Abstract
By 1830 virtually a century of continuous technological advance had transformed the manufacturing process for cotton textiles. In Britain the old household craft basis of the industry was almost entirely surplanted by modern steampowered factories. Entire new towns had sprung up where previously only small villages had stood. The revolution had been completed first in the spinning sector where the suitability of Crompton’s mule (1779) for adaptation to steam rendered redundant such earlier inventions as Hargreaves’ jenny (1765) and Arkwright’s water frame (1769). The sudden availability of vast quantities of cheap thread created a bottleneck in weaving but it was not until the 1820’s and 30’s that Kay’s flying shuttle (1733) was rapidly displaced by improved power-looms. These inventions and innovations had enabled massive gains to be made in levels of output and productivity in many other European states. Yet, until the Belgian secession forced the government to take an active interest in fostering the cotton industry in the Northern provinces, these developments had made virtually no impression on the traditional textile areas of Twente and North Brabant. At a time when the British spinning industry could boast ten million spindles (almost entirely power driven), the foundations for the first steam-mill were being dug in Twente. At a time when there were 55,000 power-looms operating in British factories, Dutch weavers had still to be introduced to the use of the flying shuttle — a hundred years after its invention.1
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Notes to Chapter Six
Figures for British capital equipment in the cotton industry are derived from P. Deane and W.A. Cole, British Economic Growth, 1688–1959 191.
Many books on the Dutch textile industry in this period rely heavily on the annual reports made by the President of the NHM to the King but these have the disadvantage that they only span the years 1834–1838. Much the same kind of material is to be found in the Annual Address of the President of the NHM to the shareholders, which continues in an unbroken series through to 1850 and beyond. For some unaccountable reason this rich source of information has been neglected by economic historians. It is appropriate, at this juncture, to comment about footnoting. Some of the information introduced into this chapter is familiar in the many works about the Dutch cotton industry but, in order to obviate the necessity for multiple citations from different authorities, I have attempted, as far as possible, to work exclusively from original archive material and from archive sources in print.
W.M.F. Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij. Uitg. ter gelegenheid van het honderdjarig bestaan, Vol. I 152.
Ibid. Vol. I, 201–202.
Ibid.. Vol. I, 202, 224, 225.
See above, Chapter Three, 44.
A.R.A. Ministerie van Financiën XX, 1849, Folios 8, 16, 35, 37, 42, 68, 91; XX, 1850, Folios 108, 110, 119.
H. Muller, De Nederlandse Katoennijverheid en het stelsel van bescherming in Nederlandsch-Indië. The figure for 1825 is calculated from Table E, 84–91; the figure for 1829 is calculated from Table D, 58–59.
N.W. Posthumus, `De geheime lijnwaadcontracten der Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij’, E.H.J.B., Vol. 11(1916), 17.
Archief NHM, Geheim, uitgaande brieven van de President. President NHM aan Secretaris van Staat, dd. 4–2–1832, No. 8 Geheim.
Archief NHM, Proces verbaal der Direktie, Vergadering 18–3–1832.
Ibid. Vergadering 22–1–1833.
Ibid. Vergadering 21–5–1833.
Ibid. Vergadering 21–1–1834.
Ibid. Vergadering 5–2–1834.
Ibid. Vergadering 24–1–1834.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij Vol. I, 285. 18.Ibid. 203.
Ibid. 203.
Posthumus, `De geheime lijwaadcontracten der Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij’, 19–20.
Ibid. 36–39.
Ibid. 42–44.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij Vol. I, 292.
Posthumus, `De geheime lijnwaadcontracten der Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij’, 64–68.
Ibid. 71–74.
Ibid. 96–97.
Ibid. 128–129.
Ibid. 132–133.
Ibid. 147–149.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij Vol. H, 110.
Posthumus, `De geheime lijnwaadcontracten der Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij’, 174–175.
Ibid. 175, 176, 182, 183.
This report is reproduced in full in N.W. Posthumus, `Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche grootindustrie, H’, in E.H.J.B. Vol. XI, (1925), 180–193.
Ibid. 189.
Ibid. 186.
Ibid. 184.
Ibid. 199.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Particulieren. Thomas Ainsworth to NHM dd. 16–9–1834.
R.T. Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry, 1832–1839’, E.H.J.B., Vol. XL (1977), 142.
Posthumus, `Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche grootindustrie, II’, 176.
Ibid. 175–179.
Ibid. 211, 213, 214.
Archief NHM, Process Verbaal der Direktie, Vergadering 19–2–1833.
Ibid. Vergadering 23–3–1833.
Ibid. Vergadering 21–5–1833.
J.A.P.G. Boot and A. Bionic, Van smiet-tot snelspoel 129. De opkomst van de Twents-Gelderse textielindustrie in het begin van de 19e eeuw 122.
Posthumus, `Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche grootindustrie III’, E.H.J.B. VoL XVI, (1830), 200, reproduces a report listing the following establishments - Goor, Enter, Diepenheim, Holten, Losser, Oldenzaal, Denekamp, Delden, Haaksbergen, Neede, Rijssen, Hengelo, Borculo, Vollenhoven, Kampen and Westervlier.
Boot and Blonk, Van smiet-tot snelspoel 129.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–2–1836, La K7 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1835, 58.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 139.
Posthumus, `Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche grootindustrie II’, 237.
Archief NHM, Processen Verbaal der Direktie, Vergadering 5–3–1833.
Ibid. Vergadering 5–3–1836. In 1835 the NHM had stated that weaving was the darkest side of Wilson’s activities and suggested he should sell his looms. (A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–2–1836 La K7 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van NHM over 1835, 59). He received a price of f 45,000 for the machinery (Archief NHM, Confidentieel Ingekomen Brieven. Th. Wilson to NHM dd. 30–1–1838 No. 18) which he claimed represented a loss of some 50 per cent (Archief NHM Ingekomen Brieven, Th. Wilson to NHM, dd. 13–11–1833).
Posthumus, `Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche grootindustrie III’, 199. A similar case occurred in 1839 when a Manchester manufacturer requested a government loan of f 15–20,000 to establish a factory (A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 14–11–1839 La X64, Geheim) but it was refused on the grounds that a 30 h.p. steam–engine driving 500 looms would act against existing enterprises (A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 15–11–1839 La C65, Geheim).
Archief NHM, Bijlagen tot de Processen Verbaal der Direktie, 6–3–1833, No. 517 R.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij, Vol. I, 335.
Archief NHM, Bijlagen tot de Processen Verbaal der Direktie 12–6–1834, No. 2162 R, 37–38.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 142.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–2–1836, La K7 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1835, 52.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij VoL I, 303.
J.A.P.G. Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 1830–1873 222–223.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–6–1837 La K25 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1836, 113–115.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–3–1839 La K12 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1837, 109–119.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 173.
See above. Also B.C. Sluik, `Charles de Maere en de vemieuwing van de handweverij in Twente’, Overijssels jaarboek voor cultuur en historie Vol. XI (1957), 44–55.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 138.
Ibid. 145.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij, Vol. I, 297.
H.F.J.M. van den Eerenbeemt, F. van Lanschot als intermediair tussen de NHM en de nijverheid in Noord Brabant 1825–1846, 45, 50.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–3–1839 La K12 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1837, 109–119.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 153–155, 157.
Archief NHM, Bijlagen tot het Jaarverslag over 1837. A loose folio in a bundle headed `Stukken benodigd voor het opmaken van het Algemeen Verslag.’
Ibid. Jaarrede van de President over 1839, 46.
See above.
Posthumus, `Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche grootindustrie III,’ 184.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij Vol. I, 316.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–6–1837 La K25 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1836, 133.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 3–4–1837 La Z14 Geheim, Week Verslag NHM.
Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 159, 160.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 11–7–1840 La C36 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1838, 97–98.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij, Vol. I 318–319.
Posthumus, `Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche grootindustrie III’, 184–185.
A.R.A. Ministerie van Financiën XX 1850, Folio 193.
Ibid. Folio 191.
Ibid. Folio 200.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–6–1837 La K25 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1836, 146–147.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–3–1839 La K12 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1837, 146–147.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 12–3–1838, No. 65.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 27–8–1839 La B49 Geheim, advice Min. Colonies to King dd. 5–8–1839, La H46 Geheim.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij Vol. I, 317.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 11–7–1840 La C36 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1838, 107.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–3–1839 La K12 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1837, 152.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 11–7–1840 La C36 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1838, 105–109.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 15–2–1835 La V5 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1834. News from the Dutch East Indies indicated that at the price contracted between Previnaire and the NHM the size of orders were 50 per cent too large. However, with the prospect of government financial support, the NHM felt they would have little difficulty in disposing of the product.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij Vol. I, 315.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–2–1836 La K7 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1835, 61; Staatssecretarie 21–6–1837 La K25 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1836, 150.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–3–1839 La K12 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1837, 151.
Griffiths, ‘Iets meer over de Haarlemse Katoenfabrieken’, Textiel Historische Bijdragen Vol. 15 (1974), 42–43.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–3–1839 La K12 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1837, 150.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 138.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–3–1839 La K12 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1837, 154–155.
Archief NHM, Bijlage bij Geheime Aantekening van de Direktie 14–4–1840, No. 36. Wilson offered to bring a dyer from Belgium and offered to lend money for factory improvement. He even suggested that Prince transfer his works to Hattem near Kampen where the water was of better quality.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 11–7–1840 La C36 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1838, 107.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 118–120.
Archief NHM, Process Verbaal der Direktie, Vergadering 21–5–1833.
Wet 26–8–1822, Staatsblad No. 39.
Wet 8–6–1831, Staatsblad No. 15.
Posthumus, `Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche grootindustrie III’, 192–193.
Ibid. 207.
Archief NHM, Proces Verbaal der Direktie, Vergadering 9–11–1833.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij Vol. I, 320.
Archief NHM, Confidentieel Proces Verbaal, 10–4–1841, Bijlage No. 10.
Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 125.
Posthumus, `Bijdragen tot de geschiedenis der Nederlandsche grootindustrie III’, 185.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 17–2–1834 No. 62. Copy Verslag van de Meerch to NHM dd. October 1833.
Archief NHM. Proces Verbaal der Direktie, Vergadering 3–10–1834.
Quoted in Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 128.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 145.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–2–1836 La K7 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1835, 67.
Ibid. the throstle frame had a number of advantages over the Mule Jenny. In the first place it had a substantial cost advantage in that thread which cost 1 1/3 pence to produce on the Mule, cost 1/4 pence on throstles. Moreover, throstles were easier for operatives to use (A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–10–1835 La 133 Geheim. Bijlage Thomas Ainsworth). Furthermore, because throstles worked with unbroken action, the thread was softer and kinked less during weaving (A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 13–4–1836 La Q13 Geheim, Nationale Nijverheid to Buitenlandsche Zaken).
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 11–7–1840 La C36 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1838, 102.
Archief NHM, Confidentieel Proces Verbaal, Vergadering 12–9–1833.
Ibid. Proces Verbaal der Direktie, Vergadering 24–9–1834. The Directors felt that since the shareholders of the EKS had most to gain from setting up the factory, the extra money ought to come from them.
A.R.A. Kabinet des Konings 21–7–1835 No. 16; 28–8–1834 No. 86. The remaining f 3,000 was subscribed by the firm P. Driessen en Zoon (Aalten) (A.R.A. Nationale Nijverheid 17–7–1835, No. 3A).
R.A. Overijssel, Kabinet 18–1–1836 No. 28, Jaarverslag EKS over 1835.
Ibid. Kabinet 19–1–1837 No. 16, Jaarverslag EKS over 1836; A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–6–1837 La K25 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1836, 157.
Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 132. An indication of this policy is the price at which stocks of thread were inventoried at the end of each year. The price of no. 30 princeps was respectively 1836 f 1.92 per kg., 1837 f 1.435, 1838 f 1.41, 1839 f 1.25, 1840 f 1.18 (Jaarverslag EKS various years in R.A. Overijssel, Kabinet 19–1–1837, No. 16; 16–1–1838 No. 19; 18–1–1839 No. 15; 18–1–1840 No. 14; 22–1–1841 No. 112/130).
RA. Overijssel, Kabinet 18–1–1839 No. 15; Jaarverslag EKS over 1838.
Ibid. Kabinet 18–1–1840 No. 14; Jaarverslag EKS over 1839.
Ibid. Notulen van de Gouverneur 1838 No. 1966. The engine at Hofkes’ old factory was 16 h.p., that at his new factory 20 h.p. and that at the EKS, 24 h.p.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 172.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven Holkes Co. dd. 6–2–1841; 19–10–1841; 23–11–1847.
RA. Overijssel, Kabinet 21–1–1841, 112/130, Jaarverslag EKS over 1840.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven Hofkes Co. dd. 22–10–1840.
See above, 148.
D. Buddingh, Algemeene statistiek voor handel en nijverheid Vol. III, 140.
Archief NHM, Proces Verbaal der Direktie, Vergadering 11–1–1834.
Ibid. Vergadering 11–11–1833. This amount was contracted in the following way: 150,000 kgs. per annum for the first two years, 175,000 kgs. per annum for the next two and 200,000 kgs. per annum for the last two.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–12–1836 La Y41 Geheim, 3–13–1836 La H42 Geheim, 8–12–1836 La B43 Geheim.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–12–1836 La Y14 Geheim, 3–12–1836 La H42 Geheim, 8–12–1836 La B43 Geheim.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–2–1836 La K7 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de N.H.M. over 1835, 67–68.
See above, 147.
Griffiths, `Iets meer over de Haarlemse Katoenfabrieken’, 43–44.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven Jacobson Co. dd. 21–11–1838; 1–4–1839.
Ibid. Ingekomen brieven Jacobson Co., dd. 25–1–1840.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–6–1837 La K25 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1836, 144–145.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 1–3–1839 La K25 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1837, 144. Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 159.
Griffiths, `Eyewitnesses at the Birth of the Dutch Cotton Industry’, 180.
See above 144.
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President, over 1841, 29.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij Vol. II, 108–109.
See above, 144.
A.R.A. Kabinet des Konings 3–9–1844 La X37 Geheim, 7–10–1844 La H40 Geheim.
See below
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1844, 71–72.
See below, 165.
See figures for 1840 and 1843
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1843, 91.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1844, 68.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1844, 70, 72.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1845, Bijlage P.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1845, 87. The average price for 5/4 calico by direct order was f 4.27 against a price of f 4.035 by competitive tender.
R.T. Griffiths, `Nederlandse Handel Maatschappij en calicoweverij in 1847’, Textiel Historische Bijdragen Vol. 14 (1973), 80–81.
This figure is achieved by deducting 503,800 pieces ordered in the first four months from the total of 866,358 pieces ordered in the entire year. See below, Table 6:8
Archief NHM, Circulaire dd. 27–2–1847.
Ibid. Jaarrede van de President over 1846, 63–64.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1846, 67–68. (The annual report was usually delivered in June of the following year which accounts for the fact that developments in the early months of 1847 were discussed).
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1850, 40.
R.A. Burgers, 100 Jaar G H Salomonsen. Kooplieden, entrepreneurs, fabrikanten en directeuren van de Koninklijke Stoomweverij to Nijverdal 70–71.
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1841, 31.
Ibid. Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven Jacobson Co. dd. 25–1–1840. 171.Ibid. Jaarrede van de President over 1841, 30–31.
Ibid. Jaarrede van de President over 1841, 30–31.
Ibid. Jliarrede over 1845, 91.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1847, 68.
The figures for 1842 are calculated from Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1842 Bijlage R. The figures for 1847 are calculated from Griffiths, Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij en Calicoweverijen’, 84–97. The figure for the Phoenix is taken from Table 6:9.
Burgers, 100 Jaar G H Salomonsen Bijlage C, 336.
See above, 156.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven G H Salomonsen dd. 26–1–1841.
Ibid. Geheime aantekening van de Direktie 17–2–1845 No. 3.
Ibid. Jaarrede van de President over 1848, 43–44.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1849, 42.
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1841, 30. Following Ainsworth’s death in 1841, the business was continued by his widow until May 1844 when it was sold to the Zaan merchant C. Kuijper. Ainsworth’s brother Edward remained in charge throughout (Boot, Twentse Katoennijverheid 160).
D. Jordaan, `De firma Thomas Ainsworth to Goor’, Textiel Historische Bijdragen Vol. 6 (1965), 75.
Ibid. 79.
Ibid. 73.
D. Jordaan, `De voortzetting van het etablissement van Thomas Ainsworth to Nijverdal’, Textiel Historische Bijdragen Vol. 3 (1962), 107.
W.M.F. Mansvelt, ‘Iets over de Haarlemsche Katoenfabrieken’, Eigen Haard Vol. 50 (1924), 242.
P.J.M. Aalberse, Een onbekende enquête naar de arbeidstoestand in Nederland, gehouden in het jaar 1841 R.A. Gorter C.W. de Vries, `Gegevens omtrent den Kinderarbeid in Nederland volgens de enquêtes van 1841 en 1860’, E.H.J.B. VoL VIII (1922), 97. These surveys give the following information for the daily wage paid in 1841.
Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 161.
Ibid. 162.
See above, 152.
Previnaire appears in lists of exporters to the Dutch East Indies via the NHM and privately in 1839 and 1840 (A.R.A. Nationale Nijverheid 11–1–1840 No. 12 N/N, 25–1–1841 No. 11 N/N). In addition, a detailed breakdown of production from the Certificates of Origin, required to benefit from the differential Javanese tariff, is available for the years 1835–50 from the Verslagen Burgemeester en Wethouders Haarlem (see footnote 182 above for details of the source). Unfortunately, this data is not comparable in format with that of the NHM.
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1844, 75; Ibid. over 1845, 88.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1847, 72.
Aid Jaarrede over 1850, 42.
Ibid. Bijlagen tot de Processen Verbaal der Direktie 25–11–1845 No. 9135R.
Confirmation of this fact can be found in Economisch-Historische Bibliotheek, Kleine aanwinsten, boeken der firma H.J. Raymakers, Helmond 1843–1850. Because of the many different patterns woven it is impossible to make any generalised estimates of the exact breakdown of total production costs.
Archief NHM, Bijlagen tot de Processen Verbaal der Direktie 25–11–1845 No. 9135R.
Ibid. Jaarrede van de President over 1850, 42.
See above, 154.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven de Heyder Co. dd. 26–3–1841; 11–4–1842; 5–4–1843; 12–3–1844.
Koninklijk Besluit 29–11–1839 No. 106.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven Th. Wilson dd. 8–9–1844.
Ibid. Ingekomen brieven Th. Wilson dd. 17–9–1844.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1850, 43.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1850, 43.
F. Driessen, `Peter Ludwig Carl Driessen’, Jaarboekje voor Geschiedenis en Oudheidkunde van Leiden en Rijnland Vol. III (1906), 7, 10–13.
Mansvelt, `Iets over de Haarlemse Katoenfabrieken’, 242.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–2–1836 La K7 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verslag van de NHM over 1835, 59–60.
Aalberse, Een onbekende enquête naar de arbeidstoestand in Nederland 26, 27, 43. The daily wages for 1841, with employment figures in parentheses, were as follows
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 21–6–1837 La K25 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verstag van de NHM over 1836, 134.
The basis for calculation is one of 50 pieces per case. Archief NHM, Bijlage Confidentieel Proces Verbaal 10–4–1841 No. 10.
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1840.
See above, 169.
The largest recorded annual order for de Heyder was for 25,000 pieces in 1838. A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 11–7–1840 La C36 Geheim, containing Algemeen Verstag van de NHM over 1838, 107.
G.A. Leiden, Journaal de Heyder Co. (Machinery account).
See above, 167.
See above, 155.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven, Previnaire dd. 15–12–1839.
A.R.A. Nationale Nijverheid 24–7–1845 No. 141 N/N; 2–10–1845 No. 166 N/N.
A.R.A. Nationale Nijverheid 28–2–1845 No. 151 N/N.
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1845, 85. Geheime aantekening van de Direktie 17–2–1845, Bijlage 315.
Ibid. Geheime aantekening van de Direktie 26–10–1844, Bijlage 307.
Ibid Jaarrede van de President over 1850, 44.
Ibid. Geheime aantekening van de Direktie 26–10–1844, Bijlage 307.
Ibid. Geheime aantekening 17–2–1845 No. 3, Bijlage 316.
Ibid. Geheime aantekening 17–2–1845 No. 3, Bijlage 315.
Ibid. Jaarrede van de President over 1845, 89.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1847, 66–69.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1845, 45.
Ibid Jaarrede over 1850, 44.
See above, 157–158.
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1839, 40.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1842, 58.
Ibid Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven, Jacobson Co. dd. 25–3–1839.
Ibid. Ingekomen brieven, Jacobson Co. dd. 6–4–1839.
R.A. Overijssel, Kabinet 6–2–1840, 28.
Jaarverslag EKS 1840, R.A. Overijssel, Kabinet 21–1–1841 No. 112/130.
Jaarverslag EKS 1842, R.A. Overijssel, Kabinet 21–1–1843 No. 217.
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1847, 71.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven Hofkes Co. dd. 20–10–1840.
Ibid. Ingekomen brieven Hofkes Co. dd. 6–2–1841.
Ibid. Ingekomen brieven Hofkes Co. dd. 22–3–1844.
Ibid. Jaarrede van de President over 1845, 90.
Wet 19–6–1845, Staatsblad No. 28.
Archief NHM, Jaarrede van de President over 1844, 79.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1845, Bijlage P.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1847, Bijlage Q.
Ibid. Jaarrede over 1847, 71.
Ibid. Ingekomen brieven, Hofkes Co. dd. 23–11–1847.
Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 141–142.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven Jacobson Co. dd. 21–11–1838.
Ibid. Ingekomen brieven Jacobson Co. dd. 6–4–1839.
Ibid. Ingekomen brieven Jacobson Co. dd. 22–1–1841.
Ibid. Ingekomen brieven Jacobson Co. dd. 19–10–1841.
A.R.A. Ministerie van Koloniën 31–12–1855 No. 584 Geheim. This source traces the relationship between the government, the NHM and the Phoenix.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij, Vol. II, 267.
H. Muller, De Nederlandsche Katoennijverheid in het stelsel van bescherming in Nederlandsch-Indië 69.
Ibid 76.
H.W. Tydemann, De Nederlandsche Handelmaatschappij. Bijdrage tot hare geschiedenis en waardeering in verband met het Koloniaal beheer 377–378.
C.T. Stork, De Twentsche Katoennijverheid. Hare vestiging en uitbreiding. Herinneringen en wenken 33.
Ibid. 38–39.
Ibid. 42–46.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven Th. Wilson dd. 8–9–1844.
Ibid. Geheime Aantekening van de Direktie 14–4–1840, Bijlage No. 36.
Muller, De Nederlandsche Katoennijverheid en het stelsel van bescherming 108–109.
A.R.A. Staatssecretarie 2–9–1839 La V50 Geheim.
Archief NHM, Brieven archief, Ingekomen brieven Th. Wilson dd. 9–12–1833.
See above, 77.
Muller, De Nederlandsche Katoennijverheid en het stelsel van bescherming 115–116.
Ibid. 114–115.
Ibid. 131.
Jordaan, `De firma Thomas Ainsworth to Goor’, 84–85.
Muller, De Nederlandsche Katoennijverheid en het stelsel van bescherming 135.
Ibid. 141, 155–158.
Ibid 148–150.
A.R.A. steam-engine survey, 1851.
See above, 174–177.
See above, 161.
Stork, De Twentse Katoennijverheid. Hare vestiging en uitbreiding 57–58.
Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 107–108.
Muller, De Nederlandse Katoennijverheid en her stelsel van bescherming 58–59.
Stork, De Twentse Katoennijverheid. Hare vestiging en uitbreiding 58.
Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 178–179.
Muller, De Nederlandse Katoennijverheid en het stelsel van bescherming 110–112.
See above, 161.
J.A.P.G. Boot, `Gebrek aan handwevers in Twente na 1850’, Textiel Historische Bijdragen VoL 10 (1969), 18.
Ibid. 33–35.
Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 184.
Burgers, 100 Jaar G H Salomonsen 171.
Ibid. 80–81.
Boot, De Twentse Katoennijverheid 110–111.
Ibid. 142–147.
Mansvelt, Geschiedenis van de Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij Vol. II, 280.
Ibid. VoL II, 269.
A.L. van Schelven, Ten overzicht van Twentse fabriqueurs uit 1795’, Textiel Historische Bijdragen Vol. 4 (1963), 43–51.
P.A.S. Limburg Brouwer, `Reisindrukken uit het achterland’, De Gids (1860), 618–619.
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Griffiths, R.T. (1979). Case Study III: Cotton Textiles Under the Nederlandsche Handel Maatschappij. In: Industrial Retardation in the Netherlands 1830–1850. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1877-6_6
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