanorum, 1932, (nomen nudum) seems to have been used interchangeably with F. seriata Lindb. var. pseudo-fastigiata P. de la Varde (nomen nudum). The author’s correspondence with Mr. Robert Potier de la Varde confirms this opinion.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 1960 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Welch, W.H. (1960). Fontinalis. In: A Monograph of the Fontinalaceae. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6339-4_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-6339-4_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-5860-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-6339-4
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive