Abstract
The experimental basis of cosmic-ray astrophysics consists of detailed measurements of the cosmic-ray intensity arriving near earth, of observations of photons in all wavelength bands generated by cosmic ray interactions in the interstellar medium or in the cosmic-ray sources, and of laboratory studies of high energy particle interactions. In addition, a large body of astronomical information on the composition of stellar atmospheres and of the interstellar medium, including interstellar dust grains, is required to bring cosmic-ray data into context with subjects such as nucleosynthesis and evolution of the galaxy. This report will summarize some of these observational questions, will discuss specific experimental needs in current research, and will review some of the key measurements that can be expected for the near future. This review will neither be complete nor attempt to establish observational priorities. However, it will illustrate the variety of observational activities that are required to achieve progress.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Aharonian, F.: 2001, Space Sci. Rev., this volume.
Ahlen, S. P. et al.: 2000, Astrophys. J. 534, 757.
Baring, M. G., Ellison, D. C., Reynolds, S. P., Grenier, I. A., Goret, P.: 1999, ‘Radio to Gamma-Ray Emission from Shell-Type Supernova Remnants: Predictions from Nonlinear Shock Acceleration Models’, Astrophys. J. 513, 311–338.
Baring M. G. et al.: 2000, in B. L. Dingus, M. H. Salamon, D. B. Kieda (eds.), Modelling Hard Gamma-Ray Emission from Supernova Remnants’, GeV-TeV Gamma Ray Astrophysics Workshop, AIP Conf. Proc. 515, 173–182.
Barwick, S. W. et al.: 1998, Astrophys. J. 498, 779.
Binns, W. R. for the HNX Collaboration: 2001, ‘The Heavy Nuclei Explorer (HNX) Mission’, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 46, 73.
Binns, W. R., Garrard, T. L, Israel, M. H., Klarmann, J., Stone, E. C., and Waddington, C. J.: 1989a, in C. J. Waddington (ed.), ‘The Abundances of the Heavier Elements in the Cosmic Radiation’, Cosmic Abundances of Matter, Am. Instit. of Phys., New York), AIP Conf. Proc. 183, p. 147.
Binns, W. R., Garrard, T. L, Gibner, R. S., Israel, M. H., Kertzman, M. P., Klarmann, J., Newport, B. J., Stone, E. C., and Waddington, C. J.: 1989b, ‘Abundances of Ultraheavy Elements in the Cosmic Radiation: Results from HEAO 3’, Astrophys. J. 346, 997.
Chen, C.-X. et al.: 1997, ‘Relativistic Interactions of 22Ne and 26Mg in Hydrogen and the Cosmic Ray Implications’, Astrophys. J. 479, 504–521.
Connell, J. J.: 2001, ‘Cosmic Ray Composition as Observed by Ulysses’, Space Sci. Rev., this volume. Drury, L. O’C., Aharonian, F. A., and Völk, H. J.: 1994, ‘The Gamma-Ray Visibility of Supernova Remnants. A test of Cosmic Ray Origin’, Astron. Astrophys. 287, 959–971.
Edvardsson, B., Andersen, J., Gustafsson, B., Lambert, D. L., Nissen, P. E., and Tomkin, J.: 1993, ‘The Chemical evolution of the galactic disk I. Analysis and results’, Astron. Astrophys. 275, 101–152.
Engelmann, J. J., Ferrando, R, Soutoul, A., Goret, R, and Juliusson, E.: 1990, ‘Charge Composition and Energy Spectra of Cosmic-ray Nuclei for Elements from Be to Ni–Results from HEAO-3C2’, Astron. Astrophys. 233, 96–111.
Fowler, R. H., Walker, R. N. F., Masheder, M. R. W., Moses, R. T., Worley, A., and Gay, A. M.: ‘Ariel 6 Measurements of the Fluxes of Ultraheavy Cosmic Rays’, Astrophys. J. 314, 739.
Gaimard, J. J. and Schmidt, K. H.: 1991, ‘A Re-examination of the Abrasion-Ablation Model for the Description of the Nuclear Fragmentation Reaction’, Nucl. Phys. A531, 709–745.
Gaisser, T. K., Protheroe, R. J., and Stanev, T.: 1998, ‘Gamma-Ray Production in Supernova Remnants’, Astrophys. J. 492, 219–227.
Geer, L. Y., Klarmann, J., Nilsen, B. S., Waddington, C. J., Binns, W. R., Cummings, J. R., and Garrard, T. L.: 1995, ‘Charge-changing fragmentation of 10.6 GeV nucl-1 197Au nuclei’, Phys. Rev. C52, 934–345.
Geier, S.: 2000, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Maryland.
Geissel, H. et al.: 1997, ‘The GSI projectile fragment separator (FRS): a versatile magnet system for relativistic heavy ions’, Astrophys. J. 479, 504–521.
George, J. S., Wiedenbeck, M. E., Barghouty, A. F., Binns, W. R., Christian, E. R., Cummings, A. C., Hink, P. L., Klarmann, J., Leske, R. A., Lijowski, M., Mewaldt, R. A., Stone, E. C., Thayer, M. R., von Rosenvinge, T. T., and Yanasak, N. E.: 2000, in R. A. Mewaldt et al. (eds.), ‘Cosmic Ray Source Abundances and the Acceleration of Cosmic Rays’, Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles Observed in the Heliosphere, AM. Instit. of Phys., New York, AIP Conf. Proc. 528, 437.
George, J. S., Mewaldt, R. A., Yanasak, N. E., Wiedenbeck, M. E., Connell, J. J., Audouin, L., Bacri, C.-O., Berthier, B., Ferrant, T. L., Rejmund, F., Stephan, C., Tassan-Got, L., Karamanis, D., Czajkowski, S., Boudard, A., Ducret, J.-E., Fernandez, B., Leray, S., Villagrasa, C., Volant, C., Faestermann, T., Enqvist, T., Hammache, F., Helariutta, K., Jurado, B., Schmidt, K. H., Suemmerer, K., Ricciardi, M. V., Vives, F., Heinz, A., Benlliure, J., Casarejos, E., Conca, J. Pereira, Fernandez, M., Junghans, A., 2001, ‘New measurements of fragmentation cross-sections from 56Fe and 60Ni beams at energies relevant to galactic cosmic-ray propagation’, Proceeding of the 27th ICRC, Hamburg, in press.
Gloeckler, G. and Geiss, J.: 2000, in R. Marsden (ed.) ‘Heliospheric and Interstellar Phenomena Deduced from Pickup Ion Observations’, The 3-D Heliosphere at Solar Maximum, 34th ESLAB Symposium, Space Sci. Rev. (in press).
Hink, P. L. for the HNX Collaboration: 2001, ‘The Energetic Trans-Iron Composition Experiment (ENTICE) on the Heavy Nuclei Explorer (HNX) Mission’, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 46, 97.
Hughes, J. P., Rakowski, C. E., and Decourchelle, A.: 2000, ‘Electron heating and cosmic rays at a supernova shock from Chandra X-ray observations of E0102.2–7219’, Astrophys. J. 543, L61–L65.
Juliusson, E., Meyer, P., and Müller, D.: 1972, ‘Composition of Cosmic Ray Nuclei at High Energies’, Phys. Rev. Lett. 29, 445.
Kobayashi, T. et al.: 1999, 26th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf, Utah 3 61.
Koyama, K. et al.: 1995, Nature 378 L255.
Koyama, K., Petre, R., Gotthelf, E. V., Hwang, U., Matsuura, M., et al., 1995, ‘Evidence for shock acceleration of high-energy electrons in the supernova remnant SN1006’. Nature, 378, L255.
Liewer, P. C., Mewaldt, R. A., Ayon, J. A., and Wallace, R. A.: 2000, in M. S. El-Genk (ed.), ‘NASA’s Interstellar Prober Mission’, Space Technology and Applications International Forum-2000, American Institute of Physics, A1P Conf. Proc. 504, 911.
McWilliam, Andrew: 1997, ‘Abundance Ratios and Galactic Chemical Evolution’, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 35, 503–556.
Mewaldt, R. A., Stone, E. C., Binns, W. R., and Klarmann, J.: 1990, in W. V. Jones (ed.), ‘The Isotopic Composition of Cosmic-Ray Nuclei Beyond the Iron Peak’, Particle Astrophysics, The NASA Cosmic Ray Program for the 1990s and Beyond, AIP Conf Proc. 203, 268.
Mewaldt, R. A. et al.: 2001, Space Sci. Rev. (this volume).
Meyer, J.-P.: 1985, ‘Solar-Stellar Outer Atmospheres and Energetic Particles, and Galactic Cosmic Rays’, Astrophys. J. Suppl. 57, 173.
Meyer, J.-P., Drury, L. O’C., and Ellison, D. C.: 1997, ‘Galactic Cosmic Rays from Supernova Remnants. I. A Cosmic Ray Composition Controlled by Volatility and Mass-to-Charge Ratio’, Astrophys. J. 487, 182.
Michel, R., et al.: 1995, ‘Nuclide production by proton induced reactions on elements (6-Z-29) in the energy range from 800 to 2600 MeV’, Nucl. Instr. Meth. B103 183–222.
Müller, D.: 2001, Adv. Space Res. (in press).
Müller, D., Swordy, S. P., Meyer, P., L’Heureux, J., and Grunsfeld, J. M.: 1991, Astrophys. J. 374, 356–365.
Nishimura, J. et al.: 1979, 16th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf., Kyoto 1 488.
Nishimura, J., Fujii, Taira, T., 1979, ‘Electron Spectrum at the High Energy Side’, 16th ICRC Kyoto, 1, 488.
Ptuskin, V. S.: 2000, in R. A. Mewaldt et al. (eds.), Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles Observed in the Heliosphere, AIP Conf. Proc. 528, 391.
Ptuskin, V. S.: 2001, Space Sci. Rev. (this volume).
Ptuskin, V. S.: 2000, in ‘Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles Observed in the Heliosphere’, edited by R. A. Mewaldt et al., AIP Conference Proceedings 528, p. 391.
Ramaty, R.: 2001, Space Sci. Rev. (this volume).
Raymond, J.: 2001, Space Sci. Rev. (this volume).
Silberberg, R. and Tsao, C. H.: 1990, ‘Spallation Processes and Nuclear Interaction Products of Cosmic Rays’, Phys. Rep. 91, 351–408.
Silberberg, R., Tsao, C. H., Barghouty, A. F., and Shapeiro, M. M.: 1997, ‘Up-Dated Partial Cross-Sections of Proton-Nucleus Reactions’, Proc. of the 25th Int. Cosmic Ray Conf, Durban 40, 321–24.
Stephens, R. and Balasubrahmanian, V. K.: 1983, J. Geophys. Res. 88, 7811.
Streitmatter, R. E. and Stephens, S. A.: 2000, COSPAR 2000, submitted.
Strong, A. W.: 2001, Space Sci. Rev. (this volume).
Strong, A. W. and Moskalenko, I. V.: 1998, Astrophys. J. 509, 212.
Strong, A. W. and Moskalenko, I. V: 2001 a, Proc. COSPAR 2000, Adv. Space Res. (in press). Strong, A. W. and Moskalenko, I. V.: 2001b, Proc. Gamma 2001 Conference, Baltimore (in preparation).
Strong, A. W., Moskalenko, I. V, and Reimer, 0.: 2000, Astrophys. J. 537, 763.
Sturner, S. J., Skibo, J. G., Dermer, C. D., and Mattox, J. R.: 1997, ‘Temporal Evolution of Nonthermal Spectra from Supernova Remnants’, Astrophys. J. 490, 619–632.
Swordy, S. P., L’Heureux, J., Meyer, P., Müller, D.: 1993, Astrophys. J. 403 658–662. Tanimori, T. et al.: 1998, Astrophys. J. 497 L25.
Tsao, C. H., Silberberg, R., Barghouty, A. F., Shapeiro, M. M., and Adams, J. H. Jr.: 1997, ‘Progress Report on Partial Cross-Sections of Nucleus-Nucleus Reactions’, Proc. of the 25the Cosmic Ray Conf., Durban 40, 325–328.
Völk, H. J.: 1997, in O. C. de Jager (ed.), ‘Particle Acceleration and Gamma-Ray Production in Supernova Remnants’, Towards a Major Atmospheric Cherenkov Detector–1- Kruger Park, Space Research Unit, Potchefstroom University for CHE, pp. 87–106.
Waddington, C. J.: 1998, ‘The Source Abundance of Cosmic Ray Nuclei’, New Astron. Rev. 42, 277–286.
Waddington, J.: 2001, ‘Discrimination Between Possible Cosmic Ray Abundance Sources’, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 46 97.
Wallerstein, G., Iben, I., Parker, P., Boesgaard, A. M., Hale, G. M., Champagne, A. E., Barnes, C. A., Käppeler, F., Smith, V. V., Hoffman, R. D., Timmes, F. X., Sneden, C., Boyd, R. N., Meyer, B. S., and Lambert, D. L.: 1997, ‘Synthesis of the Elements in Stars Forty Years of Progress’, Rev. Mod. Phys. 69, 999.
Wasserburg, G. J., Busso, M., and Gallino, R.: 1996, ‘Abundances of Actinides and Short-Lived Non-actinides in the Interstellar Medium: Diverse Supernova Sources for the r-Processes’, Astrophys. J. 466, L109.
Webber, W. R., Kish, J. C., and Schrier, D. A.: 1990, ‘Formula for calculating partial cross sections for nuclear reactions of nuclei with E–200 MeV/nucleon in hydrogen targets’, Phys. Rev. C41, 566–571.
Webber, W. R., Kish, J. C., Rockstroh, J. M., Cassagnou, Y., Legrain, R., Soutoul, A., Testard, O., and Tull, C: 1998a, ‘Production Cross Sections of Fragments from Beams of 400–650 MeV per Nucleon 9Be, 11B, 12C 14N 15N, 160, 20Ne, 22Ne, 56Fe and 58Ni Nuclei Interacting in a Liquid Hydrogen Target. I. Charge Changing and Total Cross Sections’, Astrophys. J. 508, 940–948.
Webber, W. R.: 2000, in R. A. Mewaldt et al. (eds.), Acceleration and Transport of Energetic Particles Observed in the Heliosphere, AIP Conf. Proc. 528, 397.
Webber, W. R., Kish, J. C., Rockstroh, J. M., Cassagnou, Y., Legrain, R., Soutoul, A., Testard, O., and Tull, C: 1998b, ‘Production Cross Sections of Fragments from Beams of 400–650 MeV per Nucleon 9Be, 11B 12C 14N, 15N, 160, 20Ne, ~~Ne, 56Fe and 58Ni Nuclei Interacting Liquid Hydrogen Target. II. Isotopic Cross Sections of Fragments’, Astrophys. J. 508, 949–948.
Westphal, A. for the HNX Collaboration: 2001, ‘Th/U/Pu/Cm Dating of GCR Nuclei with the Extremely-Heavy Cosmic-Ray Composition Observer (ECCO)’, Bull. Am. Phys. Soc. 46, 97.
Westphal, A. J., Price, P. B., Weaver, B. A., and Afanasiev, V. G.: 1998, ‘Evidence against Stellar Chromospheric Origin of Galactic Cosmic Rays’, Nature, 396, 50.
Wheeler, J. C., Sneden, C., and Truran, J. W.: 1989, ‘Abundance Ratios as a Function of Metallicity’, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 27, 279–349.
Wiedenbeck, M. E., Binns, W. R., Christian, E. R., Cummings, A. C., Dougherty, B. L., Hink, P. L., Klarmann, J., Leske, R. A., Lijowski, M., Mewaldt, R. A., Stone, E. C., Thayer, M. R., von Rosenvinge, T. T., and Yanasak, N. E.: 1999, ‘Constraints on the Time Delay Between Nucleosynthesis and Cosmic-Ray Acceleration from Observations of 59Ni and 59Co’, Astrophys. J. 523, L61.
Wiedenbeck, M. E., Yanasak, N. E., Cummings, A. C., Davis, A. J., George, J. S., Leske, R. A., Mewaldt, R. A., Stone, E. C., Binns, W. R., Hink, P. L., Israel, M. H., Lijowski, M., Christian, E. R., and von Rosenvinge, T. T.: 2001, ‘The Origin of Primary Cosmic Rays: Constraints from ACE Elemental and Isotopic Composition Observations’, Space Sci. Rev. (accepted).
Widen, R. and Wilson, T. L.: 1997, ‘The evolution of the C, N, and O isotope ratios from an improved comparison of the interstellar medium with the Sun’, Astron. Astrophys. 326, 139–142.
Widen, R., Fuchs, B., and Dettbarn, C.: 1996, ‘On the birthplace of the Sun and the places of formation of other nearby stars’, Astron. Astrophys. 314, 438.
Wilson, T. L. and Rood, R. T.: 1994, ‘Abundances in the Interstellar Medium’, Annu. Rev. Astron. Astrophys. 32, 191–226.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this paper
Cite this paper
Müller, D. et al. (2001). Key Measurements in the Future. In: Diehl, R., Parizot, E., Kallenbach, R., Von Steiger, R. (eds) The Astrophysics of Galactic Cosmic Rays. Space Sciences Series of ISSI, vol 13. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3239-0_29
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3239-0_29
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5862-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3239-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive