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Genetic control of self-incompatibility and reproductive development in flowering plants pp 372–400Cite as

Gametophytic competition and selection

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Part of the book series: Advances in Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants ((CMBP,volume 2))

Abstract

A common phenomenon in higher plants is the alternation of two phases in their life cycle: a conspicuous diploid sporophyte that develops from the zygote and a reduced haploid gametophyte that develops from spores produced by meiosis. The gametophytic phase has been progressively reduced both in terms of duration and relative biomass along the evolutionary line (Heslop-Harrison 1979). Its reduction is at its greatest in Angiosperms, where typically, the mature male gametophyte (microgametophyte) consists of three haploid cells (the vegetative cell and the two sperm cells), and the female gametophyte (megagametophyte) of six haploid cells within a single binucleate cell. The pollen grain of flowering plants acts as a vector for the delivery of the two sperm cells (male gametes) to the megagametophyte of the ovule, accomplishing a unique feature of Angiosperms: double fertilization. Several reports deal with the physiology of the male gametophyte from its development in the anther up to fertilization (different aspects reviewed in Knox 1984a,b; Shivanna and Johri 1985; Knox et al. 1986; Dickinson 1987; Heslop-Harrison 1987; Mascarenhas 1989, 1990a,b). For many years it had been assumed that the majority of the genome in the male gametophyte was repressed with only the genes required to germinate, produce the pollen tube, and achieve fertilization being active (Brink and MacGillivray 1924; Heslop-Harrison 1979). The male gametophyte, however, now appears to be not just a simple transmission vector for the genome, but also an independent organism expressing its own genetic information (Mascarenhas 1989, 1990a,b). As such, we could expect selection to operate in the gametophytic phase resulting in a change in gene frequencies in the subsequent generation. Jones, as early as 1928, proposed that ‘in the spermatophytes fertilization is dependent upon the ability of pollen tube to grow, and discrimination between the gametes from different individuals and between different gametes from the same individuals is made before the germ cells come in contact’. Genetic differences among microgametophytes, if expressed, would result in gametophytic competition and gametophytic selection leading to nonrandom fertilization (Snow 1986a; Mulcahy and Mulcahy 1987; Schlichting et al. 1990).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Department of Pomology, University of California, Davis, CA, 95616, USA

    J. Ignacio Hormaza

  2. Unidad de Fruticultura, SIA-DGA, Apartado 727, Campus de Aula Dei, 50080, Zaragoza, Spain

    María Herrero

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  1. J. Ignacio Hormaza
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  2. María Herrero
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  1. Division of Horticulture, CSIRO, G.P.O. Box 350, 5001, Adelaide, SA, Australia

    Elizabeth G. Williams

  2. School of Botany, University of Melbourne, 3052, Parkville, Victoria, Australia

    Adrienne E. Clarke  & R. Bruce Knox  & 

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Hormaza, J.I., Herrero, M. (1994). Gametophytic competition and selection. In: Williams, E.G., Clarke, A.E., Knox, R.B. (eds) Genetic control of self-incompatibility and reproductive development in flowering plants. Advances in Cellular and Molecular Biology of Plants, vol 2. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1669-7_18

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1669-7_18

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