Seasonal change in the proportion of bacterial and phytoplankton production along a salinity gradient in a shallow estuary

Abstract

We intended to evaluate the relative contribution of primary production versus allochthonous carbon in the production of bacterial biomass in a mesotrophic estuary. Different spatial and temporal ranges were observed in the values of bacterioplankton biomass (31–273 μg C 1⁻¹) and production (0.1–16.0 μg C 1⁻¹ h⁻¹, 1.5–36.8 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹) as well as in phytoplankton abundance (50–1700 μg C 1⁻¹) and primary production (0.1–512.9 μg C 1⁻¹ h⁻¹, 1.5–512.9 mg C m⁻² h⁻¹). Bacterial specific growth rate (0.10–1.68 d⁻¹) during the year did not fluctuate as much as phytoplankton specific growth rate (0.02–0.74 d⁻¹). Along the salinity gradient and towards the inner estuary, bacterio- and phytoplankton biomass and production increased steadily both in the warm and cold seasons. The maximum geographical increase observed in these variables was 12 times more for the bacterial community and 8 times more for the phytoplankton community. The warm to cold season ratios of the biological variables varied geographically and according to these variables. The increase at the warm season achieved its maximum in the biomass production, particularly in the marine zone and at high tide (20 and 112 times higher in bacterial and phytoplankton production, respectively). The seasonal variation in specific growth rate was most noticeable in phytoplankton, with seasonal ratios of 3–26. The bacterial community of the marine zone responded positively — generating seasonal ratios of 1–13 in bacterial specific growth rate — to the strong warm season increment in phytoplankton growth rate in this zone. In the brackish water zone where even during the warm season allochthonous carbon accounted for 41% (on average) of the bacterial carbon demand, the seasonal ratio of bacterial specific growth rate varied from about 1 to 2. During the warm season, an average of 21% of the primary production was potentially sufficient to support the whole bacterial production. During the cold months, however, the total primary production would be either required or even insufficient to support bacterial production. The estuary turned then into a mostly heterotrophic system. However, the calculated annual production of biomass by bacterio- and phytoplankton in the whole ecosystem showed that auto- and heterotrophic production was balanced in this estuary.