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Plinius Germanicus and Plinius Indicus: Sixteenth and Seventeenth Century Descriptions and Illustrations of Orchid “Trash Baskets,” Resupination, Seeds, Floral Segments and Flower Senescence in the Europeani Botanical Literature

  • Chapter
Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VIII

Abstract

Orchid flowers (Fig. 1-1, 1-2, 1-9, 1-10, 1-13, 1-19, 1-31, 1-36, 1-46, 1-58, 1-59, 1-62, 1-63, 1-71, 1-95, 1-96, 1-97A, 1-97B, 1-99A, 1-99B, 1-100 - 1-103, 1-105 - 1-109) are unlike the blossoms of other Angiosperms (Arditti, 1992). Pollen is produced in masses known as pollinia (Fig. 1-3a, 1-6) which are usually yellow. Most orchids are monandrous. They have a single anther, usually borne near the tip of the gynostemium (Fig. 1-1, 1-3a, 1-3b, 1-95 - 1-97, 1-99B, 1-101, 1-102) which represents a fusion of the anther(s), stigma(s) and style(s). Buds are produced with their labella (a median petal which is usually modified and sometimes ornate) uppermost and the dorsal sepals lowermost (Fig. 1-1, 1-9, 1-10, 1-13, 1-31, 1-58, 1-95, 1-97A, 1-102, 1-103). With a few exceptions (Fig. 1-31) the buds turn prior, during and/or after anthesis in a process known as resupination (Ernst and Arditti, 1994). This turning reverses the position of the labellum from uppermost to lowermost and the gynostemium from lowermost to uppermost (Fig. 1-1, 1-9, 1-10, 1-13, 1-19, 136, 1-58, 1-59, 1-62, 1-63, 1-71, 1-95-1-97, 1-99, 1-101 - 1-103). It also causes grooves and/or ribs in the ovary to become spiral (Fig. 1-13, 1-58, 199A, 1-99B,1-103a,1-103b). A few genera are diandrous. They have two anthers which are placed on each side of a structure called the staminode, not gynostemium (Fig. 1-2, 1-4, 1-5, 1-7, 1-8, 1-11, 1-12, 1-46, 1-99A, 1-100). The twisting or turning in these orchids (Fig. 1-2, 1-46, 1-99A, 1-100) is somewhat different from that in monandrous species (Ernst and Arditti, 1994).

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  1. Ursula Wehner
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Editors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Botany, Institute of Zoology and Botany, Agricultural University, Estonia

    Tiiu Kull

  2. Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, USA

    Joseph Arditti

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Wehner, U., Zierau, W., Arditti, J. (2002). History-Biography. In: Kull, T., Arditti, J. (eds) Orchid Biology: Reviews and Perspectives, VIII. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2500-2_1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2500-2_1

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-6002-0

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2500-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

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