Abstract
The woodwardioid ferns comprise fourteen species distributed among three genera of the Blechnaceae: Anchistea C. Presl, Lorinseria C. Presl, and Woodwardia Sm. The former two genera are monotypic and are confined to eastern North America, while the twelve species of the latter genus are disjunctly distributed throughout the warm temperate and subtropical regions of the northern hemisphere in a classic Arcto-Tertiary distribution pattern. Phylogenetic analyses based on characters derived from morphology and three molecular markers (rbcL,rps4, and rps4-trnS spacer) demonstrate that this group is monophyletic and is sister to the remainder of the Blechnaceae. Within the group, Woodwardia and Anchistea are sister taxa. A comparison of the phylogenetic results with known fossil history suggests that the group first arose sometime in the late Cretaceous in North America at high latitudes. Diversification of the major lineages of the group was complete by the Paleocene, with the lineages subsequently spreading southward into North America and westward into Asia, ultimately reaching Europe by the Miocene. The recent evolutionary history of the group has been characterized by extensive extinction and subsequent vicariance. We evaluate and discuss various hypotheses of relationship and character evolution proposed in the literature, and present a new classification for the group.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
Literature Cited
BREMER, K. 1994. Branch support and tree stability. Cladistics 10: 295–304.
CHING, R. C. 1931. Woodwardia of China with notes on the species in other parts of Asia. Bull. Fan Mem. Inst. Biol. ( Bot. ) 2: 1–7.
CHING, R. C. 1964. Chieniopteris Ching, a new fern genus from China. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 9: 35–40
CHING, R. C. 1978. The Chinese fern families and genera: systematic arrangements and historical origin. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 16: 1–37.
CHIU, P. S. 1974. On the genus Woodwardia Smith from the mainland of Asia. Acta Phytotax. Sin. 12: 237–248.
CHRISTENSEN, C. 1905–1906. Index filicum. Hagerup: Copenhagen.
CHRISTENSEN, C. 1934. Index filicum, supplementum tertium. Hagerup: Copenhagen.
COLLINSON, M. E. 2001. Cainozoic ferns and their distribution. Brittonia 53: 173–235.
Copeland, E. B. 1947. Genera Filicum. Chronica Botanica. Waltham, Mass., USA.
CRANFILL, R. 1983. The distribution of Woodwardia areolata. Amer. Fern J. 73: 1–3.
CRANFILL, R. 1998. Systematics, phylogeny and biogeography of the genus Woodwardia (Blechnaceae). Amer. J. Bot. 85 (Suppl.): 100.
CRANFILL, R. 1999. Phylogenetic analysis of the Blechnaceae. Abstracts from the X VI International Botanical Congress. St. Louis.
EFRON, B. And G. GONG. 1983. A leisurely look at the bootstrap, the jackknife, and cross-validation. Am. Statist. 37: 36–48.
FELSENSTEIN, J. 1981. A likelihood approach to character weighting and what it tells us about parsimony and compatibility. Biol. J. Linn. Soc. 123: 265–296.
FELSENSTEIN, J. 1985. Confidence limits on phylogeny: An approach using the bootstrap. Evolution 39: 783–791.
HASEBE, M. P., K. UEDA, M. ITO, R. SANO, J. YOKOYAMA and J. N. MURAKAMI 1994. RbcL gene sequences provide evidence for the evolutionary lineages of leptosporangiate ferns. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 91: 5730–5734.
HASEBE, M. P., G. WOLF, K. M. PRYER, K. UEDA, M. ITO, R. SANO, G. J. GASTONY, J. YOKOYAMA, J. R. MANHART, J. N. MURAKAMI, E. H. CRANE, C. H. HAUFLER, and W. D. HAUK 1995. Fern phylogeny on rbcL nucleotide sequences. Amer. Fern J. 85: 134–181.
HOLTTUM, R. E. 1947. A revised classification of leptosporangiate ferns. J. Linn. Soc. ( Bot.) London 53: 123–158.
HOLTTUM, R. E. 1949. The classification of ferns. Biol. Rev. Cambridge Philos. Soc. 24: 267–296
HURNIK, S. 1976. Die fossilen Arten der Gattung Woodwardia Smith 1793 und ihre Vertretung im nordbohmischen Tertiar. Sborn. Nâr. Mus. V Praze, lkada B, Pciv. V6dy 32: 15–44.
KRAMER, K. U. 1990. Blechnaceae. Pp. 60–68. In: Kubitziki, K. (ed.) The Families and Genera ofVascular Plants Vol. 1. Pteridophytes and Gymnosperms. Vol. eds. Kramer, K. U. and P. S. Green. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
KVAčEK, Z. 1994. Connecting links between the Arctic Paleogene and European Tertiary Floras. Pp. 251–266. In: Boulter, M. C. and H. C. Fisher (eds.) Cenozoic Plants and Climates of the Arctic.
Lutzoni, F. 1997. Phylogeny of lichen-and non-lichen-forming omphalinoid mushrooms and the utility of testing for combinability among multiple data sets. Syst. Biol. 46: 373–406.
MCIVER, E. and J. BASINGER. 1993. Flora of the Ravenscrag Formation ( Paleocene), southwestern Saskatchewan, Canada. Paleontographica Canadiana 10: 1–83.
MADDISON, W. P. and D. R. MADDISON. 1992. MacClade: analysis of phylogeny and character evolution, version 3.0. Sinauer Associates, Inc.: Sunderland, Mass., USA.
MAXON, W. R. 1919. Notes on American ferns, XIV. Amer. Fern J. 9: 67–73.
NADOT, S., R. BAJON, and B. LEJEUNE. 1994. The chloroplast gene rps4 as a tool for the study of
Poaceae phylogeny. Plant Syst. Evol. 191: 27–38.
PICHI SERMOLLI, R. E. G. 1977. Tentamen Pteridophytorum. Webbia 31: 313–512.
POSADA, D. and K. CRANDELL. 1998. Modeltest: testing the model of DNA substitution. Bioinformatics 14: 817–818.
PRESL, C. 1836. Tentamen pteridographiae. Prague.
PRESL, C. 1851. Epimeliae botanicae. Prague.
PRYER, K. M., A. R. SMITH, and J. E. SKOG. 1995. Phylogenetic relationships of extant ferns based on evidence from morphology and rbcL sequences. Amer. Fern J. 85: 205–282.
SmiTh, A. R. and R. CRANFILL. 2002. Intrafamilial relationships of the thelypteroid ferns (Thelypteridaceae). Amer. Fern J. 92: 131–149.
SMITH, J. 1875. Historia filicum. MacMillan and Co.: London.
SWOFFORD, D. L. 2001. PAUP*. Phylogenetic analysis using parsimony (*and other methods). Version 4.0b8. Sinauer Associates, Inc. Sunderland, MA. USA.
TRYON, R. and A. TRYON. 1982. Ferns and allied plants, with special reference to tropical America. Springer-Verlag: Berlin.
WHEELER, W. C. 1990. Combinatorial weights in phylogenetic analysis: a statistical parsimony procedure. Cladistics 6: 269–275.
WOLF, P. G., K. M. PRYER, A. R. SMITH, and M. HASEBE. 1998. Phylogenetic studies of extant pteridophytes. Pp. 541–556. In: Soltis, P. S. D. E. Soltis, and J. J. Doyle (eds.) Molecular systematics of plants II: DNA sequencing. Kluwer Academic Press, Boston, Massachusetts.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Cranfill, R., Kato, M. (2003). Phylogenetics, Biogeography, and Classification of the Woodwardioid Ferns (Blechnaceae). In: Chandra, S., Srivastava, M. (eds) Pteridology in the New Millennium. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2811-9_4
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2811-9_4
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6222-2
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2811-9
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive