Abstract
The Philippines is a country that went through long periods of colonization: 377 years of Spanish domination followed by almost 50 years of American rule. American control (1898–1946) was interrupted by Japanese invasion during World War II (1942–1945). These foreign colonizers’ influence, and political events after the country gained independence, have provided different settings and uses of the plaza, the center of Filipino social life (Figures 1 and 2).
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Notes
According to Filipino historian Onofre D. Corpuz, “each barangay carried an extended family group, consisting of the head and his immediate family, as well as the families of his children, his brothers and sisters and the aged folk.” See his book The Philippines: The Modern Nation in Historical Perspective ( Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1965 ).
See Zelia Nuttal, trans., “The Laws of the Indies,” Hispanic-American Historical Review,Vol. V, 1922. Certain provisions (Nos. 111–137) discussed the beginning of towns and cities in the Philippines.
Jaime T. Infante, The Political, Economic and Labor Climate in the Philippines (Pennsylvania: Industrial Research Unit, The Wharton School, Venice Hall/CS, 1980 ), pp. 5–7.
Ibid., pp. 5–7.
V. Donn Hart, The Philippine Plaza Complex: A Focal Point in Cultural Change (New Haven, CT: Yale University, Southeast Asia Studies, Cultural Report Series, 1955 ).
Daniel H. Burnham, “Proposed Improvement at Manila,” in Proceedings of the Thirty-Ninth Annual Convention of the American Institute of Architects (Washington DC, 1906 ).
Stanley Karnow, In Our Image: America’s Empire in the Philippines (New York: Random House, 1989).
Established in 1994, the Clean and Green Foundation, Inc. sponsors numerous projects to enhance the environmental quality. One of them is the “Adopt-A-Street” program which aims “to nurture back to life the dying streets of Metro Manila.” The plaza is an important part of a street.
For example, the Marcos administration built the Coconut Palace, a state guest house made of materials mostly from coconut trees. The interesting structure started to deteriorate after the collapse of the Marcos regime because the subsequent Aquino administration saw it as a Marcos’ project and forwent preservation.
Danilo A. Arao, “The Reality of Poverty,” Ibon Facts and Figures, Vol. 21, Aug. 15–31, 1998,p. 8.
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Alarcon, N.I. (2001). The Roles of the Plaza: The Philippine Experience. In: Miao, P. (eds) Public Places in Asia Pacific Cities. The GeoJournal Library, vol 60. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2815-7_4
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2815-7_4
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