Skip to main content
SpringerLink
Log in

Entomopathogenic Microsporidia

  • Chapter
Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology

Abstract

Protozoan parasites of insects are a heterogenous group of single-celled eukaryotes with prodigiously varied characteristics and little taxonomic affinity between groups. Although many species in several taxa are common and primary pathogens of arthropods, few protozoan groups have been used in microbial control programs because certain fundamental characteristics inhibit their use. These include complicated life cycles, some with intermediate hosts, obligate parasitism, and typically chronic rather than acute effects on their hosts. The expense of in vivo production, low persistence in the field, and difficulties in long-term storage add to the difficulties (Brooks, 1988).

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this chapter

Log in via an institution
Chapter
USD 29.95
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever
eBook
USD 74.99
Price excludes VAT (USA)
  • Available as PDF
  • Read on any device
  • Instant download
  • Own it forever

Tax calculation will be finalised at checkout

Purchases are for personal use only

Institutional subscriptions

Preview

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

Unable to display preview. Download preview PDF.

References

  • Andreadis, T. G. 1984. Epizootiology of Nosema pyrausta in field populations of the European corn borer (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae). Environ. Entomol. 13, 882–887.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreadis, T. G. 1985. Experimental transmission of a microsporidian pathogen from mosquitoes to an alternate copepod host. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. 82, 5574–5577.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreadis, T. G. 1988. Amblyospora connecticus sp. nov. (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae): Horizontal transmission studies in the mosquito Aedes cantator and formal description. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52, 90101.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreadis, T.G. 1989a. Host specificity of Amblyospora connecticus, a polymorphic microsporidian parasite of Aedes cantator. J. Med. Entomol. 26, 140–145.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreadis T.G. 1989b. Infection of a field population of Aedes cantator with a polymorphic microsporidium, Amblyospora connecticus via release of the intermediate copepod host, Acanthocyclops vernalis. J Am. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 5, 81–85.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreadis, T. G. 1990. Polymorphic microsporidia of mosquitoes: potential for biological control. In “New Directions in Biological Control: Alternatives for Suppressing Agricultural Pests and Diseases”, ( P. E. Dunn and R.R. Baker, Eds.). pp. 177–188. New York: Alan R. Liss, Inc.

    Google Scholar 

  • Andreadis, T. G. 1991. Experimental observations on the longevity of meiospores of Amblyospora connecticus (Microsporida). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 58, 458–460.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Andreadis, T. G. 1994. Host range tests with Edhazardia aedis (Microsporida: Culicosporidae) against northern nearctic mosquitoes. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 64, 46–51.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Andreadis, T. G., Dubois, N. R., Moore, R. E. B., Anderson, J. F., and Lewis, F. B. 1983. Single applications of high concentrations of Bacillus thuringiensis for control of gypsy moth (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) populations and their impact on parasitism and disease. J. Econ. Entomol. 76, 1417–1422.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, D. W., Savage, K. E., Hazard, E. I., Avery, S. W., and Boston, M. D. O. S. W. 1978. Field tests with Nosema algerae Vavra and Undeen (Microsporida, Nosematidae) against Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann in Panama. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 11, 17–28.

    Google Scholar 

  • Anthony, D. W., Savage, K. E., and Weidhaas, D. E. 1972. Nosematosis: its effect on Anopheles albimanus Wiedemann, and a population model of its relation to malaria transmission. Proc. Helminthol. Soc. Washington pp. 428–433.

    Google Scholar 

  • Apuya, L. C., Stringham, S. M., Arends, J. J., and Brooks, W. M. 1994. Prevalence of protozoan infections in darkling beetles from poultry houses in North Carolina. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 63, 225–259.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avery, S. W. 1989. Horizontal transmission of Parathelohania obesa (Protozoa: Microsporidia) to Anopheles quadrimaculatus (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53, 424–426.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Avery, S. W. and Anthony, D. W. 1983. Ultrastructural study of early development of Nosema algerae in Anopheles albimanus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 42, 87–95.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Avery, S. W. and Undeen, A. H. 1990. Horizontal transmission of Parathelohania anophelis to the copepod Microcyclops varicans, and the mosquito, Anopheles quadrimaculatus. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 56, 98–105.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. D., Vossbrinck, C. R., Becnel, J. J., and Andreadis, T. G. 1997a. Phylogeny of Amblyospora (Microsporidia: Amblyosporidae) and related genera based on small subunit ribosomal DNA data: a possible example of host parasite cospeciation. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 71, 199–208.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. D., Vossbrinck, C. R., Becnel, J. J., and Maddox, J. V. 1997b. Phylogenetic position of Amblyospora Hazard and Oldacre (Microspora: Amblyosporidae) based on small subunit rRNA data and its implication for the evolution of the microsporidia. J. Euk. Microbiol. 44, 220–225.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. D., Vossbrinck, C. R., Didier, E. S., Maddox, J. V., and Shadduck, J. A. 1995. Small subunit ribosomal DNA phylogeny of various microsporidia with emphasis on AIDS related forms. J. Euk. Microbiol. 42, 564–570.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Baker, M. D., Vossbrinck, C. R., Maddox, J. V., and Undeen, A. H. 1994. Relationships among Vairimorpha and Nosema species (Microspora) based on ribosomal RNA sequence data. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 64, 100–106.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Bateman, R. 1997. Methods of application of microbial pesticide formulations for the control of grasshoppers and locusts. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 171, 69–81.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Bauer, L. S., Miller, D. L., Maddox, J. V., and McManus, M. L. 1998. Interactions between a Nosema sp. (Microspora: Nosematidae) and nuclear polyhedrosis virus infecting the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 74, 147–153.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Becnel, J. J. 1992. Safety of Edhazardia aedis (Microspora, Amblyosporidae) for nontarget aquatic organisms. J. Am. Mosq. Contr. Assoc. 8, 256–260.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becnel, J. J., Garcia, J. J., and Johnson, M. A. 1995. Edhazardia aedis (Microspora: Culicosporidae) effects on the reproductive capacity of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Med. Entomol. 32, 549–553.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becnel, J. J., Sprague, V., Fukuda, T., and Hazard, E. I. 1989. Development of Edhazardia aedis (Kudo, 1930) n. g., n. comb. (Microsporida: Amblyosporidae) in the mosquito Aedes aegypti (L.) (Diptera: Culicidae). J. ProtozooL. 36, 119–130.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Becnel, J. J. and Johnson, M. A. (In Press). Impact of Edhazardia aedis (Microsporidia: Culicosporidae) on a seminatural population of Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). BioL Contr.,in press.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, W. M. 1980. Production and efficacy of protozoa. Biotech. Bioeng. 22, 1415–1440.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, W. M. 1988. Entomogenous Protozoa. In “Handbook of Natural Pesticides, Vol. V, Microbial Insecticides”, ( C. M. Ingnoffo Ed.), pp. 1–150. CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Brooks, W. M. and Cranford, J. D. 1978. Host parasite relationships of Nosema heliothidis Lutz and Splendor. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 11, 51–633.

    Google Scholar 

  • Canning, E. U. 1953. A new microsporidian, Nosema locustae n. sp., from the fat body of the African migratory locust, Locusta migratoria migratorioides (R. and F.). Parasitology 43, 287–290.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Canning, E. U. 1962. The life cycle of Nosema locustae Canning in Locusta migratoria migratorioides Reiche and Fairmaire, and it’s infectivity to other hosts. J. Insect Pathol. 4, 237–247.

    Google Scholar 

  • Cossentine, J. E. and Lewis, L. C. 1984. Interactions between Vairimorpha necatrix, Vairimorpha sp., and a nuclear polyhedrosis virus from Rachiplusia ou in Agrotis ipsilon larvae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 44, 2835.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Chu, W. H. and Jacque, R. P. 1981. Factors affecting infectivity of Vairimorpha necatrix (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) in Trichoplusia ni (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). Can. Entomol. 113, 93–102.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Federici, B. A. and Maddox, J. V. 1996. Host specificity in microbe-insect interactions. Bioscience 46, 410–421.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Franz, J. M. and Huger, A. M. 1971. Microsporidia causing the collapse of an outbreak of the green tortrix (Tortrix viridana L.) in Germany. Proc. 46’ Intern. Colloq. Insect Pathol, pp. 48–53

    Google Scholar 

  • Fries, I., Granados, R. R., and Morse, R. A. 1992. Intracellular germination of spores of Nosema apis. Z. Apidol. 23, 61–70.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxa, J. R. 1979. Interactions of the microsporidium Vairimorpha necatrix with a bacterium, virus, and fungus in Heliothus zea. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 33, 316–323.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Fuxa, J. R. and Brooks, W. M. 1978. Persistence of spores of Vairimorpha necatrix, a microbial control agent for Heliothus zea, in tobacco, cotton, and soybean. J. Econ. Entomol. 71, 169–172.

    Google Scholar 

  • Fuxa, J. R. and Brooks, W. M. 1979. Mass production and storage of Vairimorpha necatrix (Protozoa: Microsporida). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 33, 86–94.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gaugler, R. R. and Brooks, W. M. 1975. Sublethal effects of infection by Nosema heliothidis in the corn earworm, Heliothus zea. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 26: 57–63.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Gilpin, M. E. and McClelland, G. A. H. 1979. Systems analysis of the yellow fever mosquito Aedes aegypti. Fortschr. Zool. 25, 355–388.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Goettel, M.S. and Johnson, D.L., Eds. 1779. volume of the Memoirs of the Canadian Entomological Society. Hanula, J. L. and Andreadis, T. G. 1988. Parasitic microorganisms of Japanese beetle (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) and associated scarab larvae in Connecticut (USA) soils. Environ. Entomol. 17, 709–714.

    Google Scholar 

  • Hasan, S. and Delfosse, E. S. 1995. Susceptibility of the Australian native, Heliotropium crispatum, to the rust fungus Uromyces heliotropii introduced to control common heliotrope, Heliotropium europeaum. Biocontr. Sci. Tech. 5, 165–174.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hatakeyama, Y., Kawakami, Y., Iwano, H., Inoue, T., and Ishihara, R. 1997. Analyses and taxonomic inferences of small subunit ribosomal RNA sequences of five microsporidia pathogenic to the silkworm, Bombyx mori. J. Seric. Sci. Jpn. 66 242–252.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Hembree, S. C. 1979. Preliminary report of some mosquito pathogens from Thailand. Mosq. News 39, 575–582.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. E. 1990. Control of insects by Protozoa. In “New Directions in Biological Control: Alternatives for Suppressing Agricultural Pests and Diseases”. pp. 161–175. Alan R. Liss, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. E. and Oma, E. A. 1974. Effect of prolonged storage of spores on field applications of Nosema locustae (Microsporida: Nosematidae) against grasshoppers. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 23, 371–377.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. E. and Orna, E. A. 1981. Pest control by Nosema locustae, a pathogen of grasshoppers and crickets. In “Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases, 1970–1980”, (Burges, H. D., Ed.), pp. 573586. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J. E., Oma, E. A., and Onsager, J. A. 1978. Relative effectiveness of ULV spray applications of spores of Nosema locustae against grasshoppers. J. Econ. Entomol. 71, 629–632.

    Google Scholar 

  • Henry, J.E., Tiahrt, K., and Oma, E.A. 1973. Importance of timing, spore concentrations, and levels of spore camer in applications of Nosema locustae (Microsporida:Nosematidae) for control of grasshoppers. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 21, 263–272.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Hill, R. E. and Gary, W. J. 1979. Effects of the microsporidian, Nosema pyrausta, on field populations of European corn borers in Nebraska. Environ. Entomol. 8, 91–95.

    Google Scholar 

  • Iwano, H. and Ishihara, R. 1991. Dimorphism of spores of Nosema spp. in cultured cell. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 57, 211–219.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffords, M. R., Maddox, J. V., McManus, M. L., Webb, R. E., and Wieber, A. 1988. Egg contamination as a method for the inoculative release of exotic microsporidia of the gypsy moth. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 51, 190–196.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Jeffords, M. R., Maddox, J. V., McManus, M. L., Webb, R. E., and Wieber, A. 1989. Evaluation of the overwintering success of two European microsporidia inoculatively released into gypsy moth populations in Maryland. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 53, 235–240.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. L. 1997. Nosematidae and other Protozoa as agents for control of grasshoppers and locusts: current status and prospects. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can., 171, 375–389.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, D. L. and Dolinski, M. G. 1997. Attempts to increase the prevalence and severity of grasshoppers with the entomopathogen Nosema locustae Canning (Microsporida: Nosematidae) by repeated field applications. Mem. Entomol Soc. Can. 171, 391–400.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Johnson, M. A., Becnel, J. J., and Undeen, A. H. 1997. A new sporulation sequence in Edhazardia aedis (Microsporidia: Culicosporidae), a parasite of the mosquito Aedes aegypti (Diptera: Culicidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 70, 69–75.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kaya, H. K. 1977. Survival of spores of Vairimorpha (= Nosema) necatrix (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) exposed to sunlight, ultraviolet radiation, and high temperatures. J. Invertebr. Pathol 30, 192–198.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. F. and Anthony, D. W. 1979. Susceptibility of spores of the microsporidian Nosema algerae to sunlight and germicidal ultraviolet radiation. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 34, 164–169.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kelly, J. F., Anthony, D. W., and Dillard, C. R. 1981. A laboratory evaluation of the microsporidian Vavraia culicis as an agent for mosquito control. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 37, 117–122.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Kirchhoff, J. F. and Fuehrer, E. 1990. Experimental analysis of infection and developmental cycle of Malamoeba scolyti (Purrini) in Dryocoetes autographus (Ratz.) (Coleoptera: Scolytidae). Entomophaga 35, 537–544.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Knoblett, J. N. and Youssef, N. N. 1996. Detection of Nosema locustae (Microsporidia: Nosematidae) in frozen grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae) by using monoclonal antibodies. J. Econ. Entomol. 89, 841–847.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Kohler, S. L. and Wiley, M. J. 1992. Parasite-induced collapse of populations of a dominant grazer in Michigan streams. Oikos 65, 443–449.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lacey, L. A. (Ed.) 1997. “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology”. Biological Techniques Series. 409 pp. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lange, C. E. and De Wysiecki, M. L. 1996. The fate of Nosema locustae (Microsporida: Nosematidae) in Argentine grasshoppers (Orthoptera: Acrididae). Biol. Contr. 7, 24–29.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Lange, C. E. and Wittenstein, E. 1998. Susceptibilidad de la langusta Schstocerca cancellata (Orthoptera: Acrididae) a diferentes entomopatogenos. Rev. Soc. Entomol Argent. 57, 19–22.

    Google Scholar 

  • Leong, K. L. H., Yoshimura, M. A., Kaya, H. K., and Williams, H. 1997. Instar susceptibility of the monarch butterfly (Danaus plexippus) to the neogregarine parasite Ophryocistis elektroscirrha. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69, 79–83

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Levine, N. D., Corliss, J. O., Cox, F. E. G., Deroux, G., Grain, J., Honigberg, B. M., Leedale, G. F., Loeblich III, A. R., Lom, J., Lynn, D., Merinfeld, E. G., Page, F. C., Poljansky, G., Sprague, V., Vavra, J., and Wallace. F.G. 1980. A newly revisedclassification of the Protozoa. J. Protozool. 27, 37–58.

    PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. 1982. Persistence of Nosema pyrausta and Vairimorpha necatrix measured by microsporidiosis in the European corn borer. J. Econ. Entomol. 75, 670–674.

    Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. and Lynch, R. E. 1974. Lyophilization, vacuum drying, and subsequent storage of Nosema pyrausta spores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 24, 149–153.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Lewis, L. C. and Lynch, R. E. 1978. Foliar application of Nosema pyrausta for suppression of populations of European corn borer. Entomophaga 23, 83–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J. V. 1966. Generation time of the microsporidian, Nosema necatrix, in larvae of the armyworm, Pseudaletia unipuncta. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 11, 90–96.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J. V. 1973. The persistence of the microsporidia in the environment. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am. 9, 99–104.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J. V. 1977. Stability of entomopathogenic Protozoa. Misc. Publ. Ent. Soc. Am. 10, 3–18.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J. V. 1986a. Current status on the use of microsporidia as biocontrol agents. In “Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Invertebrate Pathology”, (R. A. Samson, J. M. Vlak, and D. Peters, Eds.), Proc. IVth Intl. Coll. Soc. Invertebr. Pathol. pp. 518–522. Veldhoven, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J. V. 1986b. Possibilities for manipulating epizootics caused by Protozoa: a representative case-history of Nosema pyrausta. In “Fundamental and Applied Aspects of Invertebrate Pathology”, (R. A. Samson, J. M. Vlak, and D. Peters, Eds.), Proc. IVth Intl. Coll. Soc. Invertebr. Pathol. pp. 563–566. Veldhoven, The Netherlands.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J. V. 1987. Protozoan diseases. In “Epizootiology of Insect Diseases”, ( J. R. Fuxa and Y. Tanada, Eds.), pp. 417–452. J. Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J. V. 1992. The effect of regulations on the use of insect pathogens as biological control agents. In “Regulations and Guidelines: Critical Issues in Biological Control”, (R. Charudattan and J. Browning, Eds.), USDA/CSRS Workshop. pp. 73–81. Vienna, VA.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J.V., Brooks, W.M. and Fuxa, J.R. 1981. Vairimorpha necatrix, a pathogen of agricultural pests: potential for pest control. In “Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases” ( Burges, H.D., Ed.). pp. 587–594. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Maddox, J. V. and Solter L. F. 1996. Long-term storage of viable microsporidian spores in liquid nitrogen. J. Euk. Microbiol. 43, 221–225.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Malone, L. A. and Mclvor, C. A. 1995. DNA probes for two microsporidia, Nosema bombycis and Nosema costelytrae. J. Invertebr. Pathol 65, 269–273.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • McManus, M. L., Maddox, J. V., Jeffords, M. R., and Webb, R. E. 1989. Evaluation and selection of candidate European microsporidia for introduction into U.S. gypsy moth populations. In “Proceedings, Lymantriidae: a Comparison of Features of New and Old World Tussock Moths”. U.DA Forest Ser. NE For. Expt. Stn. Gen. Tech. Rpt. NE-123. pp. 455–468.

    Google Scholar 

  • Mistric, W. J. and Smith, F. D. 1973. Tobacco budworm: control on flue-cured tobacco with certain microbial pesticides. J. Econ. Entomol. 66, 979–982.

    Google Scholar 

  • Moawed, S. M., Saleh, M. R., and Salem, S. A. 1987. Interaction of the microsporidium Vairimorpha ephestiae with nuclear polyhedrosis virus and their effect on Egyptian cotton leafworm, Spodoptera littoralis. Acta Entomol. Bohemoslov. 84, 422–430.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordin, G. L. 1971. “Studies on a Nuclear Polyhedrosis Virus and Three Species of Microsporidia Pathogenic to the Fall Webworm, Hyphantria cuneo (Drury)”. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. 229 pp.

    Google Scholar 

  • Nordin, G. L. and Maddox, J. V. 1972. Effect of simultaneous virus and microsporidian infection on larvae of Hyphantria cuneo. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 20, 66–69.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odindo, M. O. 1992. Screenhouse trials on the potential of Nosema marucae for control of Chilo partellus. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 65, 283–289.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Odindo, M. O., Amutalla, P. A., Opondo-Mbai, M., and Onyango Odero, T. 1993. Production of Nosema marucae for biological control of cereal stem borers. Entomol. Exp. Appl. 67, 143–148

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Oien, C. T. and Ragsdale, D. W. 1992. A species-specific enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for Nosema furnacalis (Microspora: Nosematidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 60, 84–88.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Pieniazek, N. J., Kurtti, R. J., da Silva, A. J., Slemeda, S. B., Moura, H., Moura, I. S., Bornay-Llinares, F. J., Schwartz, D. A., and Wirtz, R. A. 1997. Molecular identification of the microsporidian Visvesvaria algerae n. comb. causing loss of mosquitoes in colonies maintained for malarial research. GenBank, direct submission, website: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/htbin-post/Entrez/query?db=n_r

  • Pilarska, D.K., Solter, L.F., Maddox, J.V. and M.L. McManus. 1999. Microsporidia from gypsy moth (Lymantria dispar L.) populations in Central and Western Bulgaria. Acta Zool. Bulg. 50, 109–113.

    Google Scholar 

  • Pilley, B. M. 1978. The storage of infective spores of Vairimorpha necatrix (Protozoa: Microspora) in antibiotic solution at 40C. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 31, 341–344.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Prior, C. and Streett, D.A. 1997. Strategies for the use of entomopathogens in the control of the desert locust and other acridoid pests. Mem. Entomol. Soc. Can. 171, 5–25.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Reynolds, D. G. 1972. Experimental introduction of a microsporidian into a wild population of Culex pipiens fatigans Wied. Bull. Wld. Hlth. Org. 46, 807–812.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, D. W., Fuxa, J. R., Gaugler, R., Goettel, M., Jaques, R., and Maddox, J. 1990. Use of pathogens in insect control. In “CRC Handbook of Pest Management in Agriculture”, ( Pimentel, D., Ed.). pp. 243–278 CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL.

    Google Scholar 

  • Roberts, S. J., Maddox, J. V., Bartell, D. P., and Armbrust, E. J. 1977. Disease as a larval mortality factor in alfalfa weevil (Coleoptera: Curculionidae) populations in Illinois. Great Lakes Entomol. 10, 199–200.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, J. P. 1985. “The Epizootiology of Nosema pyrausta (Paillot) in the European Corn Borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, in Central Illinois”. Ph.D. thesis, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign.

    Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, J. P., Maddox, J. V., and Ruesink, W. G. 1986. Lethal and sublethal effects of Nosema pyrausta on the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis) in central Illinois. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 48, 167–173.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Siegel, J. P., Maddox, J. V., Ruesink, W. G. 1988. Seasonal progress of Nosema pyrausta in the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52, 130–136.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Solter, L. F. and Maddox J. V. 1998a. Timing of an early sporulation sequence of microsporidia in the genus Vairimorpha (Microsporidia: Burenllidae). J. Invertebr. Pathol. 72, 323–329.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Solter, L. F. and Maddox J. V. 1998b. Physiological host specificity of microsporidia as an indicator of ecological host specificity. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 71, 207–216.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Salter, L. F., Maddox, J. V., and McManus M. L. 1997. Host specificity of microsporidia (Protista: Microspora) from European populations of Lymantria dispar (Lepidoptera: Lymantriidae) to indigenous North American Lepidoptera. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 69, 135–150.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, A. W., and Becnel, J. J. 1991. Potential of microsporidia for the biological control of mosquitoes. Parasital. Today 7, 217–220.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Sweeney, A. W., Hazard, E. I., and Graham, M. F. 1985. Intermediate host for an Amblyospora sp. (Microspora) infecting the mosquito Culex annulirostris. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 46, 98–102.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Tanada, Y. and Kaya, H. K. 1993. “Insect Pathology”. pp. 414–458. Academic Press, Inc., San Diego, CA.

    Book  Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. 1978. Spore-hatching processes in some Nosema species with particular reference to Nosema algerae Vavra and Undeen. Misc. Publ. Entomol. Soc. Am., 11, 29–49.

    Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. 1990. A proposed mechanism for the germination of microsporidian (Protozoa, Microspora) spores. J. Theor. Biol., 142, 223–235.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. 1997. Microsporidia (Protozoa): A Handbook of Biology and Research Techniques. So. Assoc. Agric. Expt. Stn. Dir., So. Coop. Ser. Bull. #387. Website: http://agweb.okstate.edu/pearl/scsb387/

    Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. and Avery, S. W. 1988. Effect of anions on the germination of Nosema algerae (Microspora: Nosematidae) spores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 52, 84–89.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. and Dame, D.A. 1987. Measurement of the effect of microsporidian pathogens on mosquito larvae mortality under artificial field conditions. J. Am. Mosq. Assn. 3, 91–93.

    CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H., Johnson, M. A., and Becnel, J. J. 1993. The effects of temperature on the survival of Edhazardia aedis (Microspora, Amblyosporidae), a pathogen of Aedes aegypti. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 61, 303–307.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. and Maddox, J. V. 1973. The infection of nonmosquito hosts by injection with spores of the microsporidian Nosema algerae. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 22, 258–265.

    Article  PubMed  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. and Solter L. F. 1996. The sugar content and density of living and dead microsporidian (Protozoa: Microspora) spores. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 67, 80–91.

    Article  CAS  Google Scholar 

  • Undeen, A. H. and Vivra, J. 1997. Research methods for entomopathogenic Protozoa. In “Manual of Techniques in Insect Pathology”, ( L. A. Lacey, Ed.). pp. 117–151. Academic Press, San Diego, CA.

    Chapter  Google Scholar 

  • Van Denburgh, R. S. and Burbutis, P. P. 1962. The host-parasite relationship of the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis, and the protozoan parasite, Perezia pyrausta, in Delaware. J. Econ. Entomol. 55, 65–67.

    Google Scholar 

  • Van Essen, F. W. and Anthony, D. W. 1976. Susceptibility of nontarget organisms to Nosema algerae (Microsporida: Nosematidae), a parasite of mosquitoes. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 28, 77–85.

    Article  PubMed  Google Scholar 

  • Vivra, J. and Maddox, J. V. 1976. Methods in microsporidiology. In “Comparative Pathobiology, Vol. 1, Biology of the Microsporidia”, (L. A. Bulla and T. C. Chang, Eds.), pp. 281–319. Plenum, New York.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wang, B. 1982. The pathobiology of the mosquito parasite, Vavraia culicis (Weiser). Ph.D. thesis, University of California, Los Angeles.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wegensteiner, R., Weiser, J., and Fuehrer, E. 1996. Observations of the occurrence of pathogens in the bark beetle fps typographus L. (Col., Scolytidae). J. Appl. Entomol. 120, 199–204.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Weiser, J. and Novotny, J. 1987. Field application of Nosema Iymantriae against the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar L. J. Appl. Entomol 104, 58–62.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Williams, D. F., Oi, D.H., and Knue, G.J. 1999. Infection of red imported fire ant (Hymenoptera: Formicidae) colonies with the entomopathogen Thelohania solenopsae (Microsporidia: Thelohaniidae). J. Econ. Entomol. 92, 830–836.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. G. 1973. Incidence of microsporidia in a field population of spruce budworm. Can. For. Serv. Bi-mon. Res. Notes 29, 35.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. G. 1981. Nosema fumiferanae, a natural pathogen of a forest pest: potential for pest management. In “Microbial Control of Pests and Plant Diseases”, (H. D. Burges, Ed.). pp. 595–602. Academic Press, London.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. G. and Kaupp, W. J. 1975. Application of a microsporidia, Nosema fumiferanae, against spruce budworm on Manitoulin Island. Environ. Can. For. Ser. Inf. Rep., 1P-X-11.

    Google Scholar 

  • Wilson, G. G. and Kaupp, W. J. 1976. Application of Nosema fumiferanae and Pleistophora schubergi (Microsporida) against spruce budworm in Ontario. Environ. Can. For. Ser. Inf. Rep., 1P-X-15.

    Google Scholar 

  • Windels, M. B., Chiang, H. C., and Furgala, B. 1976. Effects of Nosema pyrausta on pupa and adult stages of the European corn borer. J. Invertebr. Pathol. 27, 239–242.

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Zimmack, H. L. and Brindley, T. A. 1957. The effects of the protozoan parasite Perezia pyrausta Paillot on the European corn borer. J. Econ. Entomol. 50, 637–640.

    Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. Illinois Natural History Survey, 607 E. Peabody Dr., Champaign, Illinois, 61820, USA

    Leellen F. Solter

  2. Center for Medical, Agricultural and Veterinary Entomology, USDA, ARS, PO Box 14565, Gainesville, Florida, 32604, USA

    James J. Becnel

Authors
  1. Leellen F. Solter
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. James J. Becnel
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Editor information

Editors and Affiliations

  1. Yakima Agricultural Research Laboratory, USDA-ARS, 5230 Konnowac Pass Rd., 98951, Wapato, WA, USA

    Lawrence A. Lacey

  2. Department of Nematology, University of California, 95616-8668, Davis, CA, USA

    Harry K. Kaya

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

Copyright information

© 2000 Springer Science+Business Media Dordrecht

About this chapter

Cite this chapter

Solter, L.F., Becnel, J.J. (2000). Entomopathogenic Microsporidia. In: Lacey, L.A., Kaya, H.K. (eds) Field Manual of Techniques in Invertebrate Pathology. Springer, Dordrecht. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1547-8_9

Download citation

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/978-94-017-1547-8_9

  • Publisher Name: Springer, Dordrecht

  • Print ISBN: 978-94-017-1549-2

  • Online ISBN: 978-94-017-1547-8

  • eBook Packages: Springer Book Archive

Publish with us

Policies and ethics

Search

Navigation