Skip to main content

Practical application of 25 years’ research into the management of shallow lakes

  • Conference paper
The Ecological Bases for Lake and Reservoir Management

Part of the book series: Developments in Hydrobiology ((DIHY,volume 136))

Abstract

The Norfolk Broads are a series of shallow, man-made lakes dug in medieval times for peat extraction, in Eastern England. Their eutrophic state has been well-documented and, since the early I980s, their restoration has been attempted using a variety of techniques. The restoration began with the removal of point sources of phosphorus from sewage treatment works, which then revealed the role of sediment release when lake phosphorus levels failed to decline following inflow phosphorus levels. Small-scale removal of sediment layers in isolated broads demonstrated the feasibility, both technical and economic, of this technique, but experience then showed that sediment removal alone could not provide long-term restoration. Biomanipulation following sediment removal now offers the most reliable route to restoration, but the mechanisms by which a stable submerged plant community can be maintained after biomanipulation are still not clear.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Bengtsson, L., G. Fleischer, G. Lindmark and W. Ripl, 1975. Lake Trummen restoration project I. Water and sediment chemistry. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 19: 1080–1087.

    Google Scholar 

  • Blindlow, I., G. Andersson, A. Hargcby and S. Johansson, 1993. Long-term pattern of alternative stable states in two shallow eutrophie lakes. Freshwat. Biol. 30: 159–167.

    Google Scholar 

  • Carpenter, S. R. and J. F. Kitchell (eds), 1993. The Trophic Cascade in Lakes. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cryer, M., G. Peirson and C. Townsend, 1986. Reciprocal interactions between roach, Rutilus rutilus, and zooplankton in a small lake: prey dynamics and fish growth and recruitment. Limnol. Oceanogr. 31: 1022–1038.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmondson, W. T., 1977. Recovery of Lake Washington from eutrophication. In J. Cairns, K. L. Dickson and E. E. Henricks (eds), Recovery and Restoration of Damaged Ecosystems. University Press of Virginia, Charlottesville.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edmondson, W. T. and S. E. B. Abella, 1988. Unplanned biomanipulation of Lake Washington, Limnologica (Berlin) 19: 73–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Grimm, M. P. and J. J. Backx, 1990. The restoration of shallow eutrophic lakes, and the role of norther pike, aquatic vegetation and nutrient concentration. Hydrobiologia 200/201: 557–566.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gulati, R. D., E. H. R. R. Lammens, M.-L. Meijer and E. van Donk (eds), 1990. Biomanipulation - Tool for Water Management. Developments in Hydrobiology 61. Kluwer Academic Publishers, Dordrecht, 628 pp. Reprinted from Hydrobiologia 200 /201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Harper, D. M., 1992. Eutrophication of Freshwaters: Principles, Problems and Restoration. Chapman and Hall, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Holdren, G. C. and D. E. Armstrong, 1986. Interstitial iron concentration as an indicator of phosphorus release and mineral formation in lake sediments. In P. G. Sly (ed.), Sediments and Water Interactions. Springer, New York: 133–147.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Irvine, K.. M. T. Bales, B. Moss, J. H. Stansfield and D. Snook, 1993. The changing ecosystem of a shallow brackish lake, Hickling Broad, Norfolk, U.K. I Trophic relationships with special reference to the role of Neomysi.c integer (Leach). Freshwat. Biol. 29: 119–139.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, R., 1991. The extent of phosphorus release in the Norfolk Broads. Progress report for period 1989–1990, Research Project 518, National Rivers Authority, Ipswich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jeppesen, E., J. P. Jensen, P. Kristensen, M. Sondeergaard, E. S. Mortensen and K. Olrik, 1990. Fish manipulations as a lake restoration tool in shallow, eutrophic temperate lakes 2: threshold levels, long-term stability and conclusions. Hydrobiologia 200 /201: 219–227.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeppesen, E., P. Kristensen, J. P. Jensen, M. Sondergaard, E. Mortensen and T. Lauridsen, 1991. Recovery following a reduction in external phosphorus loading of shallow eutrophic Danish lakes: duration, regulating factors and methods of overcoming resilience, Mem. Inst. ital. Idrobiol. 48: 127–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Johnes, P. J., 1996. Nutrient export modelling. - River Bure, Norfolk. Anglian Region Operational Investigation Report 581, Environment Agency, Peterborough.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ken-ison, P., B. McEwan, B. Crook and G. L. Phillips, 1989. Redox contolled chemical dosing efficiently removes phosphorus from effluents discharged to the Norfolk Broads. Journal of the Institiute of Water and Environmental Management 3: 397–403.

    Google Scholar 

  • Marsden, M. W., 1989. Lake restoration by reducing external phosphorus loading: the influence of sediment phosphorus release. Freshwat. Biol. 21: 139–162.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, C. F., 1976. Broadland. In Nature in Norfolk, a Heritage in Trust. Jarrold and Sons Ltd, Norwich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mason, C. and R. J. Bryant. 1975. Changes in the ecology of the Norfolk Broads. Freshwat. Biol. 5: 257–270.

    Google Scholar 

  • Meijer, M-L., M. W. de Haan, A. W. Breukelaarand and H. Buiteveld, 1990. Is reduction of the benthivorous fish an important cause of high transparency following biomanipulation in shallow lakes? Hydrobiologia 200/201: 303–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Morgan, N. C., 1972. Problems of the conservation of freshwater ecosystems. Symposium of the Zoological Society of London 29: 135–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, C. H., 1941. The exchange of dissolved substances between mud and water in lakes I. J. Ecol. 29: 280–239.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Mortimer, C. H., 1942. The exchange of dissolved substances between mud and water in lakes II. J. Ecol. 30: 147–201.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, B., 1990. Engineering and biological approaches to the restortion from eutrophication of shallow lakes in which aquatic plant communities are important components. Hydrobiologia 120 /121: 367–378.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Moss, B. 1983. The Norfolk Broadland: Experiments in the restoration of a complex wetland. Biol. Rev. 58: 521–561.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, B., H. Balls, I. Booker, K. Manson and M. Timms, 1988. Problems in the construction of a nutrient budget for the R. Bure and its Broads (Norfolk) prior to its restoration from eutrophication. In F. E. Round (ed.), Algae and the Aquatic Environment. Biopress, Bristol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss B., R. T. Leah and B. Clough, 1979. Problems of the Norfolk Broads and their impact on freshwater fisheries. Proceedings of the First British Freshwater Fisheries Conference, University of Liverpool, Liverpool: 67–85.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, B., H. Balls, K. Irvine and J. Stansfield, 1986. Restoration of two lowland lakes by isolation from nutrient-rich water sources with and without the removal of sediment. J. Appl. Ecol. 23: 391–414.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, B., J. Stansfield and K. Irvine, 1990. Problems in the restoration of a hypertrophie lake by diversion of a nutrient-rich inflow. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 24: 568–572.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, B., J. Stansfield, K. Irvine, M. Perrow and G. L. Phillips, 1996. Progressive restoration of a shallow lake; a 12-year experiment in isolation, sediment removal and biomanipulation. J. Appl. Ecol. 33: 71–86.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moss, B., J. Madgwick and G. L. Phillips, 1997. A guide to the restoration of nutrient-enriched shallow lakes. Broads Authority and Environment Agency, Norwich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Naumann, E., 1919. Nâgra Synpunkter Anagâende limnoplanktons ökologi med särskild hänsyn till fytoplankton. Svensk Botanisk Tidskrift. 13: 129–163.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, P. L., 1978. Relationships between the phytoplankton and nutrients in the River Ant and Barton, Sutton and Stalham Broads, Norfolk. Ph.D. Thesis, University of East Anglia, Norwich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Osborne, P. L., 1981. Phosphorus and nitrogen budgets of Barton Broad and predicted effects of a reduction in nutrient loading on phytoplankton biomass in Barton, Sutton and Statham Broads, Norfolk, United Kingdom. Int. Rev. ges. Hydrobiol. 66: 171202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearsall, W. H., 1921. The development of vegetation in English lakes, considered in relation to the general evolution of glacial lakes and rock basins. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B 92: 259–284.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Perrow, M. R. and K. Irvine, 1992. The relationship between cladoceran body size and the growth of underyearling roach (Rutilus rutilus) (L.) in two shallow lakes: a mechanism for density-dependent reductions in growth. Hydrobiologia 241: 155–161.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrow, M. R., 1994. Practical aspects of the biomanipulation of fish populations. In J. Pitt and G. L. Phillips (eds), The Develop- ment of Biomanipulation Techniques and Control of Phosphorus Release from Sediments. Interim Report 475/ 1/A LIFE Project (92–3/UK/031) - Restoration of the Norfolk Broads. National Rivers Authority, Bristol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Perrow, M. R., B. Moss and J. Stansfield, 1994. Trophic interactions in a shallow lake following a reduction in nutrient loading: a long-term study. Hydrobiologia 275 /276: 43–52.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Perrow, M. R., J. Stansfield, A. J. D. Jowitt and L. D. Tench, (1997). Mechanisms Controlling the Stability of Restored Broads. In F. J. Madgwick and G. L. Phillips (eds), Restoration of the Norfolk Broads - Final Report BARS 14b LIFE Project 92–93/UK/031. Broads Authority and Environment Agency, Norwich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Persson, L. and P. Eklov, 1995. Prey refuges affecting interactions between piscivorous perch and juvenile perch and roach. Ecology 76: 70–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Peterson, S. A., 1981. Sediment Removal as a Lake Restoration Technique. EPA 600/3–81–013, Corvallis.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L., 1977. The mineral nutrient levels in three Norfolk Broads differing in trophic status, and an annual mineral content budget for one of them. J. Ecol. 65: 447–474.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L., 1984. A large scale field experiment in the control of eutrophication in the Norfolk Broads. Journal of Institute of Water Pollution Control 83: 400–408.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L. and B. Moss, 1978. The distribution, biomass and productivity of submerged aquatic macrophytes in the Thurne Broads, Norfolk, 1975–1977. Final report to the Nature Conservancy Council. University of East Anglia, Norwich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L., D. Eminson and B. Moss, 1978. A mechanism to account for macrophyte decline in progressively eutrophicated freshwaters. Aquat. Bot. 4: 103–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L. and R. Jackson, 1990. The control of eutrophication in very shallow lakes, the Norfolk Broads. Verh. int. Ver. Limnol. 24: 573–575.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L. and P. Kerrison, 1991. The restoration of the Norfolk Broads: The role of biomanipulation. Mem. Ist. ital. Idrobiol. 48: 75–97.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L. and B. Moss, 1994. Is biomanipulation a useful technique in lake management? R and D Note 276, National Rives Authority, Bristol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Phillips, G. L., R. Jackson, C. Bennett and A. Chilvers, 1994. The importance of sediment phosphorus release in the restoration of very shallow lakes (The Norfolk Broads, England) and implications for biomanipulation. Hydrobiologia 275 /276: 445–456.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Phillips. G. L., M. R. Perrow and J. Stansfield, 1996. Manipulating the fish-zooplankton ineraction in shallow lakes; a tool for restoration. In S. P. R. Greenstreet and M. L. Tasker (eds), Aquatic Predators and their Prey. Fishing News Books, Oxford.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pitt, J., A. Kelly and G. L. Phillips, (1997). Control of nutrient release from sediments. In F. J. Madgwick and G. L. Phillips (eds), Restoration of the Norfolk Broads - Final Report BARS 14b LIFE Project 92–93/UK/031. Broads Authority and Environment Agency, Norwich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pokorny, J. and V. Hauser, 1994. Restoration of lakes through sediment removal–Vajgar fish pond, Czech Republic, in Restoration of Lake Ecosystems: a Holistic Approach. In M. Eiseltova (ed.). Restoration of Lakes. Publication No 32, IWRB, Slimbridge, Gloucestershire: 141–153.

    Google Scholar 

  • Quaak, M., J. Van der Does, P. Boers and J. Van der Vlugt, 1993. A new technique to reduce internal phosphorus loading by in-lake phosphate fixation in shallow lakes. Hydrobiologia 253: 337344.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, C. S., 1992. Eutrophication and the management of planktonic algae: what Vollenweider couldn’t tell us. In D. W. Sutcliffe and J. G. Jones (eds), Eutrophication: Research and Application to Water Supply. Freshwater Biological Association, Ambleside: 4–29.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sas, H., 1989. Lake restoration by reduction of nutrient loadings: expectations, experiences, extrapolations. Academia Verlag Richarz, Sankt Augustin.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scheffer, M., S. H. Hosper, M.-L. Meijer, B. Moss and E. Jeppesen, 1993. Alternative equilibria in shallow lakes. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 8: 275–279.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Stansfield, J., S. Caswell and M. Perrow, 1997. Biomanipulation as a restoration tool. In F. J. Madgwick and G. L. Phillips (eds), Restoration of the Norfolk Broads — Final Report BARS 146 LIFE Project 92–93/UK/03I. Broads Authority and Environment Agency, Norwich.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stansfield, J., B. Moss, C. Bennett and G. L. Phillips, 1993. Restoration of Broadland — The role of biomanipulation. Anglian Region Operational Investigation 528:, National Rivers Authority, Bristol.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stansfield, J. H., M. R. Perrow, L. D. Tench, A. J. D Jowitt and A. L. L. Taylor, 1997. Submerged macrophytes as refuges for graz- ing Cladocera against fish predation: observations on seasonal changes in relation to macrophytc cover and predation pressure. Hydrobiologia 342/343 ( Dev. Hydrobiol. 119 ): 229–240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thienemann, A., 1918. Untersuchungen über dir Beziehungen zwischen der Sauerstoffgehalt des Wassers und der Zusammensetzung der Fauna in norddeutschen Seen. Arch. Hydrobiol. 12: 1–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Timms, R. M. and B. Moss, 1984. Prevention of growth of potentially dense phytoplankton populations by zooplankton grazing in the prescence of zooplanktivorous fish in a shallow wetland ecosystem. Limnol. Oceanogr. 29: 472–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Donk, E., R. D. Gulati, A. ledema and J. T. Meulemans, 1993. Macrophyte-related shifts in the nitrogen and phosphorus contents of the different trophic levels in a biomanipulated shallow lake. Hydrobiologia 251: 19–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vollenweider, R. A. and J. Kerekes, 1982. The loading concept as basis for controlling eutrophication philosophy and preliminary results of the OECD programme on eutrophication. Progress in Water Technology 12: 5–38.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 1999 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this paper

Cite this paper

Phillips, G., Bramwell, A., Pitt, J., Stansfield, J., Perrow, M. (1999). Practical application of 25 years’ research into the management of shallow lakes. In: Harper, D.M., Brierley, B., Ferguson, A.J.D., Phillips, G. (eds) The Ecological Bases for Lake and Reservoir Management. Developments in Hydrobiology, vol 136. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3282-6_6

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3282-6_6

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5251-3

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3282-6

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics