Skip to main content

Problems at the Beginning of Life

  • Chapter
Textbook of Medical Ethics
  • 234 Accesses

Abstract

When problems involve children we tend to look at them in a different way than we look at similar problems involving older (and especially elderly) patients. Reasons for this attitude are briefly examined. Specific problems occurring at the beginning of life are discussed. Abortion is examined in its historical and philosophical setting. The problem of abortion is used to examine the probity of legislating the moral beliefs of one particular group and thereby restraining the rest of the community. Other problems examined in this section are problems of defective newborns, the use of anencephalics as organ donors, informed consent in the pediatric age group, surrogacy, forced C-section, and fetal abuse. The economic aspects of these problems are very briefly considered.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  1. Durant, W., The Life of Greece, Simon & Schuster, New York, 1939.

    Google Scholar 

  2. Carrick, P., Medical Ethics in Antiquity, D. Reidel, Boston, 1985.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  3. Edelstein, L., The Hippocratic oath, in: Ancient Medicine: Selected Papers of Ludwig Edelstein ( O. Temkin and C.L. Temkin, eds.), The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, 1967, pp. 3 - 63.

    Google Scholar 

  4. Dunstan, G.R., The moral status of the human embryo: A tradition recalled, J. Med. Ethics 1: 38 - 44, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  5. Kushner, T., Having a life versus being alive, J. Med. Ethics 1: 5 - 8, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Engelhardt, H.T., Bioethics and the process of embodiment, Perspect. Biol. Med. 18: 486 - 500, 1975.

    Google Scholar 

  7. Aristotle, De Generatione Animalium, in: The Basic Works of Aristotle ( R. McKeon, ed.), Random House, New York, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  8. Engelhardt, H.T., The ontology of abortion, Ethics 84: 217 - 234, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. Churchill, L.R., and Simàn, J.J., Abortion and the rhetoric of individual rights, Hastings Center 12 (1): 9 - 12, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  10. Annas, G.J., Righting the wrong of wrongful life, Hastings Center 11 (1): 8 - 9, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  11. Loewy, E.H., Unsticking the sticky wicket of abortion, in: Ethical Dilemmas in Modern Medicine: A Physician’s Viewpoint ( E.H. Loewy, ed.), Edwin Mellen Press, Lewiston, NY, 1986, pp. 155 - 178.

    Google Scholar 

  12. Rachels, J., The End of Life, Oxford University Press, New York, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  13. Noonan, J.T., An almost absolute value in history, in: The Morality of Abortion: Legal and Historical Perspectives ( J.T. Noonan, ed.), Harvard University Press, Cambridge, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  14. Thomson, J.J., A defense of abortion, Phil. Public. Affairs 1 (1): 47 - 66, 1971.

    Google Scholar 

  15. Milby, T.H., The new biology and the question of personhood: Implications for abortion, Am. J. Law Med. 9 (1): 31 - 41, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  16. Green, M.B., and Winkler, D., Brain death and personal identity, Phil. Public Affairs 9 (2): 104 - 133, 1980.

    Google Scholar 

  17. Warren, M.A., On the moral and legal status of abortion, Monist 57: 43 - 61, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  18. Jones, G.E., Fetal brain waves and personhood, J. Med. Ethics 10: 216 - 218, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  19. Gustafson, J.M., Mongolism, parental desires and the right to life, Perspect. Biol. Med. 16: 529 - 559, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  20. Duff, R.S., and Campbell, G.M., Moral and ethical dilemmas in the special-care nursery, N. Engl. J. Med. 289 (25): 890 - 894, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  21. Robertson, J.A., Dilemma in Danville, Hastings Center 11 (5): 5 - 8, 1981.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Arras, J.D., Toward an ethic of ambiguity, Hastings Center 14 (2): 25 - 33, 1984.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Campbell, A.G.M., Which infants should not receive intensive care? Arch. Dis. Child. 57: 569 - 575, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Annas, G.J., Checkmating the Baby Doe regulations, Hastings Center 16 (4): 29 - 31, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. McCormick, R.A., To save or let die: The dilemma of modern medicine, J.A.M.A. 229 (8): 172 - 176, 1974.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Rhoden, N.K., Treating Baby Doe: The ethics of uncertainty, Hastings Center 16 (3): 34 - 42, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  27. Kopelman, L.M., Irons, T.G., and Kopelman, A.E., Neonatologists judge the Baby Doe regulations, N. Engl. J. Med. 318 (11): 677 - 683, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. McCormick, R.A., Proxy consent in the experimentation situation, Perspect. Biol. Med. 18 (1): 2 - 20, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  29. Holder, A.R., Legal Issues in Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  30. Langham, P., Parental consent: Its justification and limitations, Clin. Res. 27(5):349358, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  31. Shaw, A., Dilemmas of “informed consent” in children, N. Engl. J. Med. 289: 885890, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  32. Schowalter, J.E., Ferholt, J.B., and Mann, N.M., The adolescent patient’s decision to die, Pediatrics 51 (1): 44 - 46, 1973.

    Google Scholar 

  33. Gaylin, W.A., The competence of children: No longer all or none, Hastings Center 12 (2): 33 - 38, 1982.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  34. Bartholome, W.G., In defense of a child’s right to assent, Hastings Center 12(4):4445, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  35. Gaylin, W.A., Reply to Bartholome, Hastings Center 12 (4): 45, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  36. Ramsey, P., The Patient as Person, Yale University Press, New Haven, 1970.

    Google Scholar 

  37. Ramsey, P., The enforcement of morals: Non-therapeutic research on children, Hastings Center 6 (4): 21 - 30, 1976.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  38. O’Donnell, T.J., Informed consent,. J.A.M.A. 227: 73 - 75, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  39. Curran, C.E., Human life, Chicago Stud. 13 (3): 279 - 299, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  40. Levine, R.J., and Lebazqz, K., Ethical considerations in clinical trials, Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 25 (2): 732 - 741, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  41. Fried, C., Medical Experimentation: Personal Integrity and Social Policy, Elsevier, New York, 1974.

    Google Scholar 

  42. National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research, Report and Recommendations: Research Involving Children, DHEW Pub. (77-0004), Washington, 1977.

    Google Scholar 

  43. Marston, R.Q., Research on minors, prisoners and the mentally ill, N. Engl. J. Med. 288 (3): 158 - 159, 1973.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  44. McCartney, J.J., Research on children: National commission says Yes, if. Hastings Center 8 (5): 26 - 31, 1978.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  45. Loewy, E.H., Waste not, want not: Communities and presumed consent, in: Medical Ethics: A Guide for Health Professionals ( D.C. Thomasma and J.C. Monagle, eds.), Aspen Publishers, Rockville, MD, 1988.

    Google Scholar 

  46. Task Force for the Determination of Brain Death in Children, Guidelines for the determination of brain death in children, Ann. Neurol. 21: 616 - 617, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  47. Elias, S., and Annas, G.J., Social policy and ethical considerations in noncoital reproduction, J.A.M.A. 255 (1): 62 - 68, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  48. Warnock, M., Thinking and government policy: The Warnock Commission on Human Embryology, Millbank Mem. Fund 63 (3): 504 - 522, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  49. Davies, I., Contracts to bear children, J. Med. Ethics 11: 61 - 65, 1985.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  50. Ethics Committee of the American Fertility Society, Ethical considerations of the new reproductive technologies, Fertil. Steril. 46(3) (Supp1. 1 ): 1S - 81S, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  51. Parker, P.J., Motivation of surrogate mothers: Initial findings, Am. J. Psycho]. 140: 117 - 118, 1983.

    Google Scholar 

  52. Fleming, A.T., Our fascination with Baby M, New York Times Magazine 29 March: 33 - 87, 1987.

    Google Scholar 

  53. Annas, G.J., Death without dignity for commercial surrogacy: The case of Baby M, Hastings Center 18 (2): 21 - 24, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  54. Johnsen, D., The creation of fetal rights: Conflicts with women’s constitutional rights to liberty, privacy and equal protection, Yale Law Rev. 95: 599 – 615, 1986.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  55. Annas, G.J., She’s going to die: The case of Angela C., Hastings Center 18 (1): 23 - 25, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  56. Finamore, E.P., Jefferson v Griffin Spalding County Hospital Authority: Court-ordered surgery to protect the life of an unborn child, Am J. Law Med. 9 (1): 83 - 101, 1982.

    Google Scholar 

  57. Annas, G.J., Pregnant women as fetal containers, 16 (6): 13 - 14, 1986.

    Google Scholar 

  58. Kolder, V.E.B., Gallagher, J., and Parsons, M.T., Court-ordered obstetrical intervention, N. Engl. J. Med. 316 (19): 1192 - 1196, 1987.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  59. Jurow, R., and Paul, R.H., Cesarean delivery for fetal distress without maternal consent, Obstet. Gynecol. 63 (4): 596 - 598, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  60. Raines, E., Editorial comment, Obstet. Gynecol. 63 (4): 598 - 599, 1984.

    Google Scholar 

  61. Leiberman, J.R., Mazor, M., Chaim, W., et al., The fetal right to live, Obstet. Gynecol. 53 (4): 515 - 517, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  62. Shriner, T.L., Maternal versus fetal rights-a clinical dilemma, Obstet. Gynecol. 53 (4): 518 - 519, 1979.

    Google Scholar 

  63. Engelhardt, H.T., Current controversies in obstetrics: Wrongful life and forced fetal surgical procedures, Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol. 151 (3): 313 - 317, 1985.

    Google Scholar 

  64. Loewy, E.H., Communities, self-causation and the natural lottery, Soc. Sci. Med. 26: 1133 - 1139, 1988.

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1989 Springer Science+Business Media New York

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Loewy, E.H. (1989). Problems at the Beginning of Life. In: Textbook of Medical Ethics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4479-9_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4479-9_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-017-4481-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-4479-9

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics