Abstract
The term ‘biotherapy’ encompasses the therapeutic use of any biological substance, but more specifically, it connotes the use of products of the mammalian genome. With modern techniques of genetic engineering, the mammalian genome represents the new ‘medicine cabinet’. Biological response modifiers (BRM) are agents and approaches whose mechanisms of action involve the individual’s own biological responses. Biologicals and BRM work through diverse mechanisms in the biotherapy of cancer. They may (a) augment the host’s defenses through the administration of cells, natural biologicals, or the synthetic derivatives thereof as effectors or mediators (direct or indirect) of an antitumor response; (b) increase the individual’s antitumor responses through augmentation or restoration of effector mechanisms, or decrease a component of the host’s reaction that is deleterious; (c) augment the individual’s responses using modified tumor cells or vaccines to stimulate a greater response, or increase tumor cell sensitivity to an existing biological response; (d) decrease transformation and/or increase differentiation or maturation of tumor cells; (e) interfere with growth-promoting factors and angiogenesis-inducing factors produced by tumor cells; (f) decrease or arrest the tendency of tumor cells to metastasize to other sites; (g) increase the ability of the patient to tolerate damage by cytotoxic modalities of cancer treatment; and/or (h) use biological molecules to target and bind to cancer cells and induce more effective cytostatic or cytocidal antitumor activity.
Access this chapter
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Preview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Abrams P, Oldham RK. Monoclonal antibody therapy of solid tumors. In: Foon KA, Morgan AC, Jr., eds. Monoclonal Antibody Therapy of Human Cancer. The Hague: Martinus Hijihoff, 1985: 103–20.
Abrams PG, Morgan AC, Schroff RW et al. Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy: drug-antibody conjugates. In: Reisfeld Rand Sell K, eds. Localization and Biodistribution Studies of a Monoclonal Antibody in Patients with Melanoma. New York: Alan R. Liss, 1985: 233–6.
Avner BP, Liao SK, Avner B et al. Therapeutic murine monoclonal antibodies developed for individual cancer patients. J Biol Response Modif 1989; 8: 25–36.
Baldwin RW. Relevant animal models for immunotherapy. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1976; 1: 97–206.
Balkwill FR, Burke F. The cytokine network. Immunol Today 1989; 10: 290–304.
Balkwill FR, Lee A, Aldam G et al. Human tumor xeno-grafts treated with recombinant human tumor necrosis
factor alone or in combination with interferons. Cancer Res 1986; 46: 3990–3.
Bernhard MI, Foon KA, Oeltmann TN et al. Guinea pig line 10 hepatocarcinoma model: characterization of monoclonal antibody and in vivo effect of unconjugated antibody and antibody conjugated to diphtheria toxin A chain. Cancer Res 1983; 43: 4420–8.
Bollon AP, Barron EA, Berent SL et al. Recombinant DNA techniques: isolation, cloning and expression of genes. In: Bollon AP, ed. Recombinant DNA Products: Insulin Interferon and Growth Hormone. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, 1984: 1–35.
Bonnem EM, Spregel RJ. Interferon-alpha: current status and future promise. J Biol Response Modif 1984; 3: 580.
Boss BD, Langman R, Trowbridge I, Dulbecco R, eds. Monoclonal Antibodies and Cancer. New York: Academic Press, 1983: 1–200.
Boyd MR. Status of the NCI preclinical antitumor drug discovery screen. Princ Pract Oncol Suppl 1989; 3: 1–12.
Bunn PA, Foon KA, Ihde DC et al. Recombinant leukocyte A interferon: an active agent in advanced cutaneous T-cell lymphomas. Ann Intern Med 1984; 101: 484–7.
Carrasquillo JA, Bunn PA Jr, Kennan AM et al. Radioimmunodetection of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma with 111In-T101 monoclonal antibody. N Engl J Med 1986; 315: 673–80.
Carrasquillo JA, Abrams PG, Schroff R et al. Effect of antibody dose on the imaging and biodistribution of indium-111 9.2.27 anti-melanoma monoclonal antibody. J Nucl Med 1988; 29: 39–47.
Cheever MA, Greenberg PD, Fefer A, Gillis S. Augmentation of the antitumor therapeutic efficacy of long-term cultured T lymphocytes by in vivo administration of purified interleukin-2. J Exp Med 1982; 155: 968–80.
Cheever MA, Greenberg PD, Fefer A. Potential for specific cancer therapy with immune T lymphocytes. J Biol Response Modif 1984; 3: 113–27.
Cumberlin R, DeMoss E, Lassus M, Friedman M. Isolation perfusion for malignant melanoma of the extremity: a review. J Clin Oncol 1985; 3: 1022–31.
DeVita VT. Progress in cancer management: keynote address. Cancer 1983; 51: 2401–9.
DeVita VT. The relationship between tumor mass and resistance to chemotherapy: implication for surgical adjuvant treatment of cancer. Cancer 1983; 51: 1209–20.
DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Important Advances in Oncology 1989. New York: J.B. Lippincott, 1995: 1–118.
DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Biologic therapy with TNF: preclinical. In: Biologic Therapy of Cancer, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1995: 295–327.
DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Biologic therapy with TNF: clinical. In: Biologic Therapy of Cancer, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1995: 329–45.
DeVita VT Jr, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Biologic therapy with interferon-a and P. In: Biologic Therapy of Cancer, 2nd edn. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1995: 427–33.
Devos R, Cheroutre H, Taya Y et al. Molecular cloning of human immune interferon cDNA and its expression in eukaryotic cells. Nucl Acids Res 1982; 10: 2487–501.
Dillman RO, Beauregard JC, Mendelsohn J et al. Phase I trials of thymosin fraction 5 and thymosin alpha-1. J Biol Response Modif 1982; 1: 35–41.
Eberlein TJ, Rosenstein M, Spiess P et al. Adoptive chemoimmunotherapy of a synergeneic murine lymphoma with long-term lymphoid cell lines expanded in T-cell growth factor. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1982; 13: 5–13.
Emery AEH. Recombinant DNA technology. Lancet 1981; 2: 1406–9.
Evans CH, Lymphotoxin: an immunologic hormone with anticarcinogenic and antitumor activity. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1982; 12: 181–90.
Feinberg B, Kurzrock R, Talpaz M et al. A phase I trial of intravenously-administered recombinant tumor necrosis factor-alpha in cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 1988; 6: 1328–34.
Fidler IJ, Gersten DM, Hart IR. The biology of cancer invasion and metastasis. Adv Cancer Res 1978; 28: 149–250.
Fidler IJ, Berendt M, Oldham RK. The rationale for and design of screening assays for the assessment of biological response modifiers for cancer treatment. J Biol Response Modif 1982; 1: 15–26.
Foon KA, Bernhard MI, Oldham RK. Monoclonal antibody therapy: assessment by animal tumor models. J Biol Response Modif 1982; 1: 277–304.
Foon KA, Schroff R, Bunn PA et al. Effects of monoclonal antibody therapy in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 1984; 64: 1085–93.
Foon KA, Sherwin SA, Abrams PG et al. Treatment of advanced non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma with recombinant leukocyte A interferon. N Engl J Med 1984; 311: 1148–52.
Gamm H, Lindemann A, Mertelsmann R, Herrmann F. Phase I trial of recombinant human tumour necrosis factor a in patients with advanced malignancy. Eur J Cancer 1991; 27: 856–63.
Goeddel DV, Yelverton E, Ullrich A et al. Human leucocyte interferon produce by E. coli is biologically active. Nature 1980; 287: 411–16.
Goldstein AL, Chirigos MA, eds. Lymphokines and Thymic Hormones; Their Potential Utilization in Cancer Therapeutics. Progress in Cancer Research and Therapy, vol. 20. New York: Raven Press, 1981.
Goldstein AL, Chirigos MA. In: Progress in Cancer Research and Therapy, vol. 20. New York: Raven Press, 1982: 1–324.
Gray PSW, Leung DW, Pennica D et al. Expression of human immune interferon cDNA in E. coli and monkey cells. Nature 1982; 295: 503–8.
Grem JL, Hoth D, Hamilton MJ et al. An overview of the current status and future direction of clinical trials of 5- fluorouracil and folinic acid. Cancer Treat Rep 1987; 71: 1249–64.
Grem JL, McAtee N, Murphy RF et al. A pilot study of interferon alfa-2a in combination with fluorouracil plus high-dose leucovorin in metastatic gastrointestinal carcinoma. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 1811–20.
Hanna MG, Key ME, Oldham RK. Biology of cancer therapy: some new insights into adjuvant treatment of metastatic solid tumors. J Biol Response Modif 1983; 4: 295–309.
Hanna MG Jr, Brandhorst JS, Peters LC. Active specific immunotherapy of residual micrometastasis: an evaluation of sources, doses and ratios of BCG with tumor cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1979; 7: 165–74.
Hanna MG Jr, Key ME. Immunotherapy of metastases enhances subsequent chemotherapy. Science 1982; 217: 367–70.
Haranaka K. Macrophage Symposium 1987, Tumor Necrosis Factor. Japan, 5–8 January, 1987.
Hwang KM, Foon KA, Cheung PH et al. Selective antitumor effect on L-10 hepatocarcinoma cella of a potent immunoconjugate composed of the A chain of abrin and a monoclonal antibody to a hepatoma-associated antigen. Cancer Res 1984; 44: 4578–86.
Hwang KM, Keenan AM, Frincke J et al. Dynamic interaction of 111 indium-labeled monoclonal antibodies with surface of solid tumors visualized in vivo by external scintigraphy. J Natl Cancer Inst 1986; 76: 849–55.
Kahn JO, Kaplan LD, Volberding PA et al. Intralesional recombinant tumor necrosis factor-a for AIDS-associated Kaposi’s sarcoma. A randomized, double-blind trial. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr 1989; 2: 217–23.
Kallman RF, ed. Rodent Tumor Models in Experimental Cancer Therapy. New York: Pergamon Press, 1987: 1–310.
Key ME, Bernhard MI, Hoyer LC et al. Guinea pig 10 hepatocarcinoma model for monoclonal antibody serotherapy: in vivo localization of a monoclonal antibody in normal and malignant tissues. J Immunol 1983; 139: 1451–7.
Key ME, Brandhorst JS, Hanna MC Jr. Synergistic effects of active specific immunotherapy and chemotherapy in guinea pigs with disseminated cancer. J Immunol 1983; 130: 2987–92.
Kirkwood JM, Ernstoff MS. Interferon in the treatment of human cancer. J Clin Oncol 1984; 2: 336–52.
Liao SK, Meranda C, Avner BP et al. Immunohistochemical phenotyping of human solid tumors with monoclonal antibodies in devising biotherapeutic strategies. Cancer Immunol Immunother 1989; 28: 77–86.
Lienard D, Ewalenko P, Delmitti JJ et al. High-dose recombinant tumor necrosis factor alpha in combination with interferon gamma and melphalan in isolation perfusion of the limbs for melanoma and sarcoma. J Clin Oncol 1992; 10: 52–60.
Mavligit GM, Zukiwski AA, Charnsargavej C. Regional biologic therapy: hepatic arterial infusion of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor in patients with liver metastases. Cancer 1992; 69: 557–61.
McCormick DL, Adamowski CB, Fiks A, Moon RC. Lifetime dose-response relationships for mammary tumor induction by a single administration of N-methyl-Nnitrosourea. Cancer Res 1981; 41: 1690–4.
Ogden JR, Leung K, Kundra SA et al. Immunoconjugates of doxorubicin and murine antihuman breast carcinoma monoclonal antibodies prepared via an n-hydroxysuccinimide active ester intermediate of cis-aconityl-doxorubicin: preparation and in vitro cytotoxicity. Mol Biother 1989; 1: 170–4.
Oldham RK. Monoclonal antibodies in cancer therapy. J Clin Oncol 1983; 1: 582–90.
Oldham RK. Biologicals: new horizons in pharmaceutical development. J Biol Response Modif 1983; 2: 199–206.
Oldham RK. Biologicals and biological response modifiers: new strategies for clinical trials. In: Finter NB, Oldham RK, eds. Interferons IV. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1985: 235–49.
Oldham RK. Interferon: a model for future biological. In: Burke D, Cantell K, Gresser I, et al., eds. Interferon VI. New York: Academic Press, 1985: 127–43.
Oldham RK. In vivo effects of interleukin 2. J Biol Response Modif 1984; 3: 455–532.
Oldham RK. Biologicals and biological response modifiers: the fourth modality of cancer treatment. Cancer Treatment Rep 1984; 68: 221–32.
Oldham RK. Biologicals for cancer treatment: interferons. Hosp Pract 1985; 20: 72–91.
Oldham RK. Biotherapy: the fourth modality of cancer treatment. J Cell Physiol Suppl 1986; 4: 91–9.
Oldham RK, Smalley RV. Immunotherapy: the old and the new. J Biol Response Modif 1983; 2: 1–37.
Oldham RK, Smalley RV. The role of interferon in the treatment of cancer. In: Zoon KC, Noguchi PC, Lui T-Y, eds. Interferon: Research, Clinical Application and Regula-
tory Consideration. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1984: 191–205.
Oldham RK, Smalley RV. Biological and biological response modifiers. In: DeVita VT, Hellman S, Rosenberg SA, eds. Cancer: Principles and Practice of Oncology. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1985; 2223–45.
Oldham RK, Thurman GB, Talmadge JE et al. Lymphokines, monoclonal antibodies and other biological response modifiers in the treatment of cancer. Cancer 1984; 54: 2795–810.
Oldham RK, Foon KA, Morgan AC et al. Monoclonal antibody therapy of malignant melanoma: in vivo localization in cutaneous metastasis after intravenous administration. J Clin Oncol 1984; 2: 1235–42.
Oldham RK. Perspectives on the use of immunotoxins in clinical medicine. In: Vogel C-W, ed. Immunoconjugates: Antibody Conjugates in Radioimaging and Therapy of Cancer. New York: Oxford University Press, 1987: 281–9.
Oldham RK. Therapeutic monoclonal antibodies: effects of tumor cell heterogeneity. In: Therapeutic Monoclonal Antibodies: Effects of Tumor Cell Heterogeneity. S. Karger Ag. Cancer Treatment Symposium (Germany), 1988: 000–000.
Oldham RK, Lewis M, Orr DW et al. Adriamycin custom-tailored immunoconjugates in the treatment of human malignancies. Mol Biother 1988; 1: 103–13.
Oldham RK, Lewis M, Orr DW et al. Individually specified drug immunoconjugates in cancer treatment. In: Ceriani RL, ed. Breast Cancer Immunodiagnosis and Immunotherapy. New York: Plenum Publishing. 1990: 219–30.
Oldham RK. Gene therapy and cancer: is it for everyone? Cancer Invest 1992; 10: 607–9.
Oldham RK. Cancer biotherapy: 1993 to the millenium and more! Cancer Biother 1993; 8: 1–2.
Oldham RK. Cancer biotherapy: the first year. Cancer Biother 1994; 9: 179–81.
Oldham RK, Lewko W, Good R et al. Growth of tumor derived activated T-cells for the treatment of cancer. Cancer Biother 1994; 9: 211–24.
Lewko WM, Hall PB, Oldham RK. Growth of tumor-derived activated T cells for the treatment of advanced cancer. Cancer Biother Radiopharmaceut 2000; 15: 357–66.
Oppenheim JJ, Stadler BM, Siraganian RP et al. Lymphokines: their role in lymphocyte responses properties of interleukin 1. Fed Proc 1982; 41: 257–62.
Orr DW, Oldham RK, Lewis M et al. Phase I trial of mitomycin-c immunoconjugate cocktails in human malignancies. Mol Biother 1989; 1: 229–40.
Palladino MA, Shalaby MR, Kramer SM,et al. Characterization of the antitumor activities of human tumor necrosis factor-alpha, and the comparison with other cytokines: induction of tumor specific immunity. J Immunol 1987; 138: 4023–32.
Paranasivam G, Pearson JW, Bohn W et al. Immunotoxins of a human melanoma-associated antigen: comparison of gelonin with ricin and other a-chain conjugates. Cancer Res 1987; 47: 3169–73.
Pfreundschuh MG, Steinmetz HT, Tuschen R et al. Phase I study of intratumoral application of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor. Eur J Cancer Clin Oncol 1989; 25: 379–88.
Regenass U, Muller M, Curschellas E, Matter A. Antitumor effects of tumor necrosis factor in combination with chemotherapeutic agents. Int J Cancer 1987; 39: 266–73.
Rosenau W. Lymphotoxin: properties, role and mode of action. Int J Immunopharm 1981; 3: 1–8.
Rosenberg SA, Lotze MT, Muul LM et al. Observations on the systemic administration of autologous lymphokine-activated killer cells and recombinant interleukin-2 to patients with metastatic cancer. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 1485–92.
Rosenberg SA. Principles and Practices of the Biologic Therapy of Cancer. Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 2000.
Schiller JH, Witt PL, Storer B et al. Clinical and biologic effects of combination therapy with gamma-interferon and tumor necrosis factor. Cancer 1992; 69: 562–71.
Sherwin SA, Knost JA, Fein S et al. A multiple dose phase I trial of recombinant leukocyte A interferon in cancer patients. J Am Med Assoc 1982; 248: 2461–6.
Smalley RV, Long CW, Sherwin SA, Oldham RK. Biological response modifiers: current status and prospects as anticancer agents. In: Herberman RB, ed. Basic and Clinical Tumor Immunology. The Hague: Martinus Hijhoff, 1983: 257–300.
Smalley RV, Oldham RK. Biological response modifiers: preclinical evaluation and clinical activity. CRC Crit Rev Oncol/Hematol 1984; 1: 259–80.
Smalley RV, Talmadge JA, Oldham RK, Thurman GB. The thymosins: preclinical and clinical studies with fraction V and alpha-1. Cancer Treat Rev 1984; 11: 69–84.
Smith JW, Urba WJ, Clark JW et al. Phase I evaluation of recombinant tumor necrosis factor given in combination with recombinant interferon-gamma. J Immunother 1991; 10: 355–62.
Spriggs DR, Sherman ML, Michie H et al. Recombinant human tumor necrosis factor administered as a 24-hour intravenous infusion. A phase I and pharmacologic study. J Natl Cancer Inst 1988; 80: 1039–44.
Stevenson HC, Ochs JJ, Halverson L et al. Recombinant alpha interferon in retreatment of two patients with pulmonary lymphoma, dramatic responses with resolution of pulmonary complications. Am J Med 1984; 77: 355–8.
Stevenson HC, eds. Adoptive Cellular Immunotherapy of Cancer. New York: Marcel Dekker, 1989: 1–236.
Stringfellow DA, Smalley RV. Interferon inducers for clinical use. In: Finter N, Oldham RK, eds. In Vivo Application of Interferons. Amsterdam: Elsevier Science, 1984.
Talmadge JE, Maluish AE, Collins M et al. Immunomodulation and antitumor effects of MVE-2 in mice. J Biol Response Modif 1984; 3: 634–52.
Tanguichi T, Mantei N, Schwarzstein M et al. Human leukocyte and fibroblast interferons are structurally related. Nature 1980; 285: 2848–52.
Tanguichi T, Matsui H, Fujita T et al. Structure and expression of cloned cDNA for human interleukin-2. Nature 1983; 302: 305–10.
Tanguichi T. Phase I study of recombinant human tumor necrosis factor (rHu-TNF: PT-050). Cancer Detect Prev 1988; 12: 561–72.
Terry MD, Rosenberg SA, eds. Immunotherapy of Cancer. New York: Excerpta Medica, 1982: 1–398.
Wadler S, Lembersky B, Atkins M et al. Phase II trial of fluorouracil and recombinant interferon alfa-2a in patients with colorectal carcinoma: an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group study. J Clin Oncol 1991; 9: 1806–10.
Weissman C, Nagata S, Boll W et al. Structure and expression of human alpha interferon genes. In: Miwa M et al., eds. Primary and Tertiary Structure of Nucleic Acids and Cancer Research. Tokyo: Japan Science Society Press, 1982: 1–22.
West WH, Tauer KW, Yannelli JR et al. Constant infusion recombinant interleukin-2 in adoptive immunotherapy of advanced cancer. N Engl J Med 1987; 316: 898–905.
Editor information
Editors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2003 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Oldham, R.K. (2003). Cancer biotherapy: general principles. In: Oldham, R.K. (eds) Principles of Cancer Biotherapy. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2757-0_1
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2757-0_1
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-94-017-2759-4
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2757-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive