Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Rain-splash and spore dispersal: a physical perspective

  • Chapter
The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases

Abstract

Recently, there has been considerable work on spore dispersal by rain-splash and three review articles have been published (Fitt and McCartney, 1986; Fitt et al., 1989; Madden, 1992) that discuss spore dispersal from a biological point of view. Topics covered included the characteristics of splash-dispersed fungi, mechanisms of splash dispersal and methods for studying them, the dispersal of specific pathogen spores by different types of rain under controlled conditions or in field situations, and recent spatial distribution and modelling studies.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Allen, R.F. (1988) The mechanics of splashing. Journal of Colloid and Interface Science, 124, 309 – 316.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, C.L. and Mitchell, J.K. (1987) Transformations of rainfall by plant canopy. Transactions of ASAE, 30, 688 – 696.

    Google Scholar 

  • Armstrong, C.L. and Mitchell, J.K. (1988) Plant canopy characteristics and processes which affect transformation of rainfall properties. Transactions of ASAE, 31, 1400 – 1409.

    Google Scholar 

  • Aylor, D.E. and Sutton, T.B. (1992) Release of Venturia inaequalis ascospores during unsteady rain: relationship to spore transport and deposition. Phytopathology, 82, 532 – 540.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Barfield, B.J., Payne, F.A. and Walker, J.N. (1973) Surface water storage capacity of selected crop leaves under irrigation sprays. Agricultural Meteorology, 12, 105 – 111.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Beard, K.V. (1976) Terminal velocity and shape of cloud and precipitation drops aloft. Journal of the Atmospheric Sciences, 33, 851 – 864.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Boudreau, M.A. and Madden, L.V. (1994) Effects of strawberry density on dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum by simulated rain. Phytopathology, 84, 934 – 941.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brewer, C.A. and Smith W.K. (1997) Patterns of leaf surface wetness for montane and subalpine plants. Plant, Cell and Environment, 20, 1 – 11.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Butterworth, J. and McCartney, H.A. (1991) The dispersal of bacteria from leaf surfaces by water splash. Journal of Applied Bacteriology, 71, 484 - 496.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Calder, I.R. (1996) Rainfall interception and drop size-development and calibration of the two-layer stochastic interception model. Tree Physiology, 16, 727 – 732.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Coakley, S.M., McDaniel, L.R. and Shaner, G. (1985) Model for predicting severity of Septoria tritici blotch on winter wheat. Phytopathology, 75, 1245 – 1251.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Crockford, R.H., Richardson, D.P., Fleming, P.M. and Kalma, J.D. (1991) A comparison of methods for measuring the angle and direction of rainfall. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 55, 213 – 231.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Englemann, R.J. (1968) The calculation of precipitation scavenging, in Meteorology and Atomic Energy, (ed. D.H. Slade ), US Atomic Energy Commission, Oak Ridge, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fatemi, F. and Fitt, B.D.L. (1983) Dispersal of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides and Pyrenopeziza brassicae spores in splash droplets. Plant Pathology, 32, 401 – 404.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fernandez-Garcia, E. and Fitt, B.D.L. (1993) Dispersal of the entomopathogen Hirsutella cryptosclerotium by simulated rain. Journal of Invertebrate Pathology, 61, 39 – 43.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Finney, H.J. (1984) The effects of crop covers on rainfall characteristics and splash detachment. Journal of Agricultural Engineering Research, 29, 337 – 343.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitt, B.D.L. and McCartney, H.A. (1986) Spore dispersal in splash droplets, in Water, Fungi and Plants, (eds P.G. Ayres and L. Boddy ), Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, pp. 87 – 104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fitt, B.D.L., McCartney, H.A. and Walklate, P.J. (1989) The role of rain in dispersal of pathogen inoculum. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 27, 241 – 270.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fitt, B.D.L., Inman, A.J., Lacey, M.E. and McCartney, H.A. (1992) Splash dispersal of spores of Pseudocercosporella capsellae (white leaf spot) from oilseed rape leaves of different inclination, flexibility and age. Zeitschrift für Pflanzenkranheiten and Pflanzenschutz, 99, 234 – 244.

    Google Scholar 

  • Granvold, J. (1984) Rain splash dispersal of third-stage larvae of Cooperia spp. (Trichostrongylidae). Journal of Parasitology, 70, 924 – 926.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gregory, P.H., Griffin, M.J., Maddison, A.C. and Ward, M.R. (1984) Cocoa black pod: a reinterpretation. Cocoa Grower’s Bulletin, 35, 5 – 22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hall, R.L. and Calder, I.R. (1993) Drop size modification by forest canopies - measurements using a disdrometer. Journal of Geophysical Research, 90, 465 – 470.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, L. (1992) Déterminisme et mesure de la durée d’humectation en vue de la protection des plantes. Agronomie, 12, 281 – 295.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber, L. and Gillespie, T.J. (1992) Modelling leaf wetness in relation to plant disease epidemiology. Annual Review of Phytopathology, 30, 553 – 577.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber, L., Bussière, F., Clastre, P. et al. (1995) Interactions entre l’eau liquide et la végétation. Actes de l’Ecole-Chercheurs INRA en Bioclimatologie. Le Croisic 3-7 avril 1995, tome 1: de la plante au couvert végétal (eds R. Cruiziat and J.P. Lagouarde ), pp. 533 – 545.

    Google Scholar 

  • Huber, L., Fitt, B.D.L. and McCartney, H.A. (1996) The incorporation of pathogen spores into rain-splash droplets: a modelling approach. Plant Pathology, 45, 506 – 517.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Huber, L., McCartney, H.A. and Fitt, B.D.L. (1997) Influence of target characteristics on the amount of water splashed. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 87, 201 – 211.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jameson, A. R. (1991) A comparison of microwave techniques for measuring rainfall. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 30, 32 – 54.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kinnell, P.I.A. (1981) Rainfall intensity-kinetic energy relationships for soil loss prediction. Soil Science Society American Journal, 45, 153 – 155.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, Z. and Hobbs, P.V. (1971) Splashing of water drops on solid and wetted surfaces: hydrodynamics and charge separation. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, A269, 555 – 585.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lovell, D.J., Parker, S.R., Hunter, T. et al. (1997) Influence of crop growth and structure on the risk of epidemics by Mycosphaerella (Septoria tritici) in winter wheat. Plant Pathology, 46, 126 – 138.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, O.C. and McCartney, H.A. (1987) Calculation of splash droplet trajectories. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 39, 95 – 110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Macdonald, O.C. and McCartney, H.A. (1988) A photographic technique for investigating the splashing of water drops on leaves. Annals of Applied Biology, 113, 627 – 638.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, L.V. (1992) Rainfall and the dispersal of fungal spores. Advances in Plant Pathology, 8, 39 – 79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Madden L.V. (1993) Aggregation of Colletotrichum acutatum in response to simulated rain episodes. Journal of Phytopathology, 138, 145 – 156.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, L.V. (1997) Effects of rain on splash dispersal of fungal pathogens. Canadian Journal of Plant Pathology, 19, 225 – 230.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, L.V., Wilson, L.L., Yang, X. and Ellis, M.A. (1992) Splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum and Phytophthora cactorum by short-duration simulated rains. Plant Pathology, 41, 427 – 436.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, L.V., Wilson, L.L., Yang, X. and Ellis, M.A. (1993) Field spread of anthracnose fruit rot of strawberry in relation to ground cover and ambient weather conditions. Plant Disease, 77, 861 – 866.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, L.V., Yang, X. and Wilson, L.L. (1996) Effects of rain intensity on splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum. Phytopathology, 86, 864 – 874.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, J.S. and Palmer, W.M. (1948) The distribution of raindrops with size. Journal of Meteorology, 5, 165 – 166.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Mason, B.J. and Andrews, J.B. (1960) Drop-size distributions from various types of rain. Quarterly Journal of the Royal Meteorological Society, 86, 346 – 353.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Merriam, R.A. (1973) Fog drip from artificial leaves in a fog wind tunnel. Water Resources Research, 9, 1591 – 1598.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, A.J. and Green, T.W. (1987) Erosive effects of the large water drops (gravity drops) that fall from plants. Australian Journal of Soil Resource, 25, 9 – 20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ntahimpera, N., Madden, L.V. and Wilson, L.L. (1997) Effect of rain distribution alteration on splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum. Phytopathology, 87, 649 – 655.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Pauvert, P., Fournet, J. and Rapilly, F. (1970) Dissémination d’un inoculum fongique par des gouttes d’eau: influence de la morphologie des fructifications. Annales de Phytopathologie, 2, 43 – 53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pielaat A. and van den Bosch, F. (1998) A model for dispersal of plant pathogens by rain splash. International Mathematical Association Journal of Mathematics and its Applications (in press).

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, K.M., Madden, L.V. and Ellis, M.A. (1988) Effect of weather variables on strawberry leather rot epidemics. Phytopathology, 78, 822 – 827.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Roger, C. and Tivoli, B. (1996) Spatio-temporal development of pycnidia and perithecia and dissemination of spores of Mycosphaerella pinodes on pea. Plant Pathology, 45, 518 – 528.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Schottman, R.W. and Walter, M.F. (1982) Relative erosion potential for coalesing water droplets, ASAE Paper No. 82 – 2037, American Society of Agricultural Engineers, St Joseph, MI.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M.W. (1987) Assessment of upward movement of rain splash using a fluorescent tracer method and its application to the epidemiology of cereal pathogens. Plant Pathology, 36, 201 – 213.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, M.W. (1991) Variation in the height to which tracer is moved by splash during natural summer rain in the United Kingdom. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 55, 1 – 14.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.A. and DeVaux, R.D. (1992) The temporal and spatial variability of rainfall power. Environmetrics, 3, 29 – 53.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Soleimani, M.J., Deadman, M.L. and McCartney H.A. (1996) Splash dispersal of Pseudocercosporella herpotrichoides spores in wheat monocrop and wheat-clover bicrop canopies from simulated rain. Plant Pathology, 45, 1065 – 1070.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stedman, O.J. (1979) Patterns of unobstructed splash dispersal. Annals of Applied Biology, 91, 271 – 285.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stedman, O.J. (1980) Splash droplet and spore dispersal studies in field beans (Vicia faba L). Agricultural Meteorology, 21, 111 – 127.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Stow, C.D. and Hadfield, M.G. (1980) An investigation of the conditions for splashing of water drops on solid, dry surfaces. Journal of the Meteorological Society of Japan, 58, 59 – 67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Torres, D.S., Porra, J.M. and Creutin, J.-D. (1994) A general formulation for raindrop size distribution. Journal of Applied Meteorology, 33, 1494 – 1502.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulbrich, C.W. (1983) Natural variations in the analytical form of the raindrop size distribution. Journal of Climate and Applied Meteorology, 22, 1764 – 1775.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Ulbrich, C.W. (1994) Corrections to empirical relations derived from rainfall disdrometer data for effects due to drop size distribution truncation. Atmospheric Research, 34, 207 – 215.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Viton, P. (1990) Mesures de la pluie. La Météorologie, 33, 28 – 33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Walklate, P.J. (1989) Vertical dispersal of plant pathogens by splashing. Part I: The theoretical relationship between rainfall and upward rain splash. Plant Pathology, 38, 56 – 63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Walklate, P.J., McCartney, H.A. and Fitt, B.D.L. (1989) Vertical dispersal of plant pathogens by splashing. Part II: Experimental study of the relationship between raindrop size and the maximum splash height. Plant Pathology, 38, 64 – 70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X., Madden, L.V., Wilson, L.L. and Ellis, M.A. (1990) Effects of surface topography and rain intensity on splash dispersal of Colletotrichum acutatum. Phytopathology, 80, 1115 – 20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X. and Madden, L.V. (1993) Effect of ground cover, rain intensity and strawberry plants on splash of simulated raindrops. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 65, 1 – 20.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X., Madden, L.V. and Brazee, R.D. (1991a) Application of the diffusion equation for modelling splash dispersal of point-source pathogens. The New Phytologist, 118, 295 – 301.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yang, X., Madden, L.V., Reichard, D.L. et al. (1991b) Motion analysis of drop impaction on a strawberry surface. Agricultural and Forest Meteorology, 56, 67 – 92.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Yangang, L. (1993) Statistical theory of the Marshall-Palmer distribution of raindrops. Atmospheric Environment, 274, 15 – 19.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors
  1. L. Huber
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. L. V. Madden
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. B. D. L. Fitt
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Hillview, Dene Road, Tone Vale, Taunton, Somerset, TA4 1DG, UK

    D. Gareth Jones

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1998 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Huber, L., Madden, L.V., Fitt, B.D.L. (1998). Rain-splash and spore dispersal: a physical perspective. In: Jones, D.G. (eds) The Epidemiology of Plant Diseases. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3302-1_17

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3302-1_17

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-017-3304-5

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3302-1

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation