Abstract
The energy audit of water networks has to be focused on DIRECT and INDIRECT interconnected facts such as:
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i -
Operational schedule of pumping stations and available storage to attend several demand scenarios;
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ii -
Instalation of ACV’s — Automatic Control Valves — to avoid extreme pressure changes due to hourly demand variations influencing network leakages;
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iii -
Customer water volume measurements: the measured water volume consumption is influenced by the domestic storage dimensions! Generally, if any, these storages are emergency ones operating at maximum level with small valve openings for water admission, resulting in:
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a -
Errors in the water consumption measurement
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b -
Dead water in the customers’ storages;
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a -
These facts, with illustrated examples are presented in the paper.
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References
KOELLE, E. (1993), “Automation levels in water supply systems. Measurement and control variables”, Water Supply Systems, edited by E. Cabrera and F. Martinez. Fluid Mechanics Group, Universidad Politecnica de Valencia, Spain, 297–316.
KOELLE, E. (1992), “Control Valves inducing oscillatory flow in hydraulic networks”. Unsteady Flow and Fluid Transients–Proceedings of the International Conference, Durham, UK, 29 Sept.–I Oct. 1992, 343–354.
ALMEIDA, A. BETAMIO and KOELLE, E. (1992), “Fluid Transients in Pipe Networks–Computational Mechanics Publications–ISBN 1–85312–167–3 and Elsevier Applied Science, London, New York, ISBN 1–85166–760–1.
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© 1995 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht
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Koelle, E. (1995). Energy Audit of a Water System Network. In: Cabrera, E., Vela, A.F. (eds) Improving Efficiency and Reliability in Water Distribution Systems. Water Science and Technology Library, vol 14. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1841-7_8
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1841-7_8
Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht
Print ISBN: 978-90-481-4567-6
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