Skip to main content
  • 296 Accesses

Abstract

Very elongate, unisexual and dimorphic digenean, female long and slender, somewhat longer than male, the latter usually carries the female in a gynaecophoric canal;- a gutter-like groove formed by ventral flexing of the lateral edges of the flat male body. Suckers poorly developed and closely proximated. Oesophagus short, without a pharynx, caeca long and unite posteriorly to form a common caecum which extends up to posterior extremity. Genital pore placed behind ventral sucker, male with four to numerous testes placed anteriorly, female with a compact to elongate or tubular ovary, situated anterior to caecal union. Vitelline glands well developed and post-ovarian. Uterus with one to many thin-shelled and embryonated eggs which usually bear a short terminal or lateral spine.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Further reading

  • Agnew, A., Fulford, A.J.C., Mwanje, M.T., Gachuhi, K., Gutsmann, V., Krijger, F.W., Sturrock, R.F., Vennervald, B.J., Ouma, J.H., Butterworth, A.E. & Deelder, A.M. 1996. Age-dependent reduction of schistosome fecundity in Schistosoma haematobium but not Schistosoma mansoni infections in humans. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55: 338–343.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ahmed, E.S., Daffalla, A. Christensen, N.O. & Madsen, H. 1996. Patterns of infection and transmission of human schistosomiasis mansoni and schistosomiasis haematobium in White Nile Province, Sudan. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitol 90: 173180.

    Google Scholar 

  • Akogun, O.B. & Akogun, M.K. 1996. Human behaviour, water usage and schistosomiasis transmission in a small settlement near Yola, Nigeria. Annals of Tropical Medicine and Parasitology, 90: 303–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Akufongwe, P.F., Dakul, D.A., Michael, P.D., Dajagat, P.D. & Arabs, W.L. 1996. Urinary schistosomiasis in rural communities of some Local Government Areas in Plateau State, Nigeria: a preliminary parasitological and malacological survey. Journal of Helminthology, 70: 3–6.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Almeda, J., Ascaso, C., Marcal, G.A., Corachan, M., Southgate, V.R. & Rollinson, D. 1996. Morphometric variability of Schistosoma intercalatum eggs: a diagnostic dilemma. Journal of Helminthology, 70: 97–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Auriault, C., Pancré, V., Wolowczuk, I., Asseman, C., Ferru, I. & Verwaerde, C. 1996. Cellular immune response and pathology in schistosomiasis. Parasite, 3: 199–208.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Basch, P.F. 1991. Schistosomes: Development, Reproduction, and Host Relations. Oxford University Press, Oxford, 248 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bell, D.R. 1963. A new method for counting Schistosoma mansoni eggs in faeces with special reference to therapeutic trials. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 29: 525–530.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Booth, M., Guyatt, H.L., Li, Y. & Tanner, M. 1996. The morbidity attributable to Schistosoma japonicum infection in 3 villages in Dongting Lake region, Hunan Province, PR China. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 1: 646–654.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Trematode infections of domesticated animals. In

    Google Scholar 

  • Boray, J.C. 1986. Trematode infections of domesticated animals. In Chemotherapy of Parasitic Diseases (Ed. W.C. Campbell and R.S. Rew ). Plenum Press, New York, pp. 401–425.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Brown, D.S. 1994. Freshwater Snails of Africa and their Medical Importance. Taylor and Francis Ltd, London, 609 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Butterworth, A.E., Dunne, D.W., Fulford, A.J.C., Ouma, J.H. & Sturrock, R.F. 1996. Immunity and morbidity in Schistosoma mansoni infection: quantitative aspects. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55: 109–115.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capron, A. & Dessaint, J.P. 1992. Immunologic aspects of schistosomiasis. Annual Review of Medicine, 43: 209–218.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Capron, A., Riveau, G., Grzych, J.M., Boulanger, D., Capron, M. & Pierce, R. 1994. Development of a vaccine strategy against human and bovine schistosomiasis: background and update. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 46: 242–246.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Cetron, M.S., Chitsulo, L., Sullivan, J.J., Pilcher, J., Wilson, M., Noh, J., Tsang, V.C., Hightower, A.W. & Addiss, D. 1996. Schistosomiasis in Lake Malawi. Lancet, 348: 1274–1278.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Chan, M.S., Anderson, R.M., Medley, G.F. & Bundy, D.A.P. 1996. Dynamic aspects of morbidity and acquired immunity in schistosomiasis control. Acta Tropica, 62: 105117.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M.G. 1989. Schistosomiasis control program in the People’s Republic of China: A review. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 20: 51 1517.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M.G. & Mott, K.E. 1988. Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma japonicum infection. A review of recent literature. Tropical Diseases Bulletin, 85: R1 - R45.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M.G. & Mott, K.E. 1988. Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma mansoni infection. A review of recent literature. Tropical Diseases Bulletin, 85: R1 - R56.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M.G. & Mott, K.E. 1989. Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma haematobium infection. A review of recent literature. Tropical Diseases Bulletin, 86: R1 - R36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chen, M.G. & Mott, K.E. 1989. Progress in assessment of morbidity due to Schistosoma intercalatum infection. A review of recent literature. Tropical Diseases Bulletin, 86: R1 - R18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Christensen, N.O., Mutani, A., & Frandsen, F. 1983. A review of the biology and transmission ecology of African bovine species of the genus Schistosoma. Zeitschrift für Parasitenkunde, 69: 551–570.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Bont, J., Vercruysse, J., Grzych, J.M., Meeus, P.F.M. & Capron. 1997. Potential of recombinant Schistosoma bovis-derived glutathione S-transferase to protect cattle against experimental and natural S. mattheei infection. Parasitology, 115: 249–255.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Deelder, A.M., De Jonge, N., Boerman, O.C., Fillié, Y.E., Hilberath, G.W., Rotmans, J.P., Gerritse, M.J. & Schut, D.W. 1989. Sensitive determination of circulating anodic antigen in Schistosoma mansoni infected individuals by an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay using monoclonal antibodies. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 40: 268–272.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Deelder, A.M., Qian, Z.L., Kremsner, P.G., Acosta, L. et al. 1994. Quantitative diagnosis of Schistosoma infections by measurement of circulating antigens in serum and urine. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 46: 233–238.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • De Jonge, N., Gryseels, B., Hilberath, G.W., Polderman, A.M. & Deelder A.M. 1988. Detection of circulating anodic antigen by ELISA for seroepidemiology of schistosomiasis mansoni. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 82: 591–594.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Dinnik, J.A. & Dinnik, N.N. 1965. The schistosomes of domestic ruminants in eastern Africa. Bulletin of Epizootic Diseases of Africa, 13: 341–359.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Engels, D., Sinzinkayo, E. & Gryseels, B. 1996. Day-to-day egg count fluctuation in Schistosoma mansoni infection and its operational implications. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 54: 319–324.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Feldmeier, H. & Poggensee, G. 1993. Diagnostic techniques in schistosomiasis control. A review. Acta Tropica, 52: 205–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Fransen, J., De Bont, J., Vercruysse, J., Van Aken, D., Southgate, V.R. & Rollinson, D. 1990. Pathology of natural infections of Schistosoma spindale Montgomery, 1906, in cattle. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 103: 447–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Garcia, E.G., Tapales, F.P., Valdez, C.A., Mitchell, G.F. & Tiu, W.U. 1981. Attempts to standardize the circumoval precipitin test (COPT) for schistosomiasis japonica. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 12: 384–395.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gigase, P.L. & Demedts, P. 1988. Drugs used in the treatment of schistosomiasis. In The Antimicrobial Agents Annual 3 (Ed.: P.K. Peterson and J. Verhoef ). Elsevier Science Publishers B.V., The Netherlands, pp. 318–326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grevelding, C.G., Kampkötter, A. & Kunz, W. 1997. Schistosoma mansoni: sexing cercariae by PCR without DNA extraction. Experimental Parasitology, 85: 99–100.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gryseels, B. 1992. Morbidity due to infection with Schistosoma mansoni: An update. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 44: 189–200.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gryseels, B. 1996. Uncertainties in the epidemiology and control of schistosomiasis. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55: 103–108.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hagan, P. 1996. Immunity and morbidity in infection due to Schistosoma haematobium. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55: 116–120.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hakangard, C., Deelder, A.M., Gabone, R.M., Nilsson, L.A. & Ouchterlony, Ö. 1996. A comparative study on specific antibodies and circulating antigen (CAA) in serum and parasitological findings for diagnosis of schistosomiasis mansoni in an endemic area in Tanzania. Acta Tropica, 61: 213–222.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hussein, M.F. 1973. Animal schistosomiasis in Africa: a review of Schistosoma bovis and Schistosoma mattheei. Veterinary Bulletin, 43: 341–347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johansen, M.V., Monrad, J., Christensen, N.O. and Lindberg, R. 1996. Experimental Schistosoma bovis infection in goats: pathological consequences of praziquantel treatment. Journal of Comparative Pathology, 115: 1–11.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Johnstone, P.A.S. 1990. Parasitic associations with malignant neoplasms. Tropical and Geographical Medicine, 42: 301–311.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, P. & Webbe, G. 1982. Schistosomiasis: Epidemiology, Treatment, and Control. William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd, London, 361 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jordan, P. Webbe, G. & Sturrock, R. 1993. Human Schistosomiasis. CAB International, Oxon, 465 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kabatereine, N.B., Odongo-Aginya, E.I. and Lakwo, T.L. 1996. Schistosoma mansoni along Lake Albert, Kibale district, Western Uganda. East African Medical Journal, 73: 50 2504.

    Google Scholar 

  • Karanja, D.M.S., Colley, D.G., Nahlen, B.L., Ouma, J.H. & Secor, W.E. 1997. Studies on schistosomiasis in western Kenya: I. Evidence for immune-facilitated excretion of schistosome eggs from patients with Schistosoma mansoni and human immunodeficiency virus coinfections. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 56: 515–521.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kardorff, R., Gabone, R.M., Mugashe, C., Obiga, D., Ramarokoto, C.E. et al. 1997. Schistosoma mansoni-related morbidity on Ukerewe Island, Tanzania: clinical, ultrasonographical and biochemical parameters. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2: 230–239.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Knight, W.B., Hiatt, R.A., Cline, B.L. & Ritchie, L.S. 1976. A modification of the formol-ether concentration technique for increased sensitivity in detecting Schistosoma mansoni eggs. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 25: 818–823.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V. ‘and- de Burbure, G. 1986. Schistosomes of animals and man in Asia. Helminthological Abstracts, Series A, Animal and Human Helminthology, 55: 469480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kumar, V. & Gryseels, B. 1994. Use of praziquantel against schistosomiasis: a review of current status. International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents, 4: 313–320.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lawrence, J.A. 1978. Bovine schistosomiasis in southern Africa. Helminthological Abstracts, Series A, Animal and Human Helminthology, 47: 261–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leptak, C.L. & McKerrow, J.H. 1997. Schistosome egg granulomas and hepatic expression of TNF-alpha are dependent on immune priming during parasite maturation. Journal of Immunology, 158: 301–307.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y., Ross, A.G., Li, Y., He, Y.K., Luo, X.S. & McManus, D.P. 1997. Serological diagnosis of Schistosoma japonicum infections in China. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 91: 19–21.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Li, Y.L., Idris, M.A., Corachan, M., Han, J.J., Kirschfink, M. & Ruppel, A. 1996. Circulating antigens in schistosomiasis: detection of 31/32-kDa proteins in sera from patients infected with Schistosoma japonicum, S. mansoni, S. haematobium, or S. intercalatum. Parasitology Research, 82: 14–18.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lindberg, R., Johansen, M.V., Monrad, J., Christensen, N.O. & Nansen, P. 1997. Experimental Schistosoma bovis infection in goats: the inflammatory response in the small intestine and liver in various phases of infection and reinfection. Journal of Parasitology, 83: 454–459.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Liu, S., He, Y., Song, G., Luo, X., Xu, Y. & McManus, D.P. 1997. Anti-fecundity immunity to Schistosoma japonicum induced in Chinese water buffaloes (Bos buffelus) after vaccination with recombitant 26 kDa glutathione-S-transferase (reSjc26GST). Veterinary Parasitology, 69: 39–47.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Loker, E.S. 1983. A comparative study of the life-histories of mammalian schistosomes. Parasitology, 87: 343–369.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Maddison, S.E. 1987. The present status of serodiagnosis and seroepidemiology of schistosomiasis. Diagnostic Microbiology and Infectious Diseases, 7: 93–105.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Medley, G.F. & Bundy, D.A.P. 1996. Dynamic modelling of epidemiologic patterns of schistosomiasis morbidity. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55: 149–158.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mott, K.E. & Cline, B.L. 1980. Advances in epidemiology survey methodology and techniques in schistosomiasis. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 58: 639647.

    Google Scholar 

  • Muchiri, E.M., Ouma, J.H. & King, C.H. 1996. Dynamics and control of Schistosoma haematobium transmission in Kenya: an overview of the Msambweni Project. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55: 127–134.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Newport, G.R. & Colley, D.G. 1993. Schistosomiasis. In Immunology and Molecular Biology of Parasitic Infections (Ed.: K.S. Warren ). Blackwell Scientific Publications, London, pp. 387–437.

    Google Scholar 

  • Olds, G.R., Olveda, R., Wu, G., Wiest, P., McGarvey, S. et al. 1996. Immunity and morbidity in schistosomiasis japonicum infection. American Journal of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 55: 121–126.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, E.J. & Sompson, J.G. 1994. Schistosomiasis. In Parasitic Infections and the Immune System (Ed. F. Keirszenbaum ). Academic Press, Inc., New York, pp. 203223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, E.J., Vasconcelos, J.P., Brunet, L.R. & Sabin, E.A. 1996. IL-4 in schistosomiasis. Experimental Parasitology, 84: 295–299.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitchford, R.J. 1965. Differences in the egg morphology and certain biological characteristics of some African and Middle Eastern schistosomes, genus Schistosoma, with terminal-spined eggs. Bulletin of the World Health Organization, 32: 105–120.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitchford, R.J. 1976. Preliminary observations on the distribution, definitive hosts and possible relation with other schistosomes of Schistosoma margrebowiei le Roux, 1933 and Schistosoma leiperi le Roux, 1955. Journal of Helminthology, 50: 111–123.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitchford, R.J. 1977. A check list of definitive hosts exhibiting evidence of the genus Schistosoma Weinland, 1858 acquired naturally in Africa and the Middle East. Journal of Helminthology, 51: 229–252.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pitchford, R.J. & Visser, P.S. 1975. A simple and rapid technique for quantitative estimation of helminth eggs in human and animal excreta with special reference to Schistosoma sp. Transactions of the Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene, 69: 318–322.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rau,M.E., Bourns, T.K.R. and Ellis, J.C. 1972. An improved method for collecting schistosome miracidia. International Journal for Parasitology, 2: 279–280.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Rocha, M.O.C., Pedroso, E.R.P., Greco, D.B. et al. 1996. Pathogenetic factors of acute schistosomiasis mansoni: correlation of worm burden, IgE, blood eosinophilia and intensity of clinical manifestations. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 1: 213–220.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rollinson, D. & Simpson, A.J.G. 1987. The Biology of Schistosomes: From Genes to Latrines. Academic Press, London, 472 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ross, A.G.P., Li, Y.S., Sleigh, A.C. & McManus, D.P. 1997. Schistosomiasis control in the People’s Republic of China. Parasitology Today, 13: 152–155.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sabin, E.A., Kopf, M.A. & Pearce, E.J. 1996. Schistosoma mansoni egg-induced early IL-4 production is dependent upon IL-5 and eosinophils. Journal of Experimental Medicine, 184: 1871–1878.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Talaat, M. & Evans, D.B. 1996. Costs, benefits and operational implications of using quantitative techniques to screen for schistosomiasis haematobium in Egypt. Southeast Asian Journal of Tropical Medicine and Public Health, 27: 29–35.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, M.G. 1987. Schistosomes of domestic animals: Schistosoma bovis and other animal forms. In Immune response in Parasitic Infections: Immunology, Immunopathology, and Immunoprophylaxis. Volume II Trematodes and Cestodes. (Ed.: E.J.L. Soulsby ). CRC Press, Inc. Boca Raton, Florida, pp. 49–90.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tchuem Tchuenté, L.A., Morand, S., Imbert-Establet, D., Delay, B. & Jourdane, J. 1996. Competitive exclusion in human schistosomiasis: the restricted distribution of Schistosoma intercalatum. Parasitology, 113: 129–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Trottein, F., Godin, C., Pierce, J. Sellin, B. Taylor, M.G., Gorillot, I., Silva, M.S., Lecocq, J.P. and Capron, A. 1992. Inter-species variation of schistosome 28-kDa glutathione S-transferases. Molecular and Biochemical Parasitology, 54: 63–72.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Van Lieshout, L., Polderman, A.M., De Vlas, S.J., De Caluwé, P., Krijger, F.W., Gryseels, B. & Deelder, A.M. 1995. Analysis of worm burden variation in human Schistosoma mansoni infections by determination of serum levels of circulating anodic antigen and circulating cathodic antigen. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 172: 1336–1342.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Trematode infections of domesticated animals. In

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Lieshout, L., Polderman, A.M., Visser, L.G., Verwey, J.J. & Deelder, A.M. 1997. Detection of the circulating antigens CAA and CCA in a group of Dutch travellers with acute schistosomiasis. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 2: 551–557.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Van Marck, E.A.E. 1983. The glomerulopathy associated with Schistosoma mansoni infection. An experimental study in the mouse. Acta Leidensia, 50: 1–123.

    PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vercruysse, J., Fransen, J., Southgate, V.R. & Rollinson, D. 1985. Pathology of Schistosoma curassoni infection in sheep. Parasitology, 91: 291–300.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vercruysse, J., Fransen, J., Southgate, V.R., Rollinson, D. & Majeleine, W. 1988. Clinical pathology of experimental Schistosoma curassoni infections in sheep and goats. Research in Veterinary Science, 44: 273–281.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Warren, K.S. 1973. The pathology of schistosome infections. Helminthologicaf Abstracts, Series A, Animal and Human Helminthology, 42: 591–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wolmarans, C.T., De Kock, K.N., Van Der Walt, M.P.K. 1990. An experimental Schistosoma mattheei infection in man. Onderstepoort Journal of Veterinary Research, 57: 211–214.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 1983. Cellophane faecal thick smear examination technique (Kato) for diagnosis of intestinal schistosomiasis and gastrointestinal helminth infections. World Health Organization, Geneva, Document PDP/83. 4.

    Google Scholar 

  • World Health Organization. 1993. The Control of Schistosomiasis. Second Report of the World Health Organization Expert Committee. World Health Organization Technical Report Series 830, Geneva. 86 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, T.A. 1996. Development of an antipathology vaccine for schistosomiasis. Annals of New York Academy of Sciences, 797: 191–195.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Wynn, T.A., Reynolds, A., James, S. Cheever, A.W., Caspar, P., Hieny, S., Jankovic, D., Strand, M. & Sher, A. 1996. IL-12 enhances vaccine-induced immunity to schistosomes by augmenting both humoral and cell-mediated immune responses against the parasite. Journal of Immunology, 157: 4068–4078.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zahed, N.Z., Ghandour, A.M., Banaja, A.A., Banerjee, R.K. & Dehlawi. 1996. Hamadryas baboons Papio hamadryas as maintenance hosts of Schistosoma mansoni in Saudi Arabia. Tropical Medicine and International Health, 1: 449–455.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Kumar, V. (1999). Schistosomiasis. In: Trematode Infections and Diseases of Man and Animals. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3594-0_2

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3594-0_2

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5152-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3594-0

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics