Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Apple Production at Low Latitudes

  • Chapter
Temperate Fruit Crops in Warm Climates

Abstract

The Apple, Malus domestica Borkh, is the most important of the deciduous tree fruits in terms of production (Westwood 1993). In the past it was generally regarded as a crop of the temperate zones but is increasingly cultivated under sub-tropical and even tropical conditions (Luckwill 1984). This has been made possible by selection of adapted cultivars, described in chapter 10, and by both technological innovations and modifications to standard temperate-zone practices.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 169.00
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD 219.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Alum, N. and Magherini, R. (1995) Apple production in strictly tropical zones: First observations in Nigeria. Acta Horticulturae, 409, 25–38.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anderson, J.L., Ashcroft, G.L., Richardson, A.E., Alfaro, J.F., Griffin, R.E., Hanson. G.R. and Keller, J. (1975) Effects of evaporative cooling on temperature and development of apple buds. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 100 (3), 229–231.

    Google Scholar 

  • Avenant, J.H. (1989) Construction of trellising systems with hail protection. Deciduous Fruit Grower, 39 (6), 185–190.

    Google Scholar 

  • Basso, C. and Wilms, F.W. (1988) Nutritional status of apple orchards in Southern Brazil. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 187–192.

    Google Scholar 

  • Beattie, B.B. and Folley, R.R.W. (1978) Production variability in apple crops II. The long term behaviour of the English crop, Scientia Horticulturae, 8, 325–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bederski. K.A. (1988) Apple growing in the coastal areas of Peru. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 51–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bepete, M. and Jackson, J.E. (1995) Apple cultivar performance and response to a chemical dormancy breaking spray under “marginal” winter-chilling conditions in Zimbabwe. Acta Horticulturae, 409, 121–124.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bernardi, J. (1988) Behaviour of some apple cultivars in the subtropical region of Santa Catarina, Brazil. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 46–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bijhouwer, J. (1924) De periodicitiet van de knopontwikkeling bij den appel. Med. Landb. Hoogesch., Wageningen 27, 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Bramlage, W.J., Drake, M. and Lord, W.J. (1980) The influence of mineral nutrition on the quality and storage performance of pome fruits grown in North America. In Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees, (eds D. Atkinson, J.E. Jackson, R.O. Sharples and W.M. Waller) Butterworths, London 29–39.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chandler, W.J., Kimal, M.H., Philip, G.L., Tufts, W.P. and Weldon, G.P. (1937) Chilling requirements for opening of buds on deciduous orchard trees and some other plants in California. Bul. Calif Agri. Expt. Sta., 601.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chapman K.R. and Crew, P.S. (1978) Influence of five watering frequencies regulated by trickle irrigation on the growth and cropping of apple trees in Queensland. Queensland J. Ag. An. Sci. 35 (2), 105–119.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Childers, N.F. (1983) Modern Fruit Science, Horticultural Publications, Gainesville, Florida p. 9.

    Google Scholar 

  • Corelli, L. and Randi, M. (1986) Remedial treatments in hail damaged fruit plantations. Rivista di Frutticolutura e di Ortofloricolutura, 48 (11), 20–26.

    Google Scholar 

  • Crassweller, R.M., Ferree, D.C. and Stang, E.J. (1981) Effect of Overtree Misting for bloom delay on pollination, fruit set and nutrient element concentration of Golden Delicious Apple Tree. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 106 (1), 53–56.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Crew, P.S. (1978) Water requirements of apples. Queensland Agricultural Journal, 104 (1), 2–5.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cripps J.E. (1978) Apple Orchards take a new look. West Australian Journal of Agriculture, 19 (2), 50–53.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cummins, J.N., Aldwinkle, H.S., and Hauagge, R. (1988) Improved rootstocks for apple trees in subtemperate regions. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 26–36.

    Google Scholar 

  • Delver, P. (1980) The use of leaf analysis in predicting storage quality of apples. In Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees, (eds D. Atkinson, J.E. Jackson, R.O. Sharples and W.M. Waller) Butterworths, London, 367–368.

    Google Scholar 

  • Denardi, F. Hough, L.F. and Bonetti, J.I. da S. (1988) Low chilling and disease resistance as main objectives of apple breeding in Santa Catarina Brazil. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 15–25.

    Google Scholar 

  • D.R. and S.S. (1979) Nursery Investigations. Annual Report Horticulture and Coffee Research Institute, Department of Research & Specialist Services, Harare 48–51.

    Google Scholar 

  • Diaz, D.H. and Romo R. (1988) Nutritional status and root system of Anna apple under alkaline soil in a warm dry climate of Mexico. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 177–186.

    Google Scholar 

  • Dourenbos J. and Pruitt, W.O. (1984) Crop water requirements. F.A.O. irrigation and drainage paper 24. F.A.O. Rome 144 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, A. (1988) Hand thinning in the apple cultivars Gala, Golden Delicious and Fuji in the state of Santa Catarina South Brazil. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 147–158.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, A and Kreuz, C.L. (1988) Technical and economic practicability of chemical thinning of ‘Fuji’ apples in the state of Santa Catarina South Brazil. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 127–136.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ebert, A. and Raasch, Z.S. (1988). Recommended practices for training and pruning apple trees in South Brazil. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 159–166.

    Google Scholar 

  • Edwards. G.R. (1987) Producing temperate zone fruits at low latitudes: Avoiding Rest and the Chilling Requirement. HortScience, 22 (6), 1236–1240.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, A. (1979) The effect of temperature on the activity of oil + dinitrocresol spray to break the rest of apple buds. HortScience, 14, 141–142.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erez, A. (1987) Chemical control of budbreak. HortScience 22 (6), 1240–1243.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erez, A and Lavee, S. (1974) Recent advances in breaking the dormancy of deciduous fruit trees. Proceedings 19th International Horticultural Congress, Warsaw 3, 69–78.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, A. and Zur, A. (1981) Breaking the rest of apple buds by narrow-distillation-range oil and dinitro-ocresol. Scientia Horticulturae, 14, 47–54.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Erez, A. and Couvillon, G.A. (1983) Evaporative cooling to improve rest breaking of nectarine buds by counteracting high daytime temperatures. HortScience, 18, 480–481.

    Google Scholar 

  • Erez, A. Gil, N., Lerner, H. and Yablowitz, Z. (1993) Container grown peach trees; evaluation of a commercial endeavour. Acta Horticulturae 349, 43–47.

    Google Scholar 

  • Faust, M. (1989) Physiology of temperate zone fruit trees. Wiley, New York 338 pp

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferree, D.C. and Thompson, A.H. (1970) Internal bark necrosis of the apple as influenced by calcium placement and soil manganese. Maryland Agr. Exp. Stat. Bull. A-166

    Google Scholar 

  • Ferree, D.C. and Carlson, R.F. (1987) Apple rootstocks. In Rootstocks for Fruit Crops, (eds R.C. Rom and R.F. Carlson) Wiley. New York 107–143.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fishman, S., Erez, A. and Couvillon, G.A. (1987) The temperature dependence of dormancy breaking in plants: Two step model involving a cooperative transition. Journal of Theoretical Biology, 124, 473–483.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fouad, M.M., Khalil, M.A., Mohamed, S.M and Hussein A.M. (1995) Effect of rootstock on flowering behaviour, fruit set, yield and fruit characters of Anna apple. Acta Horticulturae, 409, 251–257.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuchigami, L.H. and Nee, C.-C. (1987) Degree Growth Stage Model and Rest-breaking mechanisms in temperate Woody Perennials. HortScience 22 (5), 836–845.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fulford, R.M. (1966) The morphogenesis of apple buds III. The inception of flowers. Annales of Botany, London. 30, 207–19.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gardner, R.A.W. and Fletcher, C.A. (1990) Hail protection systems for deciduous fruit trees. Deciduous Fruit Grower, 40 (6), 206–212.

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenham, D.W.P. (1980) Nutrient cycling: the estimation of orchard nutrient uptake. In Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees, (eds D. Atkinson, J.E. Jackson, R.O. Sharples and W.M. Waller) Butterworths, London, 345–352.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gur, A., Bravdo, B and Mizrahi, Y. (1972) Physiological responses of apple trees to supra-optimal root temperature. Physiologia Plantarum, 27, 130–8.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gur, A., Hepner, J. and Shulman, Y. (1979) The influence of root temperature on apple trees IV. The effect on the mineral nutrition of the tree. Journal of Horticultural Science, 54 (4), 313–321.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Gur, A., Mizrahi, Y. and Samish R.M. (1976) The influence of root temperature on apple trees II Clonal differences in susceptibility to damage caused by supraoptimal root temperature. Journal of Horticultural Science, 51 (2), 195–202.

    Google Scholar 

  • Gur, A., Moyal, J. and Gabai, A. (1993) Prevention of damage caused to fruit trees by inadequate soil aeration. Acta Horticulturae, 349, 215–218.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasseeb, G.M. and Elezaby, A.A. (1995) Timing of hydrogen cyanamide application and full bloom, fruit maturity and yield of two apple cultivars. Acta Horticulturae, 409, 185–189.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hoffman, M. and Samish, R.M. (1976) The control of zinc deficiency in apple. Israel Journal of Agricultural Research, 16 (3), 105–114.

    Google Scholar 

  • Howard, B. H. (1968) The influence of 4 (indolyl-3) butyric acid and basal temperature on the rooting of apple rootstock hardwood cuttings. Journal of Horticultural Science, 43, 23–31.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, I.J. (1989) Climate, water and agriculture in the tropics. Longman. Harlow. 377 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J.E. (1990) Cropping and multiple cropping of apples in medium altitude tropical Zimbabwe. Abstracts of the 23rd International Horticultural Congress. Firenze Abstract # 4325.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J.E. (1997) Branch induction using hydrogen cyanamide. Acta Horticulturae, 451, 679–681.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J.E. and Hamer, P.J.C. (1980) The causes of year-to-year variation in the average yield of Cox’s Orange Pippin apple in England. Journal of Horticultural Science, 55, 149–156.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J.E., Hamer, P.J.C. and Wickenden, M.F. (1983) Effects of early spring temperatures on the set of fruits of Cox’s Orange Pippin Apple and year-to year-variation in its yields. Acta Horticulturae, 139, 75–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jackson, J.E. and Bepete, M. (1995) The effect of hydrogen cyanamide (Dormez) on flowering and cropping of different apple cultivars under tropical conditions of sub-optimal winter chilling. Scientia Horticulturae, 60, 293–304.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Jacobs, G. and Strydom, D.K. (1993) Spacing trends of free-standing central leader deciduous fruit trees. Journal of the South African Society for Horticultural Science, 3 (2), 79–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Janick, J. (1974) The apple in Java. HortScience, 9, 13–15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Javaraya, H.C. (1943) Biannual cropping of apple in Bangalore. Indian Journal of Horticulture, 1 (1), 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Joose, M.L. and Besseling, P.A.M. (1995) Kwantitatieve Informatie fruitteelt 94/95. IKC-Land, Postbus 482, 6710 BL Ede, Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kemp, P. (1971) Deciduous Fruit in Rhodesia. Technical Bulletin No. 13 Rhodesia Ministry of Agriculture Harare.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, S. and Takahashi, Y. (1987) Effects on high temperature in the nighttime and shading in the daytime on the early drop of apple fruit `Starking Delicious’. J Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 56, 142–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kondo, S. and Takahashi, Y. (1989) Relation between early drop of apple fruit and ethylene evolution under high night-temperature conditions. J. Japan Soc. Hort. Sci. 58, 1–8.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kotzé, W.A.G. (1976) Growth and nutrition of apple rootstocks and seedlings in the presence of aluminum. Agrochemophysica, 8, 39–44.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotzé, W.A.G. (1996) Soil and nutritional factors affecting apple fruit quality. In Integrated management of postharvest quality (ed J.C. Combrink) Infruitec, Stellenbosch. 14–24.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotzé, W.A.G. and Deist J. (1972) Aluminium in the soil. Deciduous Fruit Grower, 22, 298–300.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotzé, W.A.G. and Joubert, M. (1979) Exchange acidity as criterion for the liming of orchard soils in the Western Cape. Agrochemophysica, 12, 15–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kotzé, W.A.G. and du Preez, M. (1988) Soil amelioration and fertilisation for apple production in South Africa. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 167–176.

    Google Scholar 

  • Kuden, A. and Kaska, N. (1995) Extension of budding period of apples by using chip budding, T-budding and English grafting. Acta Horticulturae, 409, 125–131.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakso, A.N. (1994) Apple. In Handbook of environmental physiology of fruit crops (eds B. Schaffer and P.C. Andersen) Vol I, Temperate Crops C.R.C. Press Florida. 3–42.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lakso, A.N. and Johnson, R.S. (1990). A simplified dry matter production model for apple using automatic programming simulation software. Acta Horticulturae, 276, 141–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lamb, R.C. (1948) Effect of temperatures above and below freezing on the breaking of rest in the Latham raspberry. Proceedings of the American. Society for Horticultural Science, 51, 313–315.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lang, G.A. (1987) Dormancy: A New Universal Terminology. HortScience, 22, 817–820.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lee, C.H. (1985) Relationship between water logging tolerance and ethanol accumulation in young apple rootstocks. Journal of the Korean Society for Horticultural Science, 26, 327–332.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levin, I., Assaf, R., and Bravdo, B. (1980) Irrigation, water status and nutrient uptake in an apple orchard. In Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees, (eds D. Atkinson, J.E. Jackson, R.O. Sharpies and W.M. Waller) Butterworths, London, 255–264.

    Google Scholar 

  • Linsley-Noakes, G.C., Allan, P. and Matthee, G. (1994) Modification of rest completion prediction models for improved accuracy in South African stonefruit orchards. Journal of the South African Society for Horticultural Science, 4 (10), 13–20.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luckwill, L.C. (1974) A new look at the process of fruit bud formation in apple. Proceedings 19th International Horticultural Congress, 3, 237–245.

    Google Scholar 

  • Luckwill. L.C. (1984) Apple growing around the World, Problems and Prospects. In Apples and pears: report of the Royal Horticultural Society Conference, 1983, (ed Elspeth Napier) The Royal Horticultural Society, London, 1–10.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mereix, J.F. (1987) La prevention de la grele, realite, echec ou espoir, Arboriculture Fruitiere, 34, 31–34.

    Google Scholar 

  • Middleton S.G. (1986) Apple production in suboptimal environments. Queensland Department of Primary Industries Bulletin QB 86001. Brisbane.

    Google Scholar 

  • Navrot, J. and Banin, A. (1982) Trunk implanted Zn -Bentonite as a source of zinc for apple trees. Plant and Soil, 69 (1), 85–95.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Niegel, W. (1988) History, actual advance and future of the equatorian apple growing. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 67–73.

    Google Scholar 

  • North, M.S. (1995) New rest breaking agents for the control of delayed foliation of apples. Acta Horticulturae, 409, 151–154.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nucci, L.S. and Gurnevski, V. (1989) Development of pollen tubes following pollination and fertilization in some apple varieties. Rasterniev’dni Nauki, 26 (2), 89–92. Plovdiv. (In Horticultural Abstracts 1991 61:3 Abstract 1736 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Nyamapfene, K. (1991) Soils of Zimbabwe. Nehande Publishers. Harare 179 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Panhwar, M.H. (1995). Temperate zone fruits in the subtropical area of Sindh Pakistan. Acta Horticulturae, 409, 155–164.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petri, J.L. and Dittrich, R.C. (1984) The effect of DNBP concentration on breaking the dormancy of apple (Malus domestica Borkh) 7th Brazilian Congress on Fruit Culture, 2, 801–812.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petri, J.L. and Stuker, H. (1988) Effect of temperature and length of cold storage of nursery plants on the subsequent development of young apple trees. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 117–126.

    Google Scholar 

  • Petri, J.L., Pola, A.C. and Stuker, H. (1990) Effect of mineral oil and hydrogen cyanamide on the dormancy breaking of apples. 23rd International Horticultural Congress. Firenze. Abstract 4326.

    Google Scholar 

  • Powell, D.B.B. (1974) Some effects of water stress in late spring on apple trees. Journal of Horticultural Science, 49, 257–272.

    Google Scholar 

  • Ramirez, H., Galvan, F. and Salazar, R. (1990) The use of cyanamide as a chilling compensator in apple under Mexican climatic conditions. 23rd International Horticultural Congress, Firenze, Abstract 4241.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richards, S.J., Hagan, R.M. and McCalla, T.M. (1952) Soil temperature and plant growth. In Soil Physical Conditions and Plant Growth, (ed B.T. Shaw) Academic Press. New York: 303–480.

    Google Scholar 

  • Richardson, E.A., Seeley, S.D. and Walker, D.R. (1974) A model for estimating the completion of rest for “Redhaven” and “Elberta” peach trees. HortScience, 9, 331–332.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rom, R.C. and Brown, S.A. (1979) Water tolerance of apples on clonal rootstocks and peaches on seedling rootstocks. Compact Fruit Tree, 12, 30–33.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sadowski, A. Alcalde-Blanco, S. and Enriques-Reyes, S. (1980) Effects of different levels of manganese and boron upon the nutrient status and the incidence of internal bark necrosis in apple tree. In Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees, (eds D. Atkinson, J.E. Jackson, R.O. Sharples and W.M. Waller) Butterworths, London, 378.

    Google Scholar 

  • Salter, P.J. and Goode, J.E. (1967) Crop responses to water at different stages of growth. Research Review No. 2. Commonwealth Agricultural Bureaux. Farnham Royal.

    Google Scholar 

  • Samish, R.M. (1945) The use of dinitrocresol mineral oil sprays for the control of prolonged rest in apple orchards. Journal of Pomology and Horticultural Science, 21, 164–179.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sanchez, P.A. (1976) Properties and management of soils in the tropics. Wiley. New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Scott, B. (1989) The use of netting for hail protection, design and management considerations for pome fruit orchards. Acta Horticulturae, 240, 147–150.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shear, C.B. (1974) Interaction of calcium and nitrogen and time of calcium availability in relation to the development of apple disorders. In: Proceedings of the 7th International Colloquium on Plant Analysis and Fertilizer Problems. Hanover. German Society for Plant Nutrition, 427–436.

    Google Scholar 

  • Shear, C.B. (1980) Interaction of nutrition and environment on mineral composition of fruits. In Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees, (eds D. Atkinson, J.E. Jackson, R.O. Sharples and W.M. Waller) Butterworths, London 41–50.

    Google Scholar 

  • Soria, N. (1988) Influence of different concentrations of DNBP+Mineral Oil and two methods of application on flowering of Melly Jonathan apple. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Stino, F.G.R. (1995) Aspects related to temperate zone fruit production in Egypt. Acta Horticulturae, 409, 203–205.

    Google Scholar 

  • Subhadrabandhu, S. (1995) Induction of budbreak in apple trees that received insufficient chilling by hydrogen cyanamide. Acta Horticulturae, 409, 171–178.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tagwira, F. (1995) Chemical and Physical Factors Associated with Micronutrient Status and Availability in Zimbabwean Soil. In Dambo Farming in Zimbabwe, (eds R. Owen, K. Verbeek, J.E. Jackson and T. Steenhuis) University of Zimbabwe Publications, Harare 141–148.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tamura T. Fukui, H., Imakawa, S. and Mino, Y. (1981) Effect of temperatures at early stage of fruit development on the fruit and seed in apple. Journal of the Japanese Society for Horticultural Science, 50, 287.

    Google Scholar 

  • Taylor, E.M. and Burns, A.C. (1924) Soil temperatures during the shagari period and their agricultural significance. Egypt Min. Age. Tech. Sci. Serv. Bull., 31, 1–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Terblanche, J.H., Gurgen, K.H. and Hesebeck, I. (1980) An integrated approach to orchard nutrition and bitter pit control. In Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees, (eds D. Atkinson, J.E. Jackson, R.O. Sharpies and W.M. Waller) Butterworths, London, 71–82.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tromp, J. (1975) Growth and mineral nutrition of apple fruits as affected by temperature and relative air humidity. In Environmental Effects on Crop Physiology (eds J.J. Landsberg and C.V. Cutting ), Academic Press, London 101–116.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tromp, J. (1980) Mineral absorption and distribution in young apple trees under various environmental conditions. In Mineral Nutrition of Fruit Trees, (eds D. Atkinson, J.E. Jackson, R.O. Sharpies and W.M. Waller) Butterworths, London, 173–182.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tromp, J. and Borsoom, O. (1994) The effect of autumn and spring temperature on fruit set and on the effecttive pollination period in apple and pear. Scientia Hort. 60, 23–30.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tukey, L.D. (1956) Some effects of night temperatures on the growth of McIntosh apples I. Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science,. 68, 32–43.

    Google Scholar 

  • Tukey, L.D. (1960) Some effects of night temperatures on the growth of McIntosh apples II Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 75, 39–46.

    Google Scholar 

  • Vermeiren, L. and Jobling, G.A. (1984) Localized irrigation. F.A.O. Irrigation and drainage paper 36, F.A.O. Rome 203 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Visser, T., Verhaegh, J.J. and de Vries, D.P. (1976) A comparison of apple and pear seedlings with reference to the juvenile period I. Seedling growth and yield. Acta Horticulturae, 56, 205–214.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wagenmakers, P.S. 1994. Light relations in orchard systems. Thesis Wageningen.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wample, R.L. (1982). Water and the tree. In Water Management and irrigation of tree fruits, (ed R.B. Tukey ), Washington Stpte University, Pullman 95–108.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weinberger, J.H. (1950) Chilling requirements of peach varieties Proceedings of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 56, 122–128.

    Google Scholar 

  • Weischet, W. and Caviedes, C.N. (1993) The persisting ecological constraints of tropical agriculture. Longman. Harlow 319 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Westwood, M.N. (1993) Temperate zone pomology, physiology and culture. Timber Press Inc. Portland Oregon. 523 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wickenden, M.F. (1982) Meteorological Records 1980–1981. Report of East Mailing Research Station for 1981 Maidstone. 51–55.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, R.R. (1970) Pollen tube growth rate. In Towards regulated cropping. (eds R.R. Williams and D. Wilson ), Grower Books, London: 61.

    Google Scholar 

  • Williams, W.T. and Menegazzo, G. (1988) Apple culture in the highlands of Venezuela. Acta Horticulturae 232, 57–66.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilms, F.W.W. and Basso, C. (1988) Soil amelioration for apple production in southern Brazil. Acta Horticulturae, 232, 193–203.

    Google Scholar 

  • Zimmerman, R.H. (1971) Flowering in crab apple seedlings. Methods of shortening the juvenile phase. Journal of the American Society for Horticultural Science, 96 (4), 404–411.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Horticultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 810, Marondera, Zimbabwe

    John E. Jackson

Authors
  1. John E. Jackson
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Institute of Horticulture, The Volcani Center, Bet Dagen, Israel

    Amnon Erez

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Jackson, J.E. (2000). Apple Production at Low Latitudes. In: Erez, A. (eds) Temperate Fruit Crops in Warm Climates. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3215-4_11

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3215-4_11

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4017-6

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3215-4

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation