Abstract
The broad applications of AM fungi has been limited by the difficulties of obtaining large quantities of pure inoculum of the obligate fungal symbiont. AM fungi have a variety of propagules (spores, hyphal fragments and hyphae within senesced and living roots). Resting spores extracted from soil are often used as inoculum. Aeroponic culture of AM fungi is a technique that enables efficient production of inoculum and soil free investigations of mycorrhizae. In recent years they have been cultivated in vitro. Root organ culture, whether with transformed or non-transformed roots is expensive, labour intensive and does not give sporulation equivalent to the traditional pot cultures. However it is a valuable tool to study AM fungi. Different techniques of AM fungal inoculum production are given in this paper.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abbott, L. K., Robson, A. D. 1981. Infectivity and effectiveness of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi: effect of inoculum type. Australian Journal of Agricultural Research, 32: 631–639.
Abbott, L. K., Robson, A. D., Gazey, C. 1992. Selection of inoculant vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. In, “Methods in microbiology”, (eds. Norris, J. R., Read, D. J. and Vanna, A. K.) Vol. 24, Academic Press, London, pp. 1–22.
Bago, B., Azcon-Aguilar, C. and Piche, Y. 1998a. Architecture and developmental dynamics ofthe external mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices grown under monoxenic conditions. Mycologia, 90: 52–62.
Bago, B. Azcon-Aguilar, C. Goulet, A. and Piche, Y. 1998b. Branched absorbing structures (BAS): a feature of the extraradical mycelium of symbiotic arbuscularmycorrhizal fungi. New Phytologist, 139: 375–388.
Bago, B., Vierheilig, H., Piche, Y. and Azcon-Aguilar, C. 1996. Nitrate depletion and pH changes induced by the extraradical mycelium of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices grown in monoaxenic culture. New Phytologist, 133: 273–280.
Balaji, B., Poulin, M. J., Vierheilig, H. and Piche,Y. 1995. Responses of an arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Gigaspore margarita, to exudates and volatiles from the Ri T-DNAtransformed roots of nonmycorrhizal and mycorrhizal mutants ofPisum sativum L. Sparkle. Experimental Mycology, 19: 275–283.
Becard, G. and Fortin, J. A. 1988. Early events ofvesicular arbuscular mycorrhiza formation on Ri T-DNA transformed roots. New Phytologist, 108: 211–218.
Becard, G. and Piche, Y. 1989. Fungal growth stimulation by CO2 and root exudates in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal symbiosis. Applied Envommental Microbiology, 55: 2320–2325.
Becard, G. and Piche, Y. 1990. Physiological factors determining vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal formation in host and nonhost RiT-DNA-transformed roots. Candian Journal of Botany, 68: 1260–1264.
Becard, G., Douds, D. D. and Pfeffer, P. E. 1992. Extensive in vitro hyphal growth of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in the presence of CO2 and flavonoids. Applied Envornmental Micobiology, 58: 821–825.
Biermann, B. and Linderman, RG. 1983, Use ofvesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal roots, intraradical vesicles and extraradical vesicles as inoculum. New Phytologist, 95: 97–105.
Bryan, H. H. 1984. Fluid drilling of vegetable crops, technique adaptable for mycorrhizal field inoculation. In “Applications of mycorrhizal fungi in crop production” (ed. Ferguson, J. J. ). University of Florida, Gainesville. pp. 46–47.
Burggraaf, A. J. P., Beringer, J. E. 1989. Absence of nuclear DNA synthesis in vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi during in vitro development. New Phytologist, 111: 25–33.
Carling, D. E., Brown, MF. and Brown, RA. 1979. Colonization rates and growth responses of soybean plants infected by Vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Canadian Journal of Botany, 57: 1769–1772.
Chabot, S., Becard, G. and Piche, Y. 1992a, Life cycle of Glomus intraradices in root organ culture. Mycologia, 84: 315–21.
Chabot, S., Bel-Rlid R. Chenevert, R. and Piche, Y. 1992b, Hyphal growth promotion in vitro of the VA mycorrhizal fungus, Gigaspora margarita Becker Hall by the activity of structurally specific flavonoid compounds under CO2 -enriched conditions. New Phytologist, 122: 461–467.
Crush, J. R. and Pattison, A. C., 1975, Preliminary results on the production of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum by freeze drying, in “Endomycorrhizas”, (eds. Sanders, F. E., Mosse, B. and Tinker, P. B.) Academic Press, Inc. New York. pp. 485–493.
Declerck, S., Strullu, D. G. and Plenchette, C. In vitromass production of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme associated with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots. Mycological Research, 100:1237–1242.
Declerck, S, Strullu, D. G. Plenchette, C. 1998. Monoxenic culture of the intraradical forms of Glomus sp. isolated from a tropical ecosystem: a proposed methodology for germplasm collection. Mycologia, 90: 579–585.
Dehne, H. W. 1982. Interaction between vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi and plant pathogens. Phytopathology 72: 1115–1119.
Diem, H. G., Jung, G., Mugnier, T, Gamy, F. and Dommerguesi Y. 1981. Aiginate entraped Glomus mosseae for crop inoculation. In: Proceedings 5th North American Conference on Mycorrhizae. University Laval, Quebec.
Diop, T. A. 1995. Ecophysiologie des champignons mycorrhiziens avesicules et arbuscular associes a Acacia albida Del. dans les zones Sahelienne et Soudano-Guineenne du Senegal. These de Doctoral de T Universite d Angers.
Diop, T. A., Becard, G. and Piche, Y, 1992. Long term in vitro culture of an endomycorrhizal fungus Gigasopra margarita, on Ri-T-DNA transformed root of carrot. Symbiosis, 12: 249–259.
Diop, T. A., Plenchette, C., Strullu, D. G.,1994. Dual axenic culture of sheared root inocula of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi associated with tomato roots. Mycorrhiza, 5: 17–22.
Douds, D. D. 1997. A procedure for the establishment of Glomus mosseae in dual culture with Ri T-DNA transformed carrot roots. Mycorrhiza, 7: 57–61.
Douds, D. D., Jr. Schenck, N. C. 1990. Increased sporulation in vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi by manipulation of nutrient regimes. Applied Envornmental Micobiology 56: 413–418.
Elmes, RP. and Mosse, B. 1984. Vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal inoculum Production. H. Experiments with maize (Zea mays) and other hosts in nutrient flow culture, Candian Journal of Botany 62: 1531–1536.
Fortin, J. A., St. Arnaud, M, Hamel, C. Chavarie, C., Jolicoeur, M., 1996. Aseptic in vitro endomycorrhizal spore mass production. US Patent Number 5, 554, 530.
Gaur, A. and Adholeya, A. 2000. Effect of the particle size of soil less substrates upon AM fungus incolum production. Mycorrhiza, 10: 43–48.
Gazey, C., Abbott, L. K. and Robson, A. D. 1993. VA mycorrhizal spores from three species ofAcaulospora: germination, longevity and hyphal growth. Mycological Research, 97: 785–790.
Gianinazzi-Pearson, V, Branzanti, B. and Gianinazzi, S. 1989. In vitro enhancement of spore germination and early hyphal growth of a vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus by host root exudates and plant flavonoids. Symbiosis, 7: 243–255.
Gianinazzi-Pearson, V and Gianinazzi, 5. 1983. The physiology ofvesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal roots. Plant and Soil 71: 197–209.
Heinzemann, J. and Weritz, J. 1990. Rockwool: a new carrier for mass multiplication of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, Angewandte Botanic 64: 271–274.
Hepper, C. M. 1984, Isolation and culture of VA mycorrhizal (VAM) fungi in VA mycorrhiza, (eds. Powell, C. L. and Bagyaraj, D. J.) CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp. 95–112.
Hung, L. L., O’Keefe, D. M. and Sylvia, D. M. 1991. Use of a hydrogel as a sticking agent and carrier of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycological Research 95: 427–429.
Hung, L. L. and Sylvia, D. M. 1988. Production of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus inoculum in aeroponic culture. Applied Environmental Microbiology 54: 353–357.
Jackson, N. E., Franklin, RE. andRH. Miller, 1972. Effect ofvesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae on growth and phosphorus content of three agronomic crops, Soil Science Society of America 36: 64–67.
Jarstfer, A. G.; Sylvia, D. M. 1992. Inoculum production and inoculation strategies for vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, In, “Soil microbial ecology; applications in agriculture and environmental management”. (ed. Metting, B.), Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 349–377.
Jarstfer, A. G. and Sylvia, D. M. 1995, Aeroponic cultures of VAM fungi. In “Mycorrhiza” (eds. Vanna, A. and Hock, B.) Springer-Verlag Berlin. pp. 428–441.
Karandashov, V., Kuzovkina, I., Hawkins, H., and Eckhard, G. 2000. Growth and Sporulation of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus caledonium in dual culture with transformed carrot roots. Mycorrhiza, 10: 23–28.
Lovato, P. E., Schuepp, I-L, Trouvelot, A. and Gianinazzi, S. 1995. Application of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) in orchard and ornamental plants. In “Mycorrhiza”. (eds.: Vanna, A., and Hock, B.) Springer, Berlin Heidelberg NewYork, pp. 443–467.
Mallesha, B. C., Bagyaraj, D. J. and Pai, G. 1992. Perlite-soilrite as carrier for mycorrhiza and rhizobia to inoculate Lueceana leucocephala. Leucaena Research Report 13: 32–33.
Mohammad, A., Khan A. G. and Kuek, C. 2000. Improved aeroponic culture of inocula of arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Mycorrhiza, 9: 337–339.
Mosse, B. 1962. The establishment of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza under aseptic conditions. Journal of General. Microbiology. 27: 509–520.
Mosse, B. 1972. Growth of Endogone mycorrhiza in agar medium. Rothamsted Experimental Station Report for 1971, p. 93.
Mosse, B. 1988. Some studies relating to “independent” growth of vesiculararbuscular endophytes. Canadian Journal of Botany, 66: 2533–2540.
Mosse, B. and Hepper, C. 1975. Vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal infections in root organ cultures. Physiological Plant Pathology, 5: 215–223.
Mosse, B. and Phillips, J. M. 1971. The influence of phosphate and other nutrients on the development of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhiza in culture. Journal of General Microbiology, 59: 157–166.
Mosse, B. and Thompson, J. P. 1984. Vesicular-arbuscular endomycorrhizal inoculum production. I. Exploratory experiments with beans (Phaseolus vulgaris) in nutrient flow culture. Candian Journal of Botany, 62: 1523–1530.
Mugnier, J. and Mosse, B. 1987. Vesicular-arbuscular infections in transformed Ri-T-DNA root grown axenically. Phytopathology, 77: 1045–1050.
Nair, M., Safir, G. and Siqueira, J. 1991. Isolation and identification ofvesiculararbuscular mycorrhiza stimulatory compounds from clover roots. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 57: 434–439.
Nantais, L. M. 1997. Optimization of arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculum through selection and increased production of Glomus intraradices propagules. M. Sc. Thesis, University of Montreal, Canada.
Nemec, S. 1983. Inoculation of citrus in the field with vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in Florida. Tropical Agriculture (Tri), 60: 97–101.
Nuutila, A. M., Vestberg, M. and Kauppinen, V. 1995. Infection of hairy roots of strawberry (Fragaria, Ananassa Duch.) with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus. Plant Cell Reports, 14: 505–509.
Phillips, J. M., 1971. The establishment of mycorrhizal infection under aseptic conditions. Rothamsted Experimental Station Report for 1970, p. 88
Plenchette, C., Declerck, S., Diop, T. A. and Strullu, D. G. 1996. Infectivity of monoaxenic subcultures of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus versiforme associated with Ri-T-DNA transformed carrot roots, Appled Microbiology Biotechnology, 46: 545–548.
Pons, F. Gianinazzi-Pearson, V, Gianinazzi, S. and Navatel, J. C. 1983. Studies of VA mycorrhizae in vitro: mycorrhizal synthesis of axenically propagated wild cherry (Prunus avium L.) plants. Plant and Soil, 71: 217–221.
Redecker, D., Thierfelder, H. and Werner, D. 1995. A new cultivation system for arbuscular-mycorrhizal fungi on glass beads. Angewandte Botanic, 69: 189–191.
Remy, W, Taylor, T. N. Hass, H. and Kerp, H. 1994. Four hundred million year old vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, U. S. A., 91: 11841–11843.
Simon, L., Bousquet, J., Levesque, R. C. and Lalonde, M. 1993. Origin and diversification of endomycorrhizal fungi and coincidence with vascular land plants. Nature, 363: 67–69.
Siqueira, J. O., Safir, G. R and Nair, M. G. 1991. Stimulation ofvesicular arbuscular inycorrhiza formation and growth of white clover by flavonoid compunds. New Phytologist, 118: 87–93.
Sreenivasa, M. N. and Bagyaraj, D. J. 1988. Selection of a suitable substrate for mass multiplication of Glomusfasciculatum. Plant and Soil, 109: 125–127.
Strullu, D. G. and Plenchette, C. 1990. Encapsulation de la forme intraracinaire de Glomus dans l’alginate et utilisation des capsules comme incolum, Comptes Rendus de I’Academie des Sciences, Serie III: Sciences de la Vie, 310: 447–452.
Strullu, D. G. and Plenchette, C. 1991. The entrapment of Glomus sp. in alginate beads and their use as root inoculum. Mycological Research, 95: 1194–1196.
Strullu, D. G. and Romand, C. 1986. Methode d’obtention d’endomycorhizes a veiscules et arbuscules en conditions axeniques. Compte Rendus de L’Academy of Sciences, Paris, 303: 245–250.
Strullu, D. G. and Romand C. 1987. Culture axenique de vesicules isolate a partir d’endomycorrhizes et re-association in vitro a des sicines de tomate. Compte Rendus de L’Academy of Sciences, Paris, 305: 15–19.
St unu, D. G. Romand, C. Callas, P. Teoule, E. and Demarly, Y. 1989. Mycorrhizal synthesis in vitro between Glomus spp. and artificial seeds of alfalfa. New Phytologist 113: 545–548.
Strutlu, D. G. Romand, C. and Plenchette, C. 1991. Axenic culture and encapsulation of the intraradical forms of Glomus sp. World Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology, 7: 292–297.
St-Arnaud, M. Hamel, C. Vimard, B. Caron, M. and Fortin, J. A. 1995. Altered growth of Fusairum oxysporum f. sp. chrysanthemi in an in vitro dual culture system with the vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices growing on Daucus cartoa tranformed roots. Mycorrhiza, 5: 431–438.
St-Arnaud, M., Hamel, C., Vimard, B., Caron, M., Fortin, J. A. 1996. Enhanced hyphal growth and spore production of the arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus Glomus intraradices in an in vitro system in the absence of host roots. Mycological Research, 100: 328–3 32.
Sylvia, D. M. 1990. Inoculation of native woody plants with vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi for phosphatemine land reclamation, Agricultural Ecosystem and Environment, 31: 253–261.
Sylvia, D. M. and Hubbell, D. H. 1986. Growth and sporulation of vesiculararbuscular mycorrhizal fungi in aeroponic and membrane systems. Symbiosis, 1: 259–267.
Sylvia, D. M. and Jarstfer, A. G. 1992. Sheared-root inocula of vesicularatbuscular mycorrhizal fungi. Applied Environmental Microbiology, 58: 229–232.
Sylvia, D. M. and Jarstfer, A. G. 1994. Production of inoculum and inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, in: “Management of mycorrhizas in agriculture, horticulture and forestry”. (eds. Robson, A. D., Abbott, L. K., Malajczak, N.) Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp. 231–238.
Thompson, J. P. 1986. Soilless cultures of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizae of cereals: effects of nutrient concentration and nitrogen source. Candian Journal of Botany, 64: 2282–2294.
Thompson, J. P. 1987. Decline of vesicular arbuscular mycorrhizae in long fallow disorder of field crops and its expression in phosphorus deficiency of sunflower. Australian Journal of Research, 38: 847–867.
Thompson, J. P., Jeuzk, N., Grove, T. S., Hardy CEST 1997. Improving the colonization capacity and effectiveness of ectomycorrhizal fungal cultures by association with a host plant through revitalization. Forest Science, 7: 83 9–844.
Tommerup, I. C. and Abbott, L. K. 1981. Long term survival and renewed growth of a VA mycorrhizal hyphae after root death. Soil Biology Biochemistry, 13: 431–433.
Tsai, S. and Phillips, D. 1991. Flavonoids released naturally from roots promote development of symbiotic Glomus spores in vitro. Applied and Environmental Microbiology, 57: 1485–1488.
Van Nuffelen, M. and Schenck, N. C. 1983. Spore germination, penetration, root colonization of six species of vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi on soybean. Canadian Journal of Botany, 62: 624–628.
Villegas, J., Williams, RD., Nantais, L. Archambault, J. and Fortin, J. A. 1996. Effects of N source on pH and nutrient exchange of extramatrical mycelium in a mycorrhizal Ri T-DNA-transformed root system. Mycorrhiza, 6: 247–251.
Vimard, B., St-Arnaud, M., Furlan, V. and Fortin, J. A. 1999. Colonization potential of in vitro produced arbuscular mycorrhizal fungus spores compared with a root segment inoculum from open not culture. Mycorrhiza, 8: 335–338.
Williams, P. G. 1990. Disinfecting vesicular-arbuscular mycorrhizas. Mycologoical Research, 94: 995–997.
Wood, T. 1985. Commerical pot culture inoculum production, quality control and other headaches. In: Proceedings of the 6th North American Conference on Mycorhizae (ed. Molina, R ). Bend, Oregon, Forest Research Laboratory, U. S. A. p. 84.
Wood, T. 1991. VA mycorrhizal fungi: challenges for commercialization. Handbook of Applied Mycology Fungal Biotecnology. (eds. Arora, D. K., Elander, R. P. and Mukerji, K. G.) Marcel Dekker, New York 4: 823–847.
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2002 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Singh, G., Tilak, K.V.B.R. (2002). Techniques of AM Fungus Inoculum Production. In: Mukerji, K.G., Manoharachary, C., Chamola, B.P. (eds) Techniques in Mycorrhizal Studies. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3209-3_14
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-3209-3_14
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5985-7
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-3209-3
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive