Skip to main content

Accounting of Biological Sources and Sinks

Legal and Economic Considerations

  • Chapter
  • 140 Accesses

Part of the book series: Environment & Policy ((ENPO,volume 30))

Abstract

A recently released newsletter of Climate Action Network, an international environmental pressure group, portrays Kyoto negotiators desperately seeking the truth of carbon uptake by measuring tree volumes in a forest (Singer, S., 1998). Another environmental publication depicts biological sources and sinks as the second largest “loophole” of the Kyoto Protocol, nearly the size of “hot air”, which would lower the actually achieved emission reductions by one-third (Institute for Global Communications, 1998). Yet another environmental release argues that the Kyoto protocol creates “a significant new opportunity to capture the value of biodiversity, carbon storage and other ecosystem services of forests” (Frummhof, P.C. et al., 1998). Opinions couldn’t possibly differ more! Indeed, no other Kyoto issue has met such a mixed reception as the accounting of biological sources and sinks.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution.

Buying options

Chapter
USD   29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD   84.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as EPUB and PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
Softcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Compact, lightweight edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info
Hardcover Book
USD   109.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Durable hardcover edition
  • Dispatched in 3 to 5 business days
  • Free shipping worldwide - see info

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Learn about institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Ballick, M.J., 1996, Tropical Forest Medical Resources and the Conservation of Biodiversity. Columbia University Press, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, S., Sathaye, J., Cannell, M., Kauppi, P.E., 1996, Management of Forests for Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions. in: Watson, R. et al. (eds.), Climate Change 1995–Impacts, Adaptations and Mitigation of Climate Change: Scientific-Technical Analyses. Contribution of the Working Group II to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/Mass., p. 775–797.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brown, P., Kete, N., 1998, Forest and Land Use Projects, in: UNDP (Hrsg.), Issues and Options. The Clean Development Mechanism, New York, 163–173.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chacon, C., Castro, R., Mack, S., 1998, Pilot Phase Joint Implementation Projects in Costa Rica. A Case Study, Center for International Environmental Law, Washington, D. C. (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Chichilnisky, G., 1996a, The economic value of the Earth’s resources. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 11 (3): 103–144.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chichilnisky, G., 1996b, Trade regimes and GATT: resource intensive vs. knowledge intensive growth. Journal of International and Comparative Economics 20: 147181.

    Google Scholar 

  • Chomitz, K. M., 1998, Baselines for Greenhouse Gas Reductions: Problems, Precedents, Solutions, Paper prepared for the Carbon Offsets Unit of the World Bank (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Commonwealth of Australia, 1994, Climate Change. Australia’s national report under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change. greenhouse gas inventory, Canberra, From: www.unfccc.de/fccc/natcom/natcom.htm

  • Dutschke, M., Michaelowa, A., 2000, Climate cooperation as development policy–the case of Costa Rica, International Journal of Sustainable Development 3: 63–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Energy Information Agency, 1998, Impacts of the Kyoto Protocol on U.S. Energy Markets and Economic Activity. Released October 9, 1998.

    Google Scholar 

  • Farhana, Y., 1998, Operational and Institutional Challenges, in: UNDP (Ed.), Issues and Options. The Clean Development Mechanism, New York, p. 53–80.

    Google Scholar 

  • Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO). 1982. FAO Forestry Paper 30. FAO, Rome, Italy.

    Google Scholar 

  • Flint, E.P., Richards, J.F., 1991, Historical analysis of changes in land use and carbon stock of vegetation in south and southeast Asia. Canadian Journal of Forestry Research 21: 91–110.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Frummhoff, P. C., Goetze, D.C., Hardner, J., 1998, Linking Solutions to Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss through the Kyoto Protocol’s Clean Development Mechanism, Union of Concerned Scientists Reports 10–1998, Cambridge/Mass..

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuentes, U., Mund, M., Busch, G., 1998, Die Anrechnung biologischer Quellen und Senken im Kyoto-Protokoll: Risiko für den globalen Umweltschutz. Unveröffentlichtes Manuskript (zit. n. WBGU, 1998, Sec. 3. 1 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Goldberg, D. M., 1998, Carbon Conservation. Climate Change, Forest and the Clean Development Mechanism, Center for International Environmental Law, Washington, D. C. (unpublished).

    Google Scholar 

  • Greenpeace, 2000, Should Forests and Other Land Use Change Activities be in the CDM? From: www.greenpeace.org/nclimate/politics/lyonsink.html.

  • Hastenrath, S., 1985, Climate and Circulation in the Tropics. D. Reidel Publishing, Dordrecht/Holland.

    Google Scholar 

  • Halsnaes, K., Jaccard, M., Montgomery, W.D., Richels, R., Robinson, J., Shukla, P.R., Sturm, P., 1996. A Review of Mitigation Cost Studies. In: Bruce, J., Hoesung, L., Haites, E. (Eds.), Climate Change 1995. Economic and Social Dimensions of Climate Change. Contribution of WGIII to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/Mass., p. 297–366.

    Google Scholar 

  • Houghton, J.T., Meira Filho, L.G., Callander, B.A., Harris, N., Kattenberg, A., Maskell, K., 1996. Climate Change 1995. The Science of Climate Change. Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge/Mass..

    Google Scholar 

  • Hansen, S., 1989, Debt for Nature Swaps–Overview and Discussion of Key Issues, in: Ecological Economics 1: 77–93.

    Google Scholar 

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Ed.), 1996, The Revised 1996 IPCC Guidelines for National Greenhouse Gas Accounting. From: www.iea.org/ipcc.htm.

  • Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (Ed.), 2000, IPCC Special Report. Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry. Geneva. From: www.ipcc.ch/pub/SPM_SRLULUCF.pdf

  • Intergovernmental Forum on Forests of the United Nations Economic and Social Council/ Commission on Sustainable Development (IFF), 1999, Matters left pending on the Need for Financial Resources, Geneva (E/CN.17/IFF/1999/4). From: www.un.org/esa/sustdev/forest/ifd99–4.pdf

  • Institute for Global Communications (1998), The `L’ Word. From: www.igc.org/climate/eco4_0698.html.

  • Jepma, C., 1997, On the baseline, in: Joint Implementation Quarterly 3 (2): 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • Jepma, C.J., Munasinghe, M., 1998, Climate Change Policy. Facts, issues, and analyses, Cambridge/UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Michaelowa, A., 1998, Joint Implementation–the baseline issue. Economic and political aspects, in: Global Environmental Change 8 (1): 81–92.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mulongoy, K.J.; Smith, J, Alirol, P.; Witthoft-Muehlmann, A., 1998, Are Joint Implementation and the Clean Development Mechanism Opportunities for Forest Sustainable Management through Carbon Sequestration Projects? Paper prepared for the Policy Dialogue organized by the International Academy of the Environment and the Center for International Forestry Research in Geneva, 1998, Geneva. From: www.iae.org/pd/forest-background.pdf.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, N., 1992. Future operational monitoring strategy of tropical forests: an alternate strategy. Proceedings from the World Forest Watch Conference. San Jose dos Campos, Brazil. May 27–29, 1992.

    Google Scholar 

  • Myers, N., 1995, The world’s forests: need for a policy appraisal. Science 268: 823–824.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) (eds.), 1995, Global Warming. Economic Dimensions and Policy Responses, Paris.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pearce, D., B. Day, J. Newcombe, T. Brunello, T. Bello (1998), The Clean Development Mechanism: Benefits of the CDM for developing countries, CSERGE, London/UK.

    Google Scholar 

  • Rosebrock, J., Sondhof, H., 1991, Debt-for-Nature Swaps: A Review of the First Experiences, in: Intereconomics: 82–87.

    Google Scholar 

  • Sander, T., 1997, In Asia’s Big Haze, Man Made Battles - Man Made Disaster, Christian Science Monitor (October 28, 1997 ).

    Google Scholar 

  • Schlamadinger, B., Marland, G., 1998, The Kyoto Protocol: provisions and unresolved issues relevant to land-use change and forestry, Environmental Science and Policy 1: 313–327.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sedjo, R., Sohngen, B., Jagger, P., 1999, Carbon Sinks in the Post-Kyoto World, in: Weathervane-Feature 50. From: www.weathervan.rff.org/features/feature050.html.

  • Singer, S., 1998, What do we sink about all this?, in: ECO4 — June 09, 1998. 1–2. From: www.igc.org/climate/eco4_0698.html.

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, J.; Mulongoy, K.; Perrson, R.;, Sayer, J., 1998, Harnessing Carbon Markets for tropical Forest Conservation: Towards a More Realistic Assessment, International Academy of the Environment Working Paper, Geneva.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change/Subsidiary Body for Scientific and Technological Advice (UNFCCC/SBSTA), 1998, Methodological Issues. Issues related to land use change and forestry. Note by the secretariat, UNFCCC/SBSTA/ 1998.INF 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1995), Report of the Conference of the Parties on its first session, held in Berlin from March 28 to 7 April 1995. Addendum. Part Two: Action taken by the Conference of the Parties at its first session, FCCC/CP/19995/7/Add. 1.

    Google Scholar 

  • United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC, 1997 ), Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change, FCC C/CP/ 1997/L. 7/Add. l.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wissenschaftlicher Beirat Globale Umweltveraenderungen (WBGU) (1998), The Accounting of Biological Sinks and Sources Under the Kyoto Protocol — A Step Forwards or Backwards for Global Environmental Protection. From: www.awibremerhaven.de/WGBU/wbgu_sn1998.html

  • White House, 1998. The Kyoto Protocol and the President’s Policies to Address Climate Change. From: www.whitehouse.gov/WH/New/html/augnew98.html#Kyoto.

  • World Resources Institute, 1998, Climate, Biodiversity, and Forests: Issues and Opportunities Emerging from the Kyoto-Protocol, Washington D.C. From: www.wri.org/ffi/climate.

  • Victor, D.G., Nakicenovic, N., Victor, N., 1998. The Kyoto Protocol Carbon Bubble: Implications for Russia, Ukraine and Emission Trading, International Institute for Applied Systems Analysis, Laxenburg, Austria, IR-98–094 (forthcoming Climatic Change).

    Google Scholar 

  • Vine, E.; Sathaye, J., 1997, The Monitoring, Evaluation, Reporting, and Verification of Climate Change Mitigation Projects: Discussion of Issues and Methodologies and Review of Existing Protocols and Guidelines, Report prepared for the U.SEnvironmental Protection Agency, Berkeley (LBNL-40316).

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Authors

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2001 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Schwarze, R. (2001). Accounting of Biological Sources and Sinks. In: Law and Economics of International Climate Change Policy. Environment & Policy, vol 30. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2047-2_3

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-2047-2_3

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-90-481-5647-4

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-2047-2

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics