Abstract
In cowpea (Vigna unguiculata (L.) Walp.) resistance to manganese (Mn) excess is due to a higher Mn leaf-tissue tolerance of the Mn-tolerant genotypes. The physiological mechanisms for improved Mn leaf-tissue tolerance are still poorly understood. In the present study the effect of an increased Mn supply in hydroponics on the occurrence of Mn toxicity symptoms and the compartmentation of Mn on the cellular level within the leaf tissue was evaluated under controlled environmental conditions.
Plants were precultured for 15 days with low Mn supply and treated with 50 µM Mn for 2 to 8 days. On the basis of the density of brown spots on the leaves which are typical Mn toxicity symptoms and even more sensitively of the callose content, it was confirmed that cultivar TVu 1987 was more Mn-tolerant than cultivar TVu 91. Vacuolar sap was extracted from vacuoles isolated from the bulk leaf-tissue and the Mn and organic anion concentrations determined and compared to the bulk-tissue Mn content. With increasing duration of the Mn treatment Mn concentration of the vacuolar sap increased. A close positive relationship existed between the bulk Mn contents of the leaves and the vacuolar Mn concentrations from the same leaves. All organic anions except succinate in the vacuolar sap increased with increasing vacuolar Mn concentrations, with a much steeper increase in the Mn-sensitive cultivar TVu 91. Computations of Mn complexation by organic anions in the vacuoles (GEOCHEM-PC) indicated that about 30% of the Mn was complexed by malate, the most abundant organic anion in the vacuoles. The results do not suggest that accumulation of Mn in the vacuoles and complexation through organic anions plays a fundamental role in Mn leaf-tissue tolerance in cowpea.
Therefore, Mn and organic anions were also determined in the intercellular washing fluid (IWF) extracted from whole leaves by an infiltration/centrifugation technique. Above a bulk-tissue Mn content of 1 mmol (kg fw)−1 a near linear relationship could be found between Mn contents and concentrations of free (H2O-soluble) and exchangeable-bound (BaC12-exchangeable) Mn in the IWF. With increasing Mn contents of the leaves, concentrations of organic anions in the H2O-IWF also increased malate being the most abundant organic anion. Computation of the Mn speciation in the IWF (GEOCHEM-PC) resulted in an increasing percentage of complexed Mn in the leaf apoplast (IWF) with increasing bulk-leaf Mn content. Up to 70% of Mn was calculated to be in a complexed form, with citrate as the dominant complexor. The higher Mn tolerance of TVu 1987 compared to TVu 91 was consistent with the lower absolute concentration and relative proportion of free Mn2+ in the leaf apoplast of this cultivar.
We interpret our results as evidence that the key for a better understanding of the physiology of Mn toxicity and tolerance lies in the Mn2+-mediated oxidation/reduction reactions in the leaf apoplast.
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Horst, W.J., Maier, P. (1999). Compartmentation of Manganese in the Vacuoles and in the Apoplast of Leaves in Relation to Genotypic Manganese Leaf-Tissue Tolerance in Vigna Unguiculata (L.) Walp. In: Gissel-Nielsen, G., Jensen, A. (eds) Plant Nutrition — Molecular Biology and Genetics. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2685-6_25
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2685-6_25
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