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Rheological Measurement pp 433–477Cite as

Flow Visualisation in Rheometry

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Abstract

Figure 14.1 illustrates the place of rheometry in the process for solving a non—Newtonian fluid mechanics problem for an incompressible fluid. Given that the flow problem and boundary conditions can be specified, the basic and established tools to effect a solution for the problem are the Cauchy momentum equations (conservation of momentum) and the continuity equation (conservation of mass). However, these equations can only be solved when the stresses are related to the velocity field via a constitutive equation. With the exception of Newtonian fluids and some simple non—Newtonian fluids, e.g. power—law fluids, where fluid elasticity is of no importance, the relevant constitutive equation is not known and must be chosen from a range of available possibilities. It is the parameters in the constitutive equation, such as viscosity, relaxation time and retardation time, in the Oldroyd B model, for example, which must be measured in rheometry in order to define the flow problem completely so that it can be solved by numerical and rarely by analytical methods. Having solved the fluid mechanics problem for the stress and velocity field, the solution must be checked because of the assumed constitutive equation. At this stage, flow visualisation techniques can be used to observe the velocity and/or stress field for comparison with prediction. If the comparison is good, the constitutive equation is adequate and the problem is solved. Unfortunately this process has only been successful for relatively simple elastic liquids 1 in squeeze film flows,2 Stokes flow around a sphere,3,4 isothermal spinning,5 and drop breakup in filament extension.6

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  1. M. E. Mackay

    Present address: Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Queensland, St Lucia, Queensland, 4067, Australia

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  1. Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Melbourne, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

    M. E. Mackay & D. V. Boger

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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Applied Physics, Sheffield City Polytechnic, Sheffield, UK

    A. A. Collyer

  2. Department of Metallurgy and Materials Science, University of Nottingham, Nottingham, UK

    D. W. Clegg

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Mackay, M.E., Boger, D.V. (1993). Flow Visualisation in Rheometry. In: Collyer, A.A., Clegg, D.W. (eds) Rheological Measurement. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2898-0_14

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