Abstract
Recognition is an early event in plant-microbe interactions that activates specific biochemical, physiological, or morphological reactions resulting in either disease development (compatible reaction) or resistance response (incompatible reaction). Very little is known about the mechanisms by which the event is initiated and proceeded. It is generally believed that recognition process begins with the arrival of a propagule on or in the vicinity of the host. The information is transduced from the pathogen to the host or vice verse via molecular interaction. The molecules involved in the process are signal molecules and their complementary receptors. The perception of the signal by the receptor generates intracellular second messengers that in turn activate, repress, or regulate gene expression.
This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.
Buying options
Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout
Purchases are for personal use only
Learn about institutional subscriptionsPreview
Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.
References
Alexandre J, Lassalles JP, Kado RT (1990) Opening of Ca’ channels in isolated red beet root vacuole membrane by inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate. Nature 343: 567–570
Apostol I, Heinstein PF, Low PS (1989) Rapid stimulation of an oxidative burst during elicitation of cultured plant cells. Role in defense and signal transduction. Plant Physiol 90: 109–116
Assmann SM (1995) Cyclic AMP as a second messenger in higher plants. Status and future prospects. Plant Physiol 108: 885–889
Atkinson MM, Bina J, Sequeira L (1993) Phosphoinositide breakdown during the K’/H+ exchange response of tobacco to Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 6: 253–260
Ausubel FM, Katagiri F, Mindrinos M, Glazebrook J (1995) Use of Arabidopsis thaliana defense-related mutants to dissect the plant response to pathogens. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4189–4196
Ayers AR, Ebel J, Valent B, Albersheim P (1976) Host-pathogen interactions. X. Fractionation and biological activity of an elicitor isolated from the mycelial walls of Phytophthora megasperma var. sojae. Plant Physiol 57: 760–765
Bach M, Schnitzler J-P, Seitz HU (1993) Elicitor-induced changes in Cat+ influx, K. efflux, and 4-hydroxybenzoic acid synthesis in protoplasts of Daucus carota L. Plant Physiol 103: 407412
Baker CJ, Orlandi EW (1995) Active oxygen in plant pathogenesis. Annu Rev Phytopathol 33: 299–321
Baker CJ, Orlandi EW, Mock NM (1993) Harpin, an elicitor of the hypersensitive response in tobacco caused by Erwinia amylovora, elicits active oxygen production in suspension cells. Plant Physiol 102: 1341–1344
Barber MS, Bertram RE, Ride JP (1989) Chitin oligosaccharides elicit lignification in wounded wheat leaves. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 34: 3–12
Barton-Willis PA, Wang MC, Holliday MJ, Long MR, Keen NT (1984) Purification and composition of lipopolysaccharides from Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Physiol Plant Pathol 25: 387–398
Basse CW, Boller T (1992) Glycopeptide elicitors of stress responses in tomato cells. N-linked glycans are essential for activity but act as suppressors of the same activity when released from the glycopeptides. Plant Physiol 98: 1239–1247
Basse C W, Bock K, Boller T (1992) Elicitors and suppressors of the defense response in tomato cells. Purification and characterization of glycopeptide elicitors and glycan suppressors generated by enzymatic cleavage of yeast invertase. J Biol Chem 267: 10258–10265
Bayles CJ, Aist JR (1987) Apparent calcium mediation of resistance of an ml-o barley mutant to powdery mildew. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 30: 337–345
Bishop PD, Pearce G, Bryant JE, Ryan CA (1984) Isolation and characterization of the proteinase inhibitor-inducing factor from tomato leaves. Identity and activity of poly-and oligogalacturonide fragments. J Biol Chem 259: 13172–13177
Blein J-P, Milat M-L, Ricci P (1991) Responses of cultured tobacco cells to cryptogein, a proteinaceous elicitor from Phytophthora cryptogea: possible plasmalemma involvement. Plant Physiol 95: 486–491
Bloch CB, De Wit PJGM, Kuc J (1984) Elicitation of phytoalexins by arachidonic and eicosapentaenoic acids: a host survey. Physiol Plant Pathol 25: 199–208
Boller T (1989) Primary signals and second messengers in the reaction of plants to pathogens. In: Boss WF, Morré DJ (eds) Second messengers in plant growth and development. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 227–255
Boller T (1995) Chemoperception of microbial signals in plant cells. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 46: 189–214
Bolwell GP (1999) Role of active oxygen species and NO in plant defence responses. Curr Opin Plant Biol 2: 287–294
Bolwell GP, Wojtaszel P (1997) Mechanisms for the generation of reactive oxygen species in plant defence–a broad perspective. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 51: 347–366
Bolwell GP, Cramer CL, Lamb CJ, Schuch W, Dixon RA (1986) L-Phenylalanine ammonia-lyase from Phaseolus vulgaris: modulation of the levels of active enzyme by trans-cinnamic acid. Planta 169: 97–107
Bolwell GP, Mavandad M, Miller DJ, Edwards KJ, Schuch W, Dixon RA (1988) Inhibition of mRNA levels and activities by trans-cinnamic acid in elicitor-induced bean cells. Phytochemistry 27: 2109–2117
Bostock RM, Kue JA, Laine RA (1981) Eicosapentaenoic and arachidonic acids from Phyto-phthora infestans elicit fungitoxic sesquiterpenes in the potato. Science 212: 67–69
Bouaziz S, Van Heijenoort C, Guittet E, Huet J-C, Pernollet J-C (1994) Resonance assignment, cysteine-pairing elucidation and secondary-structure determination ofcapsicein, an a-elicitin, by three-dimensional ‘H NMR. Eur J Biochem 220: 427–438
Bradley DJ, Kjellbom P, Lamb CJ (1992) Elicitor-and wound-induced oxidative cross-linking of a proline-rich plant cell wall protein: a novel, rapid defense response. Cell 70: 21–30
Brisson LF, Tenhaken R, Lamb C (1994) Function of oxidative cross-linking of cell wall structural proteins in plant disease resistance. Plant Cell 6: 1703–1712
Broekaert WF, Peumans WJ (1988) Pectic polysaccharides elicit chitinase accumulation in tobacco. Physiol Plant 74: 740–744
Brown EG, Newton RP (1981) Cyclic AMP and higher plants. Phytochemistry 20: 2453–2463
Bruce RJ, West CA (1989) Elicitation of lignin biosynthesis and isoperoxidase activity by pectic fragments in suspension cultures of castor bean. Plant Physiol 91: 889–897
Cao H, Bowling SA, Gordon AS, Dong X (1994) Characterization of an Arabidopsis mutant that is nonresponsive to inducers of systemic acquired resistance. Plant Cell 6: 1583–1592
Capasso R, Cristinzio G, Evidente A, Visca C, Ferranti P, Del Vecchio-Blanco F, Parente A (1999) Elicitin 172 from an isolate of Phytophthora nicotianae pathogenic to tomato. Phytochemistry 50: 703–709
Castle AJ, Day AW (1984) Isolation and identification of a-tocopherol as an inducer of the parasitic phase of Ustilago violacea. Phytopathology 74: 1194–1200
Cervone F, De Lorenzo G, Degra L, Salvi G (1986) Interaction of fungal polygalacturonase with plant proteins in relation to specificity and regulation of plant defense response. In: Lutenberg B (ed) Recognition in microbe-plant symbiotic and pathogenic interactions. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 253–258
Chandra S, Low PS (1995) Role of phosphorylation in elicitation of the oxidative burst in cultured soybean cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4120–4123
Chandra S, Heinstein PF, Low PS (1996) Activation of phospholipase A by plant defense elicitors. Plant Physiol 110: 979–986
Chen Z, Klessig DF (1991) Identification of a soluble salicylic acid-binding protein that may function in signal transduction in the plant disease-resistance response. Proc Natl Acad Sci 88: 8179–8183.
Chen Z, Silva H, Klessig DF (1993) Active oxygen species in the induction of plant systemic acquired resistance by salicylic acid. Science 262: 1883–1886
Chen Z, Malamy J, Henning J, Conrath U, Sanchez-Casas P, Silva H, Ricigliano J, Klessig DF (1995) Induction, modification, and transduction of the salicylic acid signal in plant defense responses. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4134–4137
Cheong J-J, Alba R, Côté F, Enkerli J, Hahn MG (1993) Solubilization of functional plasma membrane-localized hepta-ß-glucoside elicitor-binding proteins from soybean. Plant Physiol 103: 1173–1182
Churngchow N, Rattarasarn M (2000) The elicitin secreted by Phytophthora palmivora, a rubber tree pathogen. Phytochemistry 54: 33–38
Cohen Y, Niderman T, Mosinger E, Fluhr R (1994) ß-Aminobutric acid induces the accumulation of pathogenesis-related proteins in tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) plants and resistance to late blight infection caused by Phytophthora infestans. Plant Physiol 104: 59–66
Coleman MJ, Mainzer J, Dickerson AG (1992) Characterization of a fungal glycoprotein that elicits a defence response in French bean. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 40: 333–351
Conrath U, Domard A, Kauss H (1989) Chitosan-elicited synthesis of callose and of coumarin derivatives in parsley cell suspension cultures. Plant Cell Reports 8: 152–155
Cooke CJ, Newton RP, Smith CJ, Walton TJ (1989) Pathogenic elicitation of phytoalexin in lucerne tissue: involvement of cyclic AMP in the intracellular mechanism. Biochem Soc Trans 17: 919–920
Cooke CJ, Smith CJ, Walton TJ, Newton RP (1994) Evidence that cyclic AMP is involved in the hypersensitive response óf Medicago sativa to a fungal elicitor. Phytochemistry 35: 889895
Cooksey CJ, Garratt PJ, Dahiya JS, Strange RN (1983) Sucrose: a constitutive elicitor of phytoalexin synthesis. Science 220: 1398–1400
Cosio EG, Frey T, Ebel J (1992) Identification of a high-affinity binding protein for a hepta-ßglucoside phytoalexin elicitor in soybean. Eur J Biochem 175: 309–315
Côté F, Cheong J-J, Alba R, Hahn MG (1995) Characterization of binding proteins that recognize
oligoglucoside elicitor of phytoalexin synthesis in soybean. Physiol Plant 93:401–410 Cruickshank IAM, Perrin DR (1968) The isolation and partial characterization of monilicolin A, a polypeptide with phaseollin-inducing activity from Moniliniafructicola. Life Sci 7: 449–458
Culver JN, Dawson WO (1989) Point mutations in the coat protein gene of tobacco mosaic virus induce hypersensitivity in Nicotiana sylvestris. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 2: 209–213
Culver JN, Dawson WO (1991) Tobacco mosaic virus elicitor coat protein genes produce a hypersensitive phenotype in transgenic Nicotiana sylvestris plants. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 4: 458–463
Darvill A, Augur C, Bergmann C, Carlson RW, Cheong J-J, Eberhard S, Hahn MG, Ló V-M, Marfà V, Meyer B, Mohnen D, O’Neill MA, Spiro MD, van Halbeek H, York WS, Albersheim P (1992) Oligosaccharins–Oligosaccharides that regulate growth, development and defence responses in plants. Glycobiology 2: 181–198
Davis D, Merida J, Legendre L, Low PS, Heinstein P (1993) Independent elicitation of the oxidative burst and phytoalexin formation in cultured plant cells. Phytochemistry 32: 607–611
Davis KR, Hahlbrock K (1987) Induction of defense responses in cultured parsley cells by plant cell wall fragments. Plant Physiol 84: 1286–1290
Davis KR, Darvill AG, Albersheim P (1986a) Host-pathogen interactions. XXIX. Oligogalacturonides released from sodium polypectate by endopolygalacturonic acid lyase are elicitors of phytoalexins in soybean. Plant Physiol 80: 568–577
Davis KR, Darvill AG, Albersheim P, Dell A (1986b) Host-pathogen interactions. XXX. Characterization of elicitors of phytoalexin accumulation in soybean released from soybean cell walls by endopolygalacturonic acid lyase. Z Naturforsch 41c: 39–48
Delaney, T. P., Uknes, S., Vernooij, B., Friedrich, L., Weymann, K., Negrotto, D., Gaffney, T., Gut-Rella M, Kessmann H, Ward E, Ryals J (1994) A central role of salicylic acid in plant disease resistance. Science 266: 1247–1250
Devergne J-C, Bonnet P, Panabières F, Blein J-P, Ricci P (1992) Migration of the fungal protein cryptogein within tobacco plants. Plant Physiol 99: 843–847
Devlin WS, Gustine DL (1992) Involvement of the oxidative burst in phytoalexin accumulation and the hypersensitive reaction. Plant Physiol 100: 1189–1195
De Wit PJGM, Hofman AE, Velthuis GCM, Kuc JA (1985) Isolation and characterization of an elicitor of necrosis isolated from intercellular fluids of compatible interactions of Cladosporium fidvum (syn. Fulvia fulva) and tomato. Plant Physiol 77: 642–647
Dittrich H, Kutchan TM, Zenk MH (1992) The jasmonate precursor, 12-oxo-phytodienoic acid, induces phytoalexin synthesis in Petroselinum crispum cell cultures. FEBS Lett 309: 33–36
Dixon RA, Harrison MJ (1990) Activation, structure and organization of genes involved in microbial defence in plants. Adv Genet 28: 165–234
Dixon RA, Lamb CJ (1990) Molecular communication in interactions between plants and microbial pathogens. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 41: 339–367
Doke N (1983) Involvement of superoxide anion generation in the hypersensitive response of potato tuber tissues to infection with an incompatible race of Phytophthora infestans and to the hyphal wall components. Physiol Plant Pathol 23: 345–357
Doke N (1985) NADPH-dependent 02 generation in membrane fractions isolated from wounded potato tubers inoculated with Phytophthora infestans. Physiol Plant Pathol 27: 311–322
Doke N, Garas NA, Kuc J (1980) Effect on host hypersensitivity of suppressors released during the germination of Phytophthora infestans cytospores. Phytopathology 70: 35–39
Dong X, Mindrinos M, Davis KR, Ausubel FM (1991) Induction of Arabidopsis defense genes by virulent and avirulent Pseudomonas syringae strains and by a cloned avirulent gene. Plant Cell 3: 61–72
Doubrava NS, Dean A, Kuc J (1988) Induction of systemic resistance to anthracnose caused by Colletotrichum lagenarium in cucumber by oxalate and extracts from spinach and rhubarb leaves. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 33: 69–79
Downie JA, Walker SA (1999) Plant responses to nodulation factors. Cur Opinion Plant Biol 2: 483–489
Drebak BK (1993) Plant phosphoinositides and intracellular signaling. Plant Physiol 102: 705–709
Drobak BK, Ferguson IB (1985) Release of Cat` from plant hypocotyl microsomes by inositol1,4,5-triphosphate. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 130: 1241–1246
Dron M, Clouse SD, Dixon RA, Lawton MA, Lamb CJ (1988) Glutathione and fungal elicitor regulation of a plant defense gene promoter in electroporated protoplasts. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85: 6738–6742
Ebel J, Cosio EG (1994) Elicitors of plant defense responses. Inter Rev Cytol 148: 1–36
Ebel J, Scheel D (1992) Elicitor recognition and signal transduction. In: Boller T, Meins F Jr (eds) Genes involved in plant defense. Springer-Verlag, Wien, pp 183–205
Einspahr KJ, Thompson GAJr (1990) Transmembrane signaling via phosphatidylinositol 4,5bisphosphate hydrolysis in plants. Plant Physiol 93: 361–366
Ellis JS, Keenan PJ, Rathmell WG, Friend J (1993) Inhibition of phytoalexin accumulation in potato tuber discs by superoxide scavengers. Phytochemistry 34: 649–655
Enyedi AJ, Yalpani N, Silverman P, Raskin 1 (1992) Localization, conjugation, and function of salicylic acid in tobacco during the hypersensitive reaction to tobacco mosaic virus. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 2480–2484
Ernst D, Schraudner M, Langebartels C, Sandermann HJr (1992) Ozone-induced changes of mRNA levels of 3–1,3-glucanase, chitinase and ‘pathogenesis-related’ protein l b in tobacco plants. Plant Mol Biol 20: 673–682
Esquerré-Tugayé M-T, Fournier J, Mazau D, Mouly A, Pouénat ML, Rickauer M, Rumeau D, Sancan JP (1990) Cellular and molecular approaches of defense in plants. In: Ranjeva R, Boudet AM (eds) Signal perception and transduction in higher plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 275–281
Etzler ME, Kalsi G, Ewing NN, Roberts NJ, Day RB, Murphy JB (1999) A nod factor binding lectin with apyrase activity from legume roots. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96: 5856–5861
Farmer EE (1994) Fatty acid signalling in plants and their associated microorganisms. Plant Mol Biol 26: 1423–1437
Farmer EE, Helgeson JP (1987) An extracellular protein from Phytophthora parasitica var nicotianae is associated with stress metabolite accumulation in tobacco callus. Plant Physiol 85: 733–740
Favaron F, Alghisi P, Marciano P, Magro P (1988) Polygalacturonase isozymes and oxalic acid produced by Sclerotinia sclerotiorum in soybean hypocotyls as elicitors of glyceol lin. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 33: 385–395
Felix G, Grosskopf DG, Regenass M, Boller T (1991) Rapid changes of protein phosphorylation are involved in transduction of the elicitor signal in plant cells. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8831–8834
Felix G, Regenass M, Spanu P, Boller T (1994) The protein phosphatase inhibitor calyculin A mimics elicitor action in plant cells and induces rapid hyperphosphorylation of specific proteins as revealed by pulse labeling with [33P]phosphate. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 91: 952956
Fernandez-Bolanos J, Heredia A (1993) Review: Plant cell wall fragments as elicitors. Rev Esp Cienc Tecnol Aliment 33: 577–596
Firmin JL, Wilson KE, Rossen L, Johnston AWB (1986) Flavonoid activation of nodulation genes in Rhizobium reversed by other compounds present in plants. Nature 324: 90–92
Fournier J, Pelissier B, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T (1986) Induction of lipoxygenase activity in cultured tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) cells by elicitor of ethylene from Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae. CR Acad Sci Paris t 303: 15: 651–654
Frey T, Cosio EG, Ebel J (1993) Affinity purification and characterization of a binding protein for a hepta-(3-glucoside phytoalexin elicitor in soybean. Phytochemistry 32: 543–550
Fricker MD, Gilroy SG, Trewavas AJ (1990) Signal transduction in plant cells and the calcium message. In: Ranjeva R, Boudet AM (eds) Signal Perception and Transduction in Higher Plants, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 89–102
Friedrich L, Lawton K, Ruess W, Masner P, Specker N, Gut-Rella M, Meier B, Dincher S, Staub T, Uknes S, Métraux J-P, Kessmann H, Ryals J (1996) A benzothiadiazole derivative induces systemic acquired resistance in tobacco. Plant J 10: 61–70
Fügedi P, Garegg PJ, Kvarnström I, Svansson L (1988) Synthesis of a heptasaccharide structurally related to the phytoelicitor active glucan of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. J Carbohydr Chem 7: 389–397
Fukuda Y, Shinshi H (1994) Characterization of a novel cis-acting element that is responsive to a fungal elicitor in the promoter of a tobacco class I chitinase gene. Plant Mol. Biol. 24: 485493.
Gaffney T, Friedrich L, Vernooij B, Negrotto D, Nye G, Uknes S, Ward E, Kessmann H, Ryals J (1993) Requirement of salicylic acid for the induction of systemic acquired resistance. Science 261: 754–756
Galliano H, Cabané M, Eckerskorn C, Lottspeich F, Sandermann HJr, Ernst D (1993) Molecular cloning, sequence analysis and elicitor-/ozone-induced accumulation of cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase from Norway spruce (Picea abies L.). Plant Mol Biol 23: 145–156
Gelvin SB (1992) Chemical signaling between Agrobacterium and its plant host. In: Verma DPS (ed) Molecular signals in plant-microbe communications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 137–167
Gilbert RD, Johnson AM, Dean RA (1996) Chemical signals responsible for appressorium formation in the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 48: 335–346
Gilman AG (1987) G proteins: transducers of receptor-generated signals. Annu Rev Biochem 56: 615–649
Godoy G, Steadman JR, Dickman MB (1990) Use of mutants to demonstrate the role of oxalic acid in pathogenicity of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum on Phaseolus vulgaris. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 37: 179–191
Grab D, Feger M, Ebel J (1989) An endogenous factor from soybean (Glycine max L.) cell cultures activates phosphorylation of a protein which is dephosphorylated in vivo in elicitor-challenged cells. Planta 179: 340–348
Gross W, Boss WF (1993) Inositol phospholipids and signal transduction. In: Verma DPS (ed) Control of plant gene expression. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 17–32
Gundlach H, Müller Mi, Kutchan TM, Zenk MH (1992) Jasmonic acid is a signal transducer in elicitor-induced plant cell cultures. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89: 2389–2393
Gutierrez M-C, Parry A, Tena M, Jorrin J, Edwards R (1995) Abiotic elicitation of coumarin phytoalexins in sunflower. Phytochemistry 38: 1185–1191
Haga M, Kohno Y, Iwata M, Sekizawa Y (1995) Superoxide anion generation in rice blade protoplasts with the blast fungus proteoglucomannan elicitor as determined by CLA-phenyl luminescence and its suppression by treating the elicitor with a-D-mannosidase. Biosci Biotech Biochem 59: 969–973
Hahn M, Jüngling S, Knogge W (1993a) Cultivar-specific elicitation of barley defense reactions by the phytotoxic peptide NIP 1 from Rhynchosporium secalis. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 6: 745–754
Hahn MG (1996) Microbial elicitors and their receptors in plants. Annu Rev Phytopathol 34: 387412
Hahn MG, Grisebach H (1983) Cyclic AMP is not involved as a second messenger in the reponse of soybean to infection by Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Z Naturforsch 38c: 578582
Hahn MG, Cheong J-J, Alba R, Enkerli J, Côté F (1993b) Oligosaccharide elicitors: structures and recognition. In: Fritig B, Legrand M (eds) Mechanisms of plant defense responses. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 99–116
Hansford RG, Castro F (1985) Role of calcium in pyruvate dehydrogenase interconversion in brain mitochondria and synaptosomes. Biochem J 227: 129–136
Hayami C, Otani H, Nishimura S, Kohmoto K (1982) Induced resistance in pear leaves by spore germination fluids of nonpathogens to Alternaria alternata Japanese pear pathotype and suppression of the induction by AK-toxin. J Fac Agric Tottori Univ 17: 9–18
Hong N, Ogawa T (1990) Stereocontrolled syntheses of phytoalexin elicitor-active (3-D-glucohexaoside and ß-D-glucononaoside. Tetrahedr Lett 31: 3179–3182
Horn MA, Heinstein PF, Low PS (1989) Receptor-mediated endocytosis in plant cells. Plant Cell 1: 1003–1009
Huang J-S, Goodman RN (1970) The relationship of phosphatidase activity to the hypersensitive reaction in tobacco induced by bacteria. Phytopathology 60: 1020–1021
Huet J-C, Pernollet J-C (1989) Amino acid sequence of cinnamomin, a new member of the elicitin family, and its comparison to cryptogein and capsicein. FEBS Lett 257: 302–306
Huet J-C, Pernollet J-C (1993) Sequences of acidic and basic elicitin isoforms secreted by Phytophthora megasperma megasperma. Phytochemistry 33: 797–805
Huet J-C, Nespoulous C, Pernollet J-C (1992) Structures of elicitin isoforms secreted by Phytophthora drechsleri. Phytochemistry 31: 1471–1476
Huet J-C, Mansion M, Pernollet J-C (1993) Amino acid sequence of the a-elicitin secreted by Phytophthora cactorum. Phytochemistry 34: 1261–1264
Huet J-C, Sallé-Tourne M, Pernollet J-C (1994) Amino acid sequence and toxicity of the a elicitin secreted with ubiquitin by Phytophthora infestans. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 7: 302304
Huet J-C, Le Caer J-P, Nespoulous C, Pernollet J-C (1995) The relationships between the toxicity and the primary and secondary structures of elicitinlike protein elicitors secreted by the phytopathogenic fungus Pythium vexans. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 8: 302–310
Hunt MD, Ryals JA (1996) Systemic acquired resistance signal transduction. Crit Rev Plant Sci 15: 583–606
Hunter T, Karin M (1992) The regulation of transcription by phosphorylation. Cell 70: 375–387
Ichinose Y, Toyoda K, Barz W (1999) cDNA cloning and gene expression of three small GTP- binding proteins in defense response of chickpea. Biochim Biophys Acta 1489: 462–466
Ito Y, Kaku H, Shibuya N (1997) Identification of a high-affinity binding protein for N-acetylchito-oligosaccharide elicitor in the plasma membrane of suspension-cultured rice cells by affinity labeling. Plant J 12: 347–356
Jacinto T, Farmer EE, Ryan CA (1993) Purification of potato leaf plasma membrane protein pp34, a protein phosphorylated in response to oligogalacturonide signals for defense and development. Plant Physiol 103: 1393–1397
Jaffe LF (1968) Localization in the developing Fucus egg and the general role of localizing currents. Adv Morphog 7: 295–328
Jakschik B, Sun F, Lee L, Steinhoff M (1980) Calcium stimulation of a novel lipoxygenase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 95: 103–110
Ji C, Okinaka Y, Takesuchi Y, Tsurushima T., Buzzell R, Sims JJ, Midland SL, Slaymaker D, Yoshikawa M, Yamaoka N, Keen NT (1997) Specific binding of the syringolide elicitors to a soluble protein fraction from soybean leaves. Plant Cell 9: 1425–1433
Johannes E, Brosnan JM, Sanders D (1991) Calcium channels and signal transduction in plant cells. BioEssays 13: 331–336
Joosten MHAJ, Cozijnsen TJ, De Wit PJGM (1994) Host resistance to a fungal tomato pathogen lost by a single base-pair change in an avirulent gene. Nature 367: 384–386
Jung J-L, Maurel S, Fritig B, Hahne G (1995) Different pathogenesis-related proteins are expressed in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.) in response to physical, chemical and stress factors. J Plant Physiol 145: 153–160
Kamoun S, Klucher KM, Coffey MD, Tyler BM (1993) A gene encoding a host-specific elicitor protein of Phytophthora parasitica. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 6: 573–581
Kamoun S, Young M, Förster H, Coffey MD, Tyler BM (1994) Potential role of elicitins in the interaction between Phytophthora species and tobacco. Appl Environ Microbiol 60: 15931598
Kämper.JT, Kämper U, Roger LM, Kolattukudy PE (1994) Identification of regulatory elements in the cutinase promoter from Fusarium solani f. sp. pisi (Nectria haematococca). J Biol Chem 269: 9195–9204
Kato H, Wada M, Muraya K, Malik K, Shiraishi T, Ichinose Y, Yamada T (1995) Characterization of nuclear factors for elicitor-mediated activation of the promoter of the pea phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene 1. Plant Physiol 108: 129–139
Kauss H, Waldmann T, Jeblick W, Euler G, Ranjeva R, Domard A (1989) Ca’ is an important but not the only signal in callose synthesis induced by chitosan, saponins and polyene antibiotics. In: Lugtenberg BJJ (ed) Signal molecules in plants and plant-microbe interactions. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 107–116
Kauss H, Waldmann T, Quader H (1990) Ca’ as a signal in the induction of callose synthesis. In: Ranjeva R, Boudet AM (eds) Signal perception and transduction in higher plants. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 117–131
Kauss H, Waldmann T, Jeblick W, Takemoto JY (1991) The phytotoxin syringomycin elicits Ca“-dependent callose synthesis in suspension-cultured cells of Catharanthus roseus. Physiol Plant 81: 134–138
Kawakita K, Doke N (1994) Involvement of a GTP-binding protein in signal transduction in potato tubers treated with the fungal elicitor from Phytophthora infestans. Plant Sci 96: 81–86
Keen NT (1975) Specific elicitors of plant phytoalexin production: determinants of race specificity in pathogens? Science 187: 74–75
Keen NT, Dawson WO (1992) Pathogen avirulence genes and elicitors of plant defense. In: Boller T, Meins F Jr (eds) Genes involved in plant defense. Springer-Verlag, Wien, pp 85114
Keen NT, Tamaki S, Kobayashi D, Gerhold D, Stayton M, Shen H, Gold S, Lorang J, ThordalChristensen H, Dahlbeck D, Staskawicz B (1990) Bacteria expressing avirulent gene D produce a specific elicitor of the soybean hypersensitive reaction. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 3: 112–121
Keen NT, Sims JJ, Midland S, Yoder M, Jurnak F, Shen H, Boyd C, Yucel I, Lorang J, Murillo J (1993) Determinants of specificity in the interaction of plants with bacterial pathogens. In: Nester EW, Verma DPS (eds) Advances in molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 211–220
Kendra DF, Hadwiger LA (1987) Calcium and calmodulin may not regulate the disease resistance and pisatin formation responses of Pisum sativum to chitosan or Fusarium solani. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 31: 337–348
Kendra DF, Christian D, Hadwiger LA (1989) Chitosan oligomers from Fusarium solani/pea interactions, chitinase/j3-glucanase digestion of sporelings and fungal wall chitin actively inhibit fungal growth and enhance disease resistance. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 35: 215–230
Kessmann H, Barz W (1986) Elicitation and suppression of phytoalexin and isoflavone accumulation in cotyledons of Cicer arietinum L. as caused by wounding and by polymeric components from the fungus Ascochyta rabiei. J Phytopathol 117: 321–335
Kiba A, Toyoda K, Ichinose Y, Yamada T, Shiraishi T (1995) Specific inhibition of cell wall-bound ATPases by fungal suppressor from Mycosphaerella pinodes. Plant Cell Physiol 36: 809–817
Kobayashi A, Akiyama K, Kawazu K (1994) Partially N-deacetylated chitin fragments are strong elicitors for (+)-pisatin induction in epicotyls of pea. Z Naturforsch 49c: 302–308
Kobayashi DY, Tamaki SJ, Keen NT (1989) Cloned avirulent genes from the tomato pathogen Pseudomonas syringae pv. tomato confer cultivar specificity on soybean. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 86: 157–161
Koda Y (1992) The role of jasmonic acid and related compounds in the regulation of plant development. Int Rev Cytol. 135: 155–199
Koga J,Yamauchi T, Shimura M, Ogawa N, Oshima K, Umemura K, Kikuchi M, Ogasawara N (1998) Cerebrosides A and C, sphingolipid elicitors of hypersensitive cell death and phytoalexin accumulation in rice plants. J. Biol. Chem. 273:31985–31991
Kogel G, Beissmann B, Reisener HJ, Kogel KH (1988) A single glycoprotein from Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici cell walls elicits the hypersensitive lignification response in wheat. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 33: 173–185
Kogel G, Beissmann B, Reisener HJ, Kogel K (1991) Specific binding of a hypersensitive lignification elicitor from Puccinia graminis f. sp. tritici to the plasma membrane from wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Planta 183: 164–169
Köhle H, Young DH, Kauss H (1984) Physiological changes in suspension-cultured soybean cells elicited by treatment with chitosan. Plant Sci Lett 33: 221–230
Köhle H, Jeblick W, Poten F, Blaschek W, Kauss H (1985) Chitosan-elicited callose synthesis in soybean cells as a Cat+-dependent process. Plant Physiol 77: 544–551
Kolattukudy PE (1992) Plant-fungal communications that trigger genes for breakdown and reinforcement of host defensive barriers. In: Verma DPS (ed) Molecular signals in plant-microbe communications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 65–83
Kolattukudy PE, Rogers LM, Li D, Hwang C-S, Flaishman MA (1995) Surface signaling in pathogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4080–4087
Kondo Y, Kawai Y, Hayashi T, Ohnishi M, Miyazawa T, Itoh S, Mizutani J (1993) Lipoxygenase in soybean seedlings catalyzes the oxygenation of phospholipid and such activity changes after treatment with fungal elicitor. Biochim Biophys Acta 1170: 301–306
Korfhage U, Trezzini GF, Meier I, Hahlbrock K, Somssich IE (1994) Plant homeodomain protein involved in transcriptional regulation of a pathogen defense-related gene. Plant Cell 6: 695708
Kosslak RM, Bookland R, Barkei J, Paaren HE, Applebaum ER (1987) Induction of Bradyrhizobiumjaponicum common nod genes by isoflavones isolated from Glycine max. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 7428–7432
Kurosaki F, Nishi A (1993) Stimulation of calcium influx and calcium cascade by cyclic AMP in cultured carrot cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 302: 144–151
Kurosaki F, Tsurusawa Y, Nishi A (1987a) The elicitation of phytoalexins by Ca’ and cyclic AMP in carrot cells. Phytochemistry 26: 1919–1923
Kurosaki F, Tsurusawa Y, Nishi A (1987b) Breakdown of phosphatidylinositol during the elicitation of phytoalexin production in cultured carrot cells. Plant Physiol 85: 601–604
Lamb C, Dixon RA (1997) The oxidative burst in plant disease resistance. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 48: 251–275
Lawton KA, Friedrich L, Hunt M, Weymann K, Delaney T, Kessmann H, Staub T, Ryals J (1996) Benzothiadiazole induces disease resistance in Arabidopsis by activation of the systemic acquired resistance signal transduction pathway. Plant J 10: 71–82
Lawton MA, Lamb CA (1987) Transcriptional activation of defense genes by fungal elicitor, wounding, and infection. Mol Cell Biol 7: 335–341
Lebrun-Garcia A, Ouaked F, Chitlz A, Pugin A (1998) Activation of MAPK homologues by elicitors in tobacco cells. Plant J 15: 773–781
Lebrun-Garcia A, Bourque S, Binet M-N, Ouaked F, Wendehenne D, Chitlz A, Schaffner A, Pugin A (1999) Involvement of plasma membrane proteins in plant defense responses.
Analysis of the cryptogein signal transduction in tobacco. Biochimie 81:663–668
Lee H-I, León J, Raskin I (1995) Biosynthesis and metabolism of salicylic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4076–4079
Legendre L, Heinstein PF, Low PS (1992) Evidence for participation of GTP-binding proteins in elicitation of the rapid oxidative burst in cultured soybean cells. J Biol Chem 267: 20140–20147
Legendre L, Yueh YG, Crain R, Haddock N, Heinstein PF, Low PS (1993) Phospholipase C activation during elicitation of the oxidative burst in cultured plant cells. J Biol Chem 268: 24559–24563
Lehle L (1990) Phosphatidylinositol metabolism and its role in signal transduction in growing plants. Plant Mol Biol 15: 647–658
León J, Yalpani N, Raskin I, Lawton MA (1993) Induction of benzoic acid 2-hydroxylase in virus-inoculated tobacco. Plant Physiol 103: 323–328
Leroux B, Yanofsky MF, Winans SC, Ward JE, Ziegler SF, Nester EW (1987) Characterization of the virA locus of Agrobacterium tumefaciens: a transcriptional regulation and host range determinant. EMBO J 6: 849–856
Levine A, Tenhaken R, Dixon R, Lamb C (1994) H202 from the oxidative burst orchestrates the plant hypersensitive disease resistance response. Cell 79: 583–593
Lhomme O, Bruneteau M, Costello CE, Mas P, Molot P-M, Dell A, Tiller PR, Michel G (1990) Structural investigations and biological activity of inositol sphingophospho-lipids from Phytophthora capsici. Eur J Biochem 191: 203–209
Lois R, Dietrich A, Hahlbrock K, Schulz W (1989) A phenylalanine ammonia-lyase gene from parsley: structure, regulation and identification of eleicitor and light responsive cis-acting elements. EMBO J 8: 1641–1648
Longman D, Callow JA (1987) Specific saccharide residues are involved in the recognition of plant root surfaces by zoospores of Pythium aphanidermatum. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 30: 139–150
Low PS, Merida JR (1996) The oxidative burst in plant defense: function and signal transduction. Physiol Plant 96: 533–542
Lupu R, Grossman S, Cohen Y (1980) The involvement of lipoxygenase and antioxidants in pathogenesis of powdery mildew on tobacco plants. Physiol Plant Pathol 16: 241–248
Malamy J, Carr JP, Klessig DF, Raskin 1 (1990) Salicylic acid: A likely endogenous signal in the resistance response of tobacco to viral infection. Science 250: 1002–1004
Marmé D (1989) The role of calcium and calmodulin in signal transduction. In: Boss WF, Morré DJ (eds) Second messengers in plant growth and development. Alan R. Liss, New York, pp 57–80
Mateos FV, Rickauer M, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T (1997) Cloning and characterization of a cDNA encoding an elicitor of Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae that shows cellulose-binding and lectin-like activities. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 10: 1045–1053
Mayama S, Tani T, Ueno T, Midland SL, Sims J.1, Keen NT (1986) The purification of victorin and its phytoalexin elicitor activity in oat leaves. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 29: 1–18
McDowell JM, Dangl JL (2000) Signal transduction in the plant immune response. Trend Biochem Sci 25: 74–79
Mehdy MC (1994) Active oxygen species in plant defense against pathogens. Plant Physiol 105: 467–472
Mehdy MC, Sharma YK, Sathasivan K, Bays NW (1996) The role of activated oxygen species in plant disease resistance. Physiol Plant 98: 365–374
Messiaen J, Van Cutsem P (1993) Defense gene transcription in carrot cells treated with oligogalacturonides. Plant Cell Physiol 34: 1117–1123
Métraux JP, Signer H, Ryals J, Ward E, Wyss-Benz M, Gaudin J, Raschdorf K, Schmid E, Blum W, Inverardi B (1990) Increase in salicylic acid at the onset of systemic acquired resistance in cucumber. Science 250: 1004–1006
Mitchell HJ, Hall JL, Barber MS (1994) Elicitor-induced cinnamyl alcohol dehydrogenase activity in lignifying wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) leaves. Plant Physiol 104: 551–556
Mithöfer A, Fliegmann J, Ebel J (1999) Isolation of a French bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) homolog to the ß-glucan elicitor-binding protein of soybean (Glycine max L.). Biochim Biophys Acta 1418: 127–132
Mo Y-Y, Gross DC (1991) Plant signal molecules activate the syrB gene, which is required for syringomycin production by Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. J Bacteriol 173: 5784–5792
Mo Y-Y, Geibel M, bonsall RF, Gross DC (1995) Analysis of sweet cherry (Prunus avium L.) leaves for plant signal molecules that activate the syrB gene required for synthesis of the phytotoxin, syringomycin, by Pseudomonas syringae pv syringae. Plant Physiol 107: 603–612
Montillet J-L, Degousée N (1991) Hydroperoxides induce glyceollin accumulation in soybean. Plant Physiol Biochem 29: 689–694
Mouly A, Rumeau D, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T (1992) Differential accumulation of hydroxyprolinerich glycoprotein transcripts in sunflower plants infected with Sclerotinia sclerotiorum or treated with oxalic acid. Plant Sci 85: 51–59
Mouton-Perronnet F, Bruneteau M, Denoroy L, Bouliteau P, Ricci P, Bonne P, Michel G (1995) Elicitin produced by an isolate of Phytophthora parasitica pathogenic to tobacco. Phytochemistry 38: 41–44
Mueller MJ, Brodschelm W, Spannagl E, Zenk MIT (1993) Signaling in the elicitation process is mediated through the octadecanoid pathway leading to jasmonic acid. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 90: 7490–7494
Nasu K, Shiraishi T, Yoshioka H, Hori N, Ichinose Y, Yamada T, Oku H (1992) An endogenous suppressor of the defense response in Pisum sativum. Plant Cell Physiol 33: 617–626
Nennstiel D, Scheel D, Nürnberger T (1998) Characterization and partial purification of an oligopeptide elicitor receptor from parsley (Petroselinum crispum). FEBS Lett 431: 405–410
Neuenschwander U, Vernooij B, Friedrich L, Uknes S, Kessmann H, Ryals J (1995) Is hydrogen peroxide a second messenger of salicylic acid in systemic acquired resistance? Plant J 8: 227–233
Neuenschwander U, Lawton K, Ryals J (1996) Systemic acquired resistance. In: Stacey G, Keen NT (eds) Plant microbe interactions. Chapman and Hall, New York, pp 81–106
Newman MA, Daniels MJ, Dow, JM (1995) Lipopolysaccharide from Xanthomonas campestris induces defense-related gene expression in Brassica campestris. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 8: 778–780
Niebel A, Gressent F, Bono J-J, Ranjeva R, Cullmore J (1999) Recent advances in the study of Nod factor perception and signal transduction. Biochimie 81: 669–674
Nojiri H, Sugimori M, Yamane H, Nishimura Y, Yamada A, Shibuya N, Kodama O, Murofushi N, Omori T (1996) Involvement ofjasmonic acid in elicitor-induced phytoalexin production in suspension-cultured rice cells. Plant Physiol 110: 387–392
Nothnagel EA, McNeil M, Albersheim P, Dell A (1983) Host-pathogen interactions. XXII. A galacturonic aicd oligosaccharide from plant cell walls elicits phytoalexins. Plant Physiol 71: 916–926
Nürnberger T, Nennstiel D, Jabs T, Sacks WR, Hahlbrock K, Scheel D (1994) High affinity binding of a fungal oligopeptide elicitor to parsley plasma membranes triggers multiple defense responses. Cell 78: 449–460
Nürnberger T, Nennstiel D, Hahlbrock K, Scheel D (1995) Covalent cross-linking of the Phytophthora megasperma oligopeptide elicitor to its receptor in parsley membranes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 2338–2342
Ocampo CA, Moerschbacher B, Grambow HJ (1986) Increased lipoxygenase activity is involved in the hypersensitive response of wheat leaf cells infected with avirulent rust fungi or treated with fungal elicitor. Z Naturforsch 41c: 559–563
Ohta H, Shida K, Peng Y-L, Furusawa I, Shishiyama J, Aibara S, Morita Y (1991) A lipoxygenase pathway is activated in rice after infection with the rice blast fungus Magnaporthe grisea. Plant Physiol 97: 94–98
Oku H (1992) Gene expression in susceptibility and resistance of fungal plant diseases. In: Verma DPS (ed) Molecular signals in plant-microbe communications. CRC Press, Boca Raton, pp 49–64
Palm CJ, Costa MA, An G, Ryan CA (1990) Wound-inducible nuclear protein binds DNA fragments that regulate a proteinase inhibitor Il gene from potato. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 603–607
Parker JE, Schulte W, Hahlbrock K, Scheel D (1991) An extracellular glycoprotein from Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea elicits phytoalexin synthesis in cultured parsley cells and protoplasts. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 4: 19–27
Pearce G, Strydom D, Johnson S, Ryan CA (1991) A polypeptide from tomato leaves induces wound-inducible proteinase inhibitor proteins. Science 253: 895–898
Peña-Cortés H, Albrecht T, Prat S, Weiler EW, Willmitzer L (1993) Aspirin prevents wound-induced gene expression in tomato leaves by blocking jasmonic acid biosynthesis. Planta 191: 123–128
Pernollet J-C, Sallantin M, Sallé-Tourne M, Huet J-C (1993) Elicitin isoforms from seven Phytophthora species: comparison of their physico-chemical properties and toxicity to tobacco and other plant species. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 42: 53–67
Peters NK, Frost JW, Long SR (1986) A plant flavone, luteolin, induces expression of Rhizobium meliloti nodulation genes. Science 233: 977–980
Phillips DA, Joseph CM, Maxwell CA (1992) Trigonelline and stachydrine released from alfalfa seeds activate NodD2 preotein in Rhizobium meliloti. Plant Physiol 99: 1526–1531
Pingret J-L, Journet E-P, Barker DG (1998) Rhizobium Nod factor signaling: evidence for a G protein-mediated transduction mechanism. Plant Cell 10: 659–671
Pivot V, Bruneteau M, Mas P, Bompeix G, Michel G (1994) Isolation, characterization and biological activity of inositol sphingophospholipids from Phytophthora capsici. Lipids 29: 2125
Podila GK, Rogers LM, Kolattukudy PE (1993) Chemical signals from avocado surface wax trigger germination and appressorium formation in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides. Plant Physiol 103: 267–272
Poovaiah BW, Reddy ASN (1993) Calcium and signal transduction in plants. Crit Rev Plant Sci 12: 185–211
Randeep R, Shigeru T, Osamu K (1996) Role of jasmonic acid as a signaling molecule in coppern chloride-elicited rice phytoalexin production. Biosci Biotech Biochem 60: 1046–1048
Raskin I, Skubatz H, Tamg W, Meeuse BJD (1990) Salicylic acid levels in thermogenic and non-thermogenic plants. Ann Bot 66: 369–373
Rasmussen JB, Hammerschmidt R, Zook MN (1991) Systemic induction of salicylic acid accumulation in cucumber after inoculation with Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae. Plant Physiol 97: 1342–1347
Redmond JW, Batley M, Djordjevic MA, Innes RW, Kuempel PL, Rolfe BG (1986) Flavones induce expression of nodulation genes in Rhizobium. Nature 323: 632–635
Ren Y-Y, West CA (1991) Elicitation of diterpene biosynthesis in rice (Oryza sativa L.) by chitin. Plant Physiol 99: 1169–1178
Renelt A, Coiling C, Hahlbrock K, Nürnberger T, Parker JE, Sacks WR, Scheel D (1993) Studies on elicitor recognition and signal transduction in plant defence. J Exp Bot 44: 257–268
Ricci P, Panabieres F, Bonnet P, Maia N, Ponchet M, Devergne J-C, Marais A, Cardin L, Milat ML, Blein JP (1993) Proteinaceous elicitors of plant defense responses. In: Fritig B, Legrand M (eds) Mechanisms of plant defense responses. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 121–135
Ride JP, Barber MS (1987) The effects of various treatments on induced lignification and the resistance of wheat to fungi. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 31: 349–360
Rincón M, Boss WF (1990) Second-messenger role of phosphoinositides. In: Morré DJ, Boss
WF, Loewus FA (eds) Inositol metabolism in plants. Wiley-Liss, New York, pp 173–200 Robertsen B (1986) Elicitors of the production of lignin-like compounds in cucumber hypocotyls. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 28: 137–148
Robertsen B (1989) Pectate lyase from Cladosporium cucumerinum, purification, biochemical properties and ability to induce lignification in cucumber hypocotyls. Mycol Res 94: 595–602
Roy S, Pouénat M-L, Caumont C, Cariven C, Prévost M-C, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T (1995) Phospholipase activity and phospholipid patterns in tobacco cells treated with fungal elicitor. Plant Sci 107: 17–25
Ryals J, Uknes S, Ward E (1994) Systemic acquired resistance. Plant Physiol 104: 1109–1112
Ryals J, Lawton KA, Delaney TP, Friedrich L, Kessmann H, Neuenschwander U, Uknes S, Vernooij B, Weymann K (1995) Signal transduction in systemic acquired resistance. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4202–4205
Ryan CA (2000) The systemin signaling pathway: differential activation of plant defensive genes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1477: 112–121
Ryan CA, Farmer EE (1991) Oligosaccharide signals in plants: a current assessment. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 42: 651–674
Sacks W (1995) Molecular characterization of nucleotide sequences encoding the extracellular glycoprotein elicitor from Phytophthora megasperma. Mol Gen Genet 246: 45–55
Saini RS, Chawia HKL, Wagle DS (1990) Catabolic activity of two phosphoric diester hydrolases in wheat leaves inoculated with brown rust, Puccinia recondita. Biol Plant 32: 313–318
Sanchez-Casas P, Klessig DF (1994) A salicylic acid-binding activity and a salicylic acid-inhibitable catalase activity are present in a variety of plant species. Plant Physiol 106: 1675–1679
Sandermann H Jr, Ernst D, Heller W, Langebartels C (1998) Ozone: an abiotic elicitor of plant defence reactions. Trend Plant Sci 3: 2: 47–50
Sano H, Ohashi Y (1995) Involvement of small GTP-binding proteins in defense signal-transduction pathways of higher plants. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 92: 4138–4144
Schaffrath U, Scheinpflug H, Reisener HJ (1995) An elicitor from Pyricularia oryzae induces resistance responses in rice: isolation, characterization and physiological properties. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 46: 293–307
Scheel D, Coiling C, Keller H, Parker J, Schulte W, Hahlbrock K (1989) Studies on elicitor recognition and signal transduction in host and non-host plant/fungus pathogenic interactions. In: Lugtenberg BJJ (ed) Signal molecules in plants and plant-microbe interactions. Springer-Verlag, Berlin, pp 211–218
Scheel D, Coiling C, Hedrich R, Kawalleck P, Parker JE, Sacks WR, Somssich IE, Hahlbrock K (1991) Signals in plant defence gene activation. In: Hennecke H, Verma DPS (eds) Advances in molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions, vol 1. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 373–380
Scheel D, Hahlbrock K, Jabs T, Nürnberger T, Sacks WR (1994) Specific recognition of a fungal oligopeptide elicitor by parsley cells. In: Daniels MJ, Downie JA, Osboum-AE (eds) Advances in molecular genetics of plant-microbe interactions, vol 3. Kluwer, Dordrecht, pp 313–318
Schmidt WE, Ebel J (1987) Specific binding of a fungal glucan phytoalexin elicitor to membrane fractions from soybean Glycine max. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 84: 4117–4121
Schottens-Toma IMJ, De Wit PJGM (1988) Purification and primary structure of a necrosis-inducing peptide from the apoplastic fluids of tomato infected with Cladosporium fulvum (syn. Fulvia fulva). Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 33: 59–67
Sejalon-Del mas N, Mateos FV, Bottin A, Rickauer M, Dargent R, Esquerré-Tugayé M-T (1997). Purification, elicitor activity, and cell wall localization of a glycoprotein from Phytophthora parasitica var. nicotianae, a fungal pathogen of tobacco. Phytopathology 87: 899–909
Sembdner G, Parthier B (1993) The biochemistry and the physiological and molecular actions of jasmonates. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 44: 569–589
Sharp JK, McNeil M, Albersheim P (1984) The primary structures of one elicitor-active and seven elicitor-inactive hexa(ß-D-glucopyranosyl)-D-glucitols isolated from the mycelial walls of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. J Biol Chem 259: 11321–11336
Shibuya N, Kaku H, Kuchitsu K, Maliarik MJ (1993) Identification of a novel high-affinity binding site for N-acetylchitooligosaccharide elicitor in the membrane fraction from suspension-cultured rice cells. FEBS Lett 329: 75–78
Shiraishi T, Yamada T, Oku H, Yoshioka H (1991a) Suppressor production as a key factor for fungal pathogenesis. In: Patil SS, Ouchi S, Mills D, Vance C (eds) Molecular strategies of pathogens and host plants. Springer-Verlag, New York, pp 151–160
Shiraishi T, Araki M, Yoshioka H, Kobayashi I, Yamada T, Ichinose Y, Kunoh H, Oku H (1991b) Inhibition of ATPase activity in pea plasma membranes in situ by a suppressor from a pea pathogen, Mycosphaerella pinodes. Plant Cell Physiol 32: 1067–1075
Shiraishi T, Saitoh K, Kim HM, Kato T, Tahara M, Oku H, Yamada T, Ichinose Y (1992) Two suppressors, supprescins A and B, secreted by a pea pathogen, Mycosphaerella pinodes. Plant Cell Physiol 33: 663–667
Shiraishi T, Yamada T, Saitoh K, Kato T, Toyoda K, Yoshioka H, Kim H-M, Ichinose Y, Tahara M, Oku H (1994) Suppressor: determinants of specificity produced by plant pathogens. Plant Cell Physiol 35: 1107–1 119
Silverman P, Seskar M, Kanter D, Schweizer P, Métraux J-P Raskin I (1995) Salicylic acid in rice. Biosynthesis, conjugation, and possible role. Plant Physiol 108: 633–639
Smith CJ (1994) Signal transduction in elicitation of phytoalexin synthesis. Biochem Soc Trans 22: 414–419
Smith RD, Walker JC (1996) Plant protein phosphatases. Annu Rev Plant Physiol Plant Mol Biol 47: 101–125
Spencer PA, Tanaka A, Towers GHN (1990) An Agrobacterium signal compound from grapevine cultivars. Phytochemistry 29: 3785–3788
Spiteri A, Viratelle OM, Raymond P, Rancillac M, Labouesse J, Pradet A (1989) Artefactual origins of cyclic AMP in higher plant tissues. Plant Physiol 91: 624–628
Stab MR, Ebel J (1987) Effects of Ca’ on phytoalexin induction by fungal elicitor in soybean cells. Arch Biochem Biophys 257: 416–423
Stacey G, Sanjuan J, Luka S, Dockendorff T, Carlson RW (1995) Signal exchange in the Bradyrhizobium-soybean symbiosis. Soil Biol Biochem 27: 473–483
Stachel SE, Messens E, Van Montagu M, Zambryski P (1985) Identification of the signal molecules produced by wounded plant cells that activate T-DNA transfer in Agrobacterium tumefaciens. Nature 318: 624–629
Stallaert VM, Ducruet J, Tavernier E, Blein J (1995) Lipid peroxidation in tobacco leaves treated with the elicitor cryptogein: evaluation by high-temperature thermoluminescence emission and chlorophyll fluorescence. Biochim Biophys Acta 1229: 290–295
Stone JM, Walker JC (1995) Plant protein kinase families and signal transduction. Plant Physiol 108: 451–457
Storti E, Pelucchini D, Tegli S, Scala A (1988) A potential defense mechanism of tomato against the late blight disease is suppressed by germinating sporangia-derived substances from Phytophthora infestans. J Phytopathol 121: 275–282
Suzuki K, Shinshi H (1995) Transient activation and tyrosine phosphorylation of a protein kinase in tobacco cells treated with a fungal elicitor. Plant Cell 7: 639–647
Taylor JE, McAinsh MR, Montgomery L, Renwick KF, Webb AAR, Hetherington AM (1994) The use of transgenesis to investigate signal-transduction pathways. Biochem Soc Trans 22: 949–952
Tercé-Laforgue T, Huet J-C, Pernollet J-C (1992) Biosynthesis and secretion of cryptogein, a protein elicitor secreted by Phytophthora cryptogea. Plant Physiol 98: 936–941
Tietjen KG, Matern U (1984) Induction and suppression of phytoalexin biosynthesis in cultured cells of safflower, Carthamus tinctorius L., by metabolites of Alternaria carthami Chowdhu. Arch Biochem Biophys 229: 136–144
Toyoda K, Shiraishi T, Yoshioka H, Yamada T, Ichinose Y, Oku H (1992) Regulation of polyphosphoinositide metabolism in pea plasma membranes by elicitor and suppressor from a pea pathogen, Mycosphaerella pinodes. Plant Cell Physiol 33: 445–452
Toyoda K, Shiraishi T, Yamada T, Ichinose Y, Oku H (1993) Rapid changes in polyphosphoinositide metabolism in pea in response to fungal signals. Plant Cell Physiol 34: 729–735
Trewavas A, Gilroy S (1991) Signal transduction in plant cells. Trands Genet 7: 356–361
Tsuyumu S (1977) Inducer of pectic acid lyase in Erwinia carotovora. Nature 269:237–238 Van den Ackerveken GFJM, Vossen P, De Wit PJGM (1993) The avr9 race-specific elicitor of Cladosporium fulvum is processed by endogenous and plant proteases. Plant Physiol 103: 91–96
Tzeng DD, DeVay JE (1993) Role of oxygen radicals in plant disease development. Adv Plant Pathol 10: 1–34
Van Kan JAL, Van den Ackerveken GFJM, De Wit PJGM (1991) Cloning and characterization of cDNA of avirulence gene avr9 of the fungal pathogen Cladosporium fulvum, causal agent of tomato leaf mold. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 4: 52–59
Vander P, Varum KM, Domard A, EI-Gueddari NE, Moerschbacher BM (1998) Comparison of the ability of partially N-acetylated chitosans and chitooligosaccharides to elicit resistance reactions in wheat leaves. Plant Physiol 118: 1353–1359
Vera-Estrella R, Higgins VJ, Blumwald E (1992) Effect of specific elicitors of Cladosporium fulvum on tomato suspension cells. Evidence for the involvement of active oxygen species. Plant Physiol 99: 1208–1215
Vera-Estrella R, Higgins VJ, Blumwald E (1994a) Plant defense response to fungal pathogens. II. G-protein-mediated changes in host plasma membrane redox reactions. Plant Physiol 106: 97–102
Vera-Estrella R, Barkla BJ, Higgins VJ, Blumwald E (1994b) Plant defense response to fungal pathogens. Activation of host-plasma membrane H’-ATPase by elicitor-induced enzyme dephosphorylation. Plant Physiol 104: 209–215
Verhey SD, Lomax TL (1993) Signal transduction in vascular plants. J Plant Growth Regul 12: 179–195
Vernooij B, Friedrich L, Morse A, Reist R, Kolditz-Jawhar R, Ward E, Uknes S, Kessmann H, Ryals J (1994) Salicylic acid is not the translocated signal responsible for inducing systemic acquired resistance but is required in signal transduction. Plant Cell 6: 959–965
Vernooij B, Friedrich L, Ahl Goy P, Staub T, Kessmann H, Ryals J (1995) 2,6Dichloroisonicotinic acid-induced resistance to pathogens without the accumulation of salicylic acid. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 8: 228–234
Viard M-P, Martin F, Pugin A, Ricci P, Blein J-P (1994) Protein phosphorylation is induced in tobacco cells by the elicitor cryptogein. Plant Physiol 104: 1245–1249
Wada M, Kato H, Malik K, Sriprasertsak P, Ichinose Y, Shiraishi T, Yamada T (1995) A supprescin from a phytopathogenic fungus deactivates transcription of a plant defense gene encoding phenylalanine ammonia-lyase. J Mol Biol 249: 513–519
Walker-Simmons M, Hadwiger LA, Ryan CA (1983) Chitiosans and pectic poly-saccharides both induce the accumulation of the antifungal phytoalexin pisatin in pea pods and antinutrient proteinase inhibitors in tomato leaves. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 110: 194–199
Walker-Simmons M, Jin D, West CA, Hadwiger LA, Ryan CA (1984) Comparison of proteinase inhibitor-inducing activities and phytoalexin elicitor activities of a pure fungal endopolygalacturonase, pectic fragments, and chitosan. Plant Physiol 76: 833–836
Walton TJ, Cooke CJ, Newton RP, Smith CJ (1993) Evidence that generation of inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate and hydrolysis of phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate are rapid responses following addition of fungal elicitor which induces phytoalexin synthesis in lucerne (Medicago sativa) suspension culture cells. Cellular Signalling 5: 345–356
Warpeha KMF, Hamm HE, Rasenick MM, Kaufman LS (1991) A blue-light-activated GTPbinding protein in the plasma membranes of etiolated peas. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 88: 8925–8929
Wei Z-M, Laby RJ, Zumoff CH, Bauer DW, He SY, Collmer A, Beer SV (1992) Harpin, elicitor of the hypersensitive response produced by the plant pathogen Erwinia amylovora. Science 257: 85–88
Wingate VPM, Lawton MA, Lamb CJ (1988) Glutathione cuases a massive and selective induction of plant defense genes. Plant Physiol 87: 206–210
Yalpani N, Balke NE, Schulz M (1992a) Induction of UDP-glucose:salicylic acid glucosyltransferase in oat roots. Plant Physiol 100: 1114–1119
Yalpani N, Schulz M, Davis MP, Balke NE (1992b) Partial purification and properties of an inducible uridine 5’-diphosphate-glucose:salicylic acid glucosyltransferase from oat roots. Plant Physiol 100: 457–463
Yalpani N, Leon J, Lawton MA, Raskin I (1993) Pathway of salicylic acid biosynthesis in healthy and virus-inoculated tobacco. Plant Physiol 103: 315–321
Yamada T, Hashimoto H, Shiraishi T, Oku H (1989) Suppression of pisatin, phenylalanine ammonia-lyase mRNA, and chalcone synthase mRNA accumulation by a putative pathogenicity factor from the fungus Mycosphaerella pinodes. Mol Plant-Microbe Interact 2: 256–261
Yamada A, Shibuya N, Kodama O, Akatsuka T (1993) Induction of phytoalexin formation in suspension-cultured rice cells by N-acetylchitooligosaccharides. Biosci Biotech Biochem 57: 405–409
Yang Y, Shah J, Klessig DF (1997) Signal perception and transduction in plant defense responses. Genes Dev 11: 1621–1639
Yoshikawa M, Sugimoto K (1993) A fungal suppressor of phytoalexin production competes for the elicitor-receptor binding. Naturwissenschaften 80: 374–376
Yoshikawa M, Keen NT, Wang M-C (1983) A receptor on soybean membranes for a fungal elicitor of phytoalexin accumulation. Plant Physiol 73: 497–506
Young SA, Wang X, Leach JE (1996) Changes in the plasma membrane distribution of rice phopholipase D during resistant interactions with Xanthomonas oryzae pv oryzae. Plant Cell 8: 1079–1090
Zaat SAJ, Wijffelman CA, Spaink HP, Van Brussel AHN, Okker RJH, Lugtenberg, BJJ (1987) Induction of the nodA promoter of Rhizobium leguminosarum Sym plasmid pRL 1 JI by plant flavanones and flavones. J Bacteriol 169: 198–204
Zacheo G, Bleve-Zacheo T (1988) Involvement of superoxide dismutases and superoxide radicals in the susceptibility and resistance of tomato plants to Meloidogyne incognita attack. Physiol Mol Plant Pathol 32: 313–322
Zaina S, Reggiani R, Bertani A (1990) Preliminary evidence for involvement of GTP-binding protein(s) in auxin signal transduction in rice (Oryza sativa L.) coleoptile. J Plant Physiol 36: 653–658
Zhang S, Sheng J, Liu Y, Mehdy MC (1993) Fungal elicitor-induced bean proline-rich protein mRNA down-regulation is due to destabilization that is transcription and translation dependent. Plant Cell 5: 1089–1099
Zhao J, Williams CC, Last RL (1998) Induction of Arabidopsis tryptophan pathway enzymes and camalexin by amino acid starvation, oxidative stress, and an abiotic elicitor. Plant Cell 10: 359–370
Ziegler E, Pontzen R (1982) Specific inhibition of glucan-elicited glyceollin accumulation in soybean by an extracellular mannan-glycoprotein of Phytophthora megasperma f. sp. glycinea. Physiol Plant Pathol 20: 321–331
Zook MN, Rush JS, Kuc JA (1987) A role for Cat in the elicitation of rishitin and lubimin accumulation in potato tuber tissue. Plant Physiol 84: 520–525
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Rights and permissions
Copyright information
© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
About this chapter
Cite this chapter
Huang, JS. (2001). Signal Transduction in Host-Parasite Interactions. In: Plant Pathogenesis and Resistance. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2687-0_7
Download citation
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2687-0_7
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5750-1
Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2687-0
eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive