Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Pecan in Warm Climate

  • Chapter
Temperate Fruit Crops in Warm Climates

Abstract

Pecan [Carya illinoensis (Wangenh. C. Koch)] production can be divided into two categories, production in dry and production in humid climates. Production in dry climates can be subdivided into production in low elevation climates and production in high elevation climates. The major pecan growing areas with a dry, low (DL) elevation climate are the Crystal City-Eagle Pass area of Texas, the Red Rock-Picacho area of Arizona, the Fresno-Visalia area of California, and the Hermosillo, Sonora and eastern Coahuila areas of Mexico. These areas are <460 m in elevation. The major pecan areas with a dry, high (DH) elevation climate are the El Paso-Las Cruces area of Texas-New Mexico, the Tucson area of Arizona, and the Chihuahua area of Chihuahua, Mexico. Elevation varies from ≈730 to 1220 m. Georgia is the major producer of pecans in humid areas with ≈40% of the United States production (Sparks, 2000). Native pecan groves (pecan forests from which other tree species have been removed) make up most of the total pecan production in some states, for example, Texas and Oklahoma. Because of the high water requirement of pecan (Miyamoto et al., 1995), native pecans are primarily in humid areas although groves occur in semi-arid areas subject to overflow from floods.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alben, A.O. (1958). Water logging of subsoil associated with scorching and defoliation of Stuart pecan trees. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 72, 219–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bennett, J., Kofanovich, T. and Stahmann, III, W. (1986). Pecan growers’ experiences with artificial pollination. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 20, 8–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bilsing, S.W. (1927). Studies on the biology of the pecan nut casebearer (Acrobasis caryae). Texas Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin, 347.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brison, F.R. (1946). Pecan varieties for central Texas. Proceedings Texas Pecan Growers Association, 25, 30–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Davis, J.H. and Lucero, V.S. (1993). Update on the status of pecan nut casebearer and hickory shuckworm in El Paso County, Texas and Dona Ana County, New Mexico. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 27, 6–16.

    Google Scholar 

  • Finch, A.H. (1937). The use of ethylene to improve pecan harvesting. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 34, 74–77.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Finch, A.H. and Van Horn, C.W. (1936). The physiology and control of pecan nut filling and maturity. Arizona Agriculture Experiment Station Technical Bulletin, 62.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fletcher, L.F. (1974). Influence of sod-culture on compaction in irrigated pecan orchards. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 8, 36–37.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glogoza, P. and Davis, J.H. (1991). The discovery of hickory shuckworm, Cydia caryana, in El Paso County.

    Google Scholar 

  • Western Pecan Conference Proceedings,25, 2–6.

    Google Scholar 

  • Glogoza, P., White, J. and Helmers, S. (1989). Pecan nut casebearer. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 23, 97–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Goff, W.D. and Tyson, T.W. (1991). Fall freeze damage to 30 genotypes of young pecan trees. Fruit Variety Journal, 45, 176–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, O.S. (1974a). The O.S. Gray varieties. The Pecan Quarterly, 8 (4), 30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gray, O.S. (1974b). Looking at the outside and inside of some pecan varieties. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 8, 73–81.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera, E.A. (1995a). Pecan growing in the western United States. HortTechnology, 5, 200–201.

    Google Scholar 

  • Herrera, E.A. (1995b). Economic comparison of removing pecan trees and planting young trees and transplanting established, mature trees. HortTechology, 5, 212–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hunter, J.H. (1948). Nutritional deficiencies associated with poor filling of pecan nuts. Proceedings of the Southeastern Pecan Growers Association, 41, 16–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilby, M.W. (1996). 1995 pecan situations required all management skills. The Pecan Grower, 7(3), 17.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kilby, M.W. and Herrera, E.A. (1997). Pecan industry in the western U. S. Proceedings of the Southeastern Pecan Growers Association, 90, 126–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Loustalot, A.J. (1945). Influence of soil moisture conditions on apparent photosynthesis and transpiration of pecan leaves. Journal of Agricultural Research, 71, 519–532.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Madden, G.D. and Brown, E.J. (1975). Budbreak, blossom dates, nut maturity and length of growing season of the major varieties grown in the west. Pecan South, 2(3), 96,97, 112, 113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Malstrom, H.L, Fenn, L.B. and Riley, T.R. (1984). Methods of zinc fertilization. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 18, 18–25

    Google Scholar 

  • Marquard, R.D. (1988). Outcrossing rates in pecan and the potential for increased yields. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 113, 84–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mielke, E.A. and Kuykendall, J.R. (1977). Pecan pollination in Arizona. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 11, 25–32.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S. (1982). Consumptive water use and irrigation scheduling of pecans in far west Texas. Proceedings Texas Pecan Growers Association, 62, 44–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S. (1983). Consumptive water use of irrigated pecans. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 108, 676–681.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S. (1985). Water consumption. Growers need to know this to plan irrigation. Pecan South, 19(3), 8, 10, 12, 13.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S. (1989). Reclamation of salt-affected pecan orchards. Proceedings Texas Pecan Growers Association, 68, 1–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S. (1991). Salinity management in irrigated pecan orchards. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 25, 63–69.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S. and Gobran, G. (1983). Assessment and potential remedies of salinity problems in pecan orchards of the middle Rio Grande Basin. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 17, 1–12.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S. and Storey, J.B. (1995). Soil management in irrigated pecan orchards in the southwestern United States. HortTechology, 5, 219–222.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S., Gobran, G. and Piela, K. (1985). Salt effects on growth and ion uptake of three pecan rootstocks cultivars. Agronomy Journal, 77, 383–388.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S., Henggeler, J. and Storey, J.B. (1995). Water management in irrigated pecan orchards in the southwestern United States. HortTechnology 5, 214–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S., Riley, T., Gobran, G. and Petticrew, J. (1986a). Effects of saline water irrigation on soil salinity, pecan tree growth and nut production. Irrigation Science, 7, 83–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Miyamoto, S., Picchioni, G. and Storey, B. (1986b). Salinity: a major factor of poor tree performance in irrigated pecans. Pecan South, 20 (4), 14–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moznette, G.F. (1934). Experiments in control of pecan black aphids under orchard conditions. Proceedings of the Southeastern Pecan Growers Association, 28, 55–61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nakayama, R.M. (1967). Pecan variety characteristics. New Mexico Agriculture Experiment Station Bulletin 520.

    Google Scholar 

  • Picchioni, G., Miyamoto, S. and Storey, B. (1991). Growth, boron uptake of five pecan cultivar seedlings. HortScience, 26, 386–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Rieger, M. and Daniell, J.M. (1988). Leaf water relations, soil-to-leaf resistance, and drought stress in pecan seedlings. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 113, 789–793.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, W. and Smith, M.W. (1992). Thinning pecans reduces alternate bearing. Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association, 83, 91–94.

    Google Scholar 

  • Reid, W., Huslig, S.M. and Smith, M.W. (1993). Fruit-removal time influences return bloom in pecan. HortScience, 28, 800–802.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ring, D.R and Harris, M.K. (1983). Predicting pecan nut casebearer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) activity at College Station, Texas. Environmental Entomology, 12, 482–486.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sibbett, G. S. (1995). Managing high pH, calcareous, saline, and sodic soils of the western pecan-growing region. HortTechology, 5, 222–225.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.W. and Ager, P.L. (1988). Effects of soil flooding on leaf gas exchange of seedling pecan trees. HortScience, 23, 370–372.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.W. and Bourne, R.D. (1989). Seasonal effects of flooding on greenhouse-grown seedling pecan trees. HortScience, 24, 81–83.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, M.W. and Couch, G. (1984). Early fall or late spring freezes pose threat of injury to pecan trees. Pecan South, 18 (5), 11–14.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C.L. and Loustalot, A.J. (1944). Effects of harvest date and curing on the composition and palatability of pecan nuts. Journal of Agricultural Research, 68, 395–403.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Smith, C.L, Hamilton, J. and Romberg, L.D. (1948). Specific gravity and percentage of kernel as criteria of

    Google Scholar 

  • filling of pecan nuts. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science,51, 157–170.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1977a). Effects of fruiting on scorch, premature defoliation, and nutrient status of `Chickasaw’ pecan leaves. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 102, 669–673.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1977b). Methods of predicting the nutrient needs of nut crops. Annual Report of the Northern

    Google Scholar 

  • Nut Growers Association,68, 25–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1986). Heavy nut production can suppress nutrients in pecan trees. Pecan South, 20 (4), 22–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1989a). Drought stress induces fruit abortion in pecan. HortScience, 24, 78–79.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1989b). Predicting nut maturity of the pecan from heat units. HortScience, 24, 454–455.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1991). Cultural practices, in Pecan Husbandry: Challenges and Opportunities (eds B.W. Wood

    Google Scholar 

  • and J.A. Payne), USDA, ARS-96,pp. 22–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1992). Pecan cultivars: The Orchard’s Foundation. Pecan Production Innovations. Watkinsville, Ga.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1993a). Chilling and heating model for pecan budbreak. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 118, 29–35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1993b). Growing pecans at low elevations in a hot climate. Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association, 84, 127–141.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1995a). A budbreak-based chilling and heating model for predicting first entry of pecan nut casebearer. HortScience, 30, 366–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1995b). Mechanical fruit thinning–a pecan success story. Annual Report of the Northern Nut Growers Association, 86, 108–112.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (1997). A model for predicting pecan production under arid conditions at high elevations. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 122, 648–652.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. (2000). Pecan, in Compendium of Temperature Nut Crop Diseases. (ed. J.J. Michalides) APS press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. and Madden, G.D. (1985). Pistillate flower and fruit abortion in pecan as a function of cultivar

    Google Scholar 

  • time, and pollination. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 110,219–223.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D. and Payne, J.A. (1978). Winter injury in pecans–a review. Pecan South, 5(2), 56–60, 82–88.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sparks, D., Reid, W. and Yates, I.E. (1995). Fruiting stress induces shuck decline and premature germination in pecan. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 120, 43–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stahmann, R. (1991). Grower’s experience in using beneficials for aphid control. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 25, 10–41.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stein, L.A., McEachern, G.R. and Storey, J.B. (1989). Summer and fall moisture stress and irrigation scheduling influence pecan growth and production. HortScience, 24, 607–611.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streets, R.B. (1937). Phymatotrichum (cotton or Texas) root rot in Arizona. Arizona Agriculture Experiment Station Technical Bulletin 71.

    Google Scholar 

  • Streets, R.B. and Bloss, H.E. (1973). Phymatotrichum root rot. American Phytopathology Society Monograph 8, St. Paul, MN.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sullivan, D.T. and Bradford, A.R (1978). Winter injury to `Western Schley’ and `Wichita’ pecan trees. Western Pecan Conference Proceedings, 12, 62–63.

    Google Scholar 

  • Thor, C.J.B. and Smith, C.L. (1935). A physiological study of seasonal changes in the composition of the pecan during fruit development. Journal of Agricultural Research, 50, 97–121.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Ware, L.M. and Johnson, W.A. (1957). The effect of cultural and fertilizer practices on the nitrate and moisture levels of the soil and on growth of young pecan trees. Proceedings of the Southeastern Pecan Growers Association, 50, 39–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wildman, W.E., Pecock, W.L. and Wildman, A.M. (1988). Soluble calcium compounds aids low-volume water application. California Agriculture (Nov.-Dec.), 7–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Worthington, J.W., Lasswell, J. and McFarland, M.J. (1987). Irrigation-the trees’ prospective. Pecan South, 21 (1), 4–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Yates, I.E., Sparks, D. and Connor, K. (1991). Reducing pollen moisture simplifies long-term storage of pollen. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 116, 430–434.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Horticulture, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, 30602-7273, USA

    Darrell Sparks

Authors
  1. Darrell Sparks
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Horticulture, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagen, Israel

    Amnon Erez

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Sparks, D. (2000). Pecan in Warm Climate. In: Erez, A. (eds) Temperate Fruit Crops in Warm Climates. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3215-4_14

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3215-4_14

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4017-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3215-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation