Abstract
As yet, international courts have never applied Community law. It is unlikely that the International Court of Justice will ever do so. The Community Treaties provide that the Member States shall not submit a dispute concerning the interpretation or application of the Community Treaties to any method of settlement other than those provided for in the Treaties themselves.1 This prevents them from bringing Community law before international courts. The chances that other States would do so seem rather remote.
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Notes
SEW (1975) pp. 78-98; H.G. Schermers, The Law as it stands on preliminary rulings, LIEI 1974/1, pp. 93–112.
Franz Zehetner, Zum Vorlagerecht nationaler Gerichte an den Gerichtshof der Europäischen Gemeinschaften (Art. 177(2)), 10 EuR (1975), pp. 113–128.
Gerhard Bebr, Article 177 of the EEC Treaty in the Practice of National Courts, 26 ICLQ (1977), pp. 241–282; Walther J. Habscheid, Der deutsche Richter und der Europäische Gerichtshof, Bemerkungen zur Dogmatik und Praxis des Vorlageverfahrens gem. Art. 177 E.W.G. Vertrag, Festschrift von der Heydte, Berlin 1977, pp. 205-222; L. Neville Brown, Article 177 of the Treaty of Rome in the British context, 74 The Law Society’s Gazette (1977), pp. 314-316; Kari Joutsamo, The role of preliminary rulings in the European Communities, Helsinki 1979, 337 pages; Hans-Wolfram Daig, Auslegung und Anwendung von Art. 177 EWG-Vertrag durch den Gerichtshof der Europäischen Gemeinschaften, Festschrift Kutscher, Nomos 1981, pp. 79-93;.
Gerhard Bebr, Preliminary Rulings of the Court of Justice: Their Authority and Temporal Effect, 18 CMLRev. (1981), pp. 475–507.
Both Conventions have been published in the Supplement to Bulletin 2-1969 of the European Communities. The protocols can be found in Supplement 4/71. On the Convention see Peter Schlosser, Der EuGH und das Europäische Gerichtsstands-und Vollstrec kungsübereinkommen, 30 NJW (1977), pp. 457–463.
Andrea Giardina, The European Court and the Brussels Convention on jurisdiction and judgements, 27 ICLQ (1978), pp. 263–276. On the Protocol, see also.
Hans Arnold, Das Protokoll über-die Auslegung des EWG-Gerichtsstand s-und Vollstreckungsübereinkommens durch den Gerichtshof in Luxemburg, 25 NJW (1972) pp. 977–981.
Jean Laenens, Protocol betreffende de uitlegging door het Hof van Justitie van het Verdrag van 27 September 1968, 39 Rechtskundig Weekblad (1976), pp. 1323–1330.
Convention on the European Patent for the Common Market, Art. 73. On this con-vention, see Oliver C. Brändel, Die künftige Rolle der Europäischen Gerichtshofs in Patentstreitigkeiten, 79 GRUR (1977), pp. 294–297.
A. McClellan, La Convention sur le Brevet Communautaire, 14 CDE (1978), pp. 202–218.
Iain C. Baillie, Where goes Europe? The European Patent, 58 Journal of the Patent Office Society (1976), pp. 153–185.
Gerhard Bebr, The Existence of a Genuine Dispute: An Indispensable Precondition for the Jurisdiction of the Court under Article 177 EEC Treaty? 17 CMLRev. (1980), pp. 525–537.
Ami Barav, Preliminary Censorship? The judgment of the European Court in Foglia v. Novello, 5 ELRev. (1980), pp. 443–468.
Antonio Tizzano, Litiges fictifs et compétence préjudicielle de la Cour de justice européenne, 85 RGDIP (1981), pp. 514–528.
Second Rheinmühlen Case (166/73), 16 Jan. 1974, consideration 4, [1974] ECR 38, 39; [1974] 1 CMLR 577; CCH para 8265. For a critical note see Peter Ernst Goose, Einschränkung der Vorlagebefugnis nach Art. 177 Abs. 2 EWGV durch die Rechtsmittelgerichte? 21 AWD (1975), 660–663 and thereon Reinhard Riegel in 22 Recht der Internationalen Wirtschaft (1976), pp. 110, 111.
Second Simmenthai Case (106/77), 9 March 1978, consideration 19, [1978] ECR 644; CCH para 8476. See also Hans Peter Ipsen, Die Rolle des Prozeßrichters in der Vorrang-Frage zur Bedeutung des II. Simmenthal-Urteils (Rs 106/77) des Europäischen Gerichtshofs, 14 EuR (1979), pp. 223–238.
See M.R. Mok, Should the ‘first paragraph’ of Article 177 of the EEC Treaty be read as a separate clause? 5 CMLRev. (1967‖68) pp. 458–464.
English Löwenbräu Case, High Court, Chancery Division, 27 Nov. 1973, [1974] 1 CMLR 10, 11. On this case see Lawrence Collins, Art. 177 of the EEC Treaty and English interlocutory proceedings, 23 ICLQ (1974), pp. 840–851.
A.G. Toth, Legal Protection of Individuals in the European Communities, North Holland 1978, vol. 11, p. 214.
In support of this theory see Dumon (op. cit., note 63), pp. 222-225; Lagrange, SEW 1962, p. 102 and Lord Denning in the English Champagne Case, Court of Appeal, 22 May 1974, [1974] 2 CMLR 113, 114. For the situation in Greece, see Wassilos Skouris, probleme der Vorlage gemäß Art. 177 EWGV aus der Sicht des griechischen Rechts, 15 EuR (1980), pp. 22–35.
See also Freeman (op. cit., note 16), pp. 185, 186; Francis Jacobs, Which courts and tribunals are bound to refer to the European Court? 2 ELRev. (1977), pp. 119–121.
On the theory of acte clair see Manfred Zuleeg, Das Recht der Europäischen Gemeinschaften in innerstaatlichem Bereich, 1969, p. 365, Pierre Pescatore, L’interprétation du droit communautaire et la doctrine de l’acte clair, Bulletin de l’association des juristes européens, 1971, pp. 49-72, English version in Legal Problems of an Enlarged European Community, Stevens & Sons 1972, pp. 27-46; Maurice Lagrange, The theory of acte clair: a bone of contention or a source of unity? 8 CMLRev. (1971) pp. 313–324.
See Advocate-General Warner in the EMI Case (51/75), 15 June 1976, Opinion, [1976] ECR 854; [1976] 2 CMLR 246; CCH para 8350, Court of Justice in Second Milac Case (131/77), 3 May 1978, consideration 6, [1978] ECR 1050, 1051 and John Usher, Article 177 EEC: when the facts matter, 3 ELRev. (1978), pp. 298–300.
See in particular Tribunal d’Instance de Lille 15 July 1981, Rec. D. Sirey 1982, p. 9. On these cases see T.P.J.N. van Rijn, Nationale rechterlijke instanties en prejudiciële uitspraken van het Hof van Justitie, 30 SEW (1982), pp. 628–633.
French Garoche Case, Cour de Cassation, 8 May 1973, consideration 3, [1974] 1 CMLR 476. See also the Belgian Cour de Cassation in the Belgian Advance Transformer Co. Case, 24 Dec. 1970, 1971 SEW, p. 719. Several authors share this view, inter alia, Advocate-General Trabucchi, L’effet ‘erga omnes’ des décisions préjudicielles rendues par la Cour de Justice des Communautés européennes, 10 RTDE (1974) pp. 56–87.
See C.A. Crisham and K. Mortelmans, Observations of Member States in the Preliminary Rulings Procedure before the Court of Justice of the European Communities in O’Keeffe-Schermers (ed.), Essays in European Law and Integration to mark the Silver Jubilee of the Europe Institute, Leiden, Kluwer 1982, pp. 43–69.
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Schermers, H.G. (1983). Other Courts applying Community law. In: Judicial Protection in the European Communities. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-4412-6_5
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