Abstract
As was pointed out before, the European states’ system was challenged by the political ambitions of Louis XIV in the seventeenth century. He continued to disturb the equilibrium of Europe even into the early part of the eighteenth century1. The War of the Spanish Succession which was waged for ten years was ended by the Peace of Utrecht in 1713. This marked the re-establishment of the balance of power idea which was not greatly disturbed until the French Revolution. Although the eighteenth century was an age of reason, yet it was also an age of despots, and more particularly in the concern of this study, an age of wars. From the War of the Spanish Succession to the French Revolution there were about twenty wars.
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Notes
Cf. for political background of the eighteenth century: Cambridge Modern History, Vol. VI (New York: Macmillan Co., 1909); Gettell, op. cit., pp. 238-40, 278-80; Arthur Hasall, Balance of Power, 1715–1789 (London: Rivington’s, 1922).
F. Meinecke, Weltbürgertum und Nationalstaat (5th ed.; München und Berlin: Druck und Verlag von R. Oldenbourg, 1919).
R. B. Mowat, The Age of Reason (Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co., 1934); Mowat, European Diplomacy, 1451-1789, pp. 154-300; Mowat, European States System, pp. 31-40.
F. L. Schuman, International Politics (New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company, 1933), pp. 80–85; P. Smith, History of Modem Culture, II, 3-16.
Cf. J. de Louter, “Introduction” in C. van Bynkershoek, Quaestionum Juris Publici Libri Duo (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930), II, ix–xlvi.
James Brown Scott, “Introduction” in C. van Bynkershoek, De Dominio Maris Dissertatio (New York: Oxford University Press, 1923), pp. 13–22; John Westlake, Collected Papers pp. 67-70.
C. van Bynkershoek, Quaestionum Juris Publici Libri Duo, English translation by Tenney Frank (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1930), II, 15.
Moser, Versuch des neuesten Europäischen Völkerrechts (Frankfort am Main: Varrentropp Sohn und Wenner, 1779), IX, 30: “Es ist Völkerrechtens, dass, wann ein Staat den andern mit Krieg überziehen will solches vor oder bei Anfang derer Feindseligkeiten öffentlich Völkerrechts”.
Cf. Robert Figge, Georg Friedrich von Martens Sein Leben und seine Werke, Inaugural-Dissertation (Gleiwiss: P. Hill’s Buchdruckerei, 1914).
Gilbert Gidel, “Droit et Devoirs des Nations”, Hague. Académie de Droit International. Recueil des Cours (Paris: librairie Hachette, 1927), X, 585–89.
Cf. Gettel, op. cit., p. 241; Gidel, “Droit et Devoirs des Nations” op. cit., pp. 565-77; O. Nippold, “Introduction”, in Christian Wolff’s Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Petractatum, Trans. by Francis. J. Hemelt (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934), Vol. II;.
Christian Wolff, Jus Gentium Methodo Scientifica Pertractatum, Trans. by J. H. Drake (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1934), Vol. II; J. Westlake, Collected Papers, pp. 70–76.
Cf. Gidel, “Droit et Devoirs des Nations”, op. cit., pp. 577-85; Albert de Lapradelle, “introduction”p in E. de Vattel, Le Droit des Gens (Washington: Carnegie Institution, 1916), III, iii–iv.
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Ballis, W. (1937). The Eighteenth Century. In: The Legal Position of War: Changes in its Practice and Theory from Plato to Vattel. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-5948-9_6
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